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Fourth power

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Result of multiplying four instances of a number together
For other uses, seeFourth power (disambiguation).

Inarithmetic andalgebra, thefourth power of anumbern is the result of multiplying four instances ofn together. So:

n4 =n ×n ×n ×n

Fourthpowers are also formed by multiplying a number by itscube. Furthermore, they aresquares of squares.

Some people refer ton4 as ntesseracted,hypercubed,zenzizenzic,biquadrate orsupercubed instead of “to the power of 4”.

The sequence of fourth powers ofintegers, known asbiquadrates ortesseractic numbers, is:

0, 1, 16, 81, 256, 625, 1296, 2401, 4096, 6561, 10000, 14641, 20736, 28561, 38416, 50625, 65536, 83521, 104976, 130321, 160000, 194481, 234256, 279841, 331776, 390625, 456976, 531441, 614656, 707281, 810000, ... (sequenceA000583 in theOEIS).

Properties

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The last digit of a fourth power indecimal can only be 0, 1, 5, or 6.

Inhexadecimal the last nonzero digit of a fourth power is always 1.[1]

Every positive integer can be expressed as the sum of at most 19 fourth powers; every integer larger than 13792 can be expressed as the sum of at most 16 fourth powers (seeWaring's problem).

Fermat knew that a fourth power cannot be the sum of two other fourth powers (then = 4 case ofFermat's Last Theorem; seeFermat's right triangle theorem).Eulerconjectured that a fourth power cannot be written as the sum of three fourth powers, but 200 years later, in 1986, this was disproven byElkies with:

206156734 = 187967604 + 153656394 + 26824404.

Elkies showed that there are infinitely many othercounterexamples for exponent four, some of which are:[2]

28130014 = 27676244 + 13904004 + 6738654 (Allan MacLeod)
87074814 = 83322084 + 55078804 + 17055754 (D.J. Bernstein)
121974574 = 112890404 + 82825434 + 58700004 (D.J. Bernstein)
160030174 = 141737204 + 125522004 + 44790314 (D.J. Bernstein)
164305134 = 162810094 + 70286004 + 36428404 (D.J. Bernstein)
4224814 = 4145604 + 2175194 + 958004 (Roger Frye, 1988)
6385232494 = 6306626244 + 2751562404 + 2190764654 (Allan MacLeod, 1998)

Equations containing a fourth power

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Fourth-degree equations, which contain a fourthdegree (but no higher)polynomial are, by theAbel–Ruffini theorem, the highest degree equations having a general solution usingradicals.

See also

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References

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  1. ^An odd fourth power is the square of an odd square number. All odd squares are congruent to 1 modulo 8, and (8n+1)2 = 64n2 + 16n + 1 = 16(4n2 + 1) + 1, meaning that all fourth powers are congruent to 1 modulo 16. Even fourth powers (excluding zero) are equal to (2kn)4 = 16kn4 for some positive integer k and odd integer n, meaning that an even fourth power can be represented as an odd fourth power multiplied by a power of 16.
  2. ^Quoted inMeyrignac, Jean-Charles (14 February 2001)."Computing Minimal Equal Sums Of Like Powers: Best Known Solutions". Retrieved17 July 2017.
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