| Fowler's toad | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Genus: | Anaxyrus |
| Species: | A. fowleri |
| Binomial name | |
| Anaxyrus fowleri (Hinckley, 1882) | |
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| Synonyms[2] | |
Anaxyrus fowleri,Fowler's toad,[3] is aspecies oftoad in thefamilyBufonidae. The species is native toNorth America, where it occurs in much of the easternUnited States and parts of adjacentCanada.[1][2] It was previously considered asubspecies ofWoodhouse's toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii, formerlyBufo woodhousii).[2][4]
Thespecific name,fowleri, is in honor ofnaturalistSamuel Page Fowler (1800–1888) fromMassachusetts, who was a founder of theEssex County Natural History Society, which later became theEssex Institute.[5]
Fowler's toad is usually brown, grey, olive green and rust red in color with darkened warty spots. If the toad has a pale stripe on its back, it is an adult. The belly is usually uniformly whitish except for one dark spot. The male may be darker in overall color than the female.[6]
The adult toad is typically 5 to 9.5 cm (2.0 to 3.7 in) in head-body length. Thetadpole is oval with a long tail and upper and lower fins, and is 1 to 1.4 cm (0.39 to 0.55 in) long.[6]
Their native geographic range is eastern North America. Their range extends throughout most of the southeastern and eastern United States and parts of southeastern Canada. They reside in areas near temporary or permanent wetlands as well as forested areas.[7]
Fowler's toad reproduces in warmer seasons of the year, especially in May and June. It breeds in open, shallow waters such asponds,lakeshores, andmarshes. The male produces a call which attracts not only females, but also other males. The calling male may attempt to mate with one of the other males, which will then produce a chirping "release call", informing him of his mistake. It has been found that male Fowler's toads mating calls are affected by the body size and temperature of the caller. Females are often able to discriminate between variations in these calls and select the largest available males.[8] Males are able to alter their calls to make them seem more attractive to females through thermoregulation. When a male finds a female, the pair will initiateamplexus and up to 7,000 to 10,000 eggs are fertilized. They hatch in 2 to 7 days. Based on observations, Fowler's toads breed repeatedly through the spring.[9] As many as 10 different age classes, separated by several days, have been observed over the course of a breeding season in one small pond. A new tadpole may reach sexual maturity in one season, but the process may take up to three years.
Fowler's toad regularly hybridizes with two of its close relatives: theAmerican toad and theWoodhouse's toad. The Woodhouse's toad subspeciesAnaxyrus woodhousii velatus, or the East Texas toad, is possibly a hybrid of the Woodhouse's toad and the Fowler's toad.[10]
Predators of Fowler's toad includesnakes,birds, and small mammals. It usesdefensive coloration to blend into its surroundings. It also secretes a noxious compound from the warts on its back. The secretion, containing toxicbufadienolides, is distasteful to predators and can be lethal to small mammals.[11] The toad is also known toplay dead.
Fowler's toad lives in openwoodlands, sandprairies,meadows, and beaches. Itburrows into the ground during hot, dry periods and during the winter. They are often found hiding under broad leaved plants, amidst clumps of grass, and inside or under logs.[12] Their springtime emergence is associated with increased temperature, relatively little rainfall or wind, and a gibbous moon.[13]
The adult Fowler's toad eatsinsects and other small terrestrialinvertebrates, but avoidsearthworms, unlike its close relative, theAmerican toad (Anaxyrus americanus). This toad also has been shown to eatvelvet ants, which is awasp that gives a very painful sting to humans, but does nothing to the toad.[14] The tadpole scrapesalgae and bacterial mats from rocks and plants using the tooth-like structures in its mouth.
An important conservation measure for Fowler's toad is the protection of its breeding sites.Off-road vehicles commonly used in beach anddunehabitats are damaging to this species. Agricultural chemicals have caused declines in some areas. These factors along with specific habitat requirements and excessive human activity within these habitats produces permanent, local extinctions.[15] It is considered a species at risk inOntario,[4] a species of special concern in the U.S. state ofNew Jersey,[16] and a regionally threatened or endangered species in the states ofNew Hampshire[17] andVermont.[18] On April 15th, 2024,Canada Post released a stamp with a Fowler's toad to raise public awareness of these amphibians.[19]
