The Four Crowned Martyrs | |
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| Martyrs | |
| Born | 3rd centuryAD |
| Died | between 287 and 305 Castra Albana (1st Group) Sava River,Pannonia (2nd Group) |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodoxy Anglican Communion |
| Majorshrine | Santi Quattro Coronati,Rome,Italy |
| Feast | August 8 (Group 1) November 8 (Group 2) |
| Patronage | sculptors, stonemasons, stonecutters; against fever; cattle |
TheFour Crowned Martyrs orFour Holy Crowned Ones (Latin,Sancti Quatuor Coronati) were nine individuals who are venerated as martyrs and saints ofEarly Christianity. The nine saints are divided into two groups:
According to theGolden Legend, the names of the members of the first group were not known at the time of their death "but were learned through the Lord’s revelation after many years had passed."[1] They were called the "Four Crowned Martyrs" because their names were unknown ("crown" referring to the crown ofmartyrdom).
Severus (or Secundius), Severian(us), Carpophorus, and Victorinus were martyred atRome orCastra Albana, according toChristian tradition.[2]
According to thePassion of Saint Sebastian, the four saints were soldiers (specificallycornicularii, or clerks, in charge of all the regiment's records and paperwork) who refused to sacrifice toAesculapius, and therefore were killed by order of EmperorDiocletian (284–305), two years after the death of the five sculptors, mentioned below. The bodies of the martyrs were buried in the cemetery ofSanti Marcellino e Pietro on the fourth mile of theVia Labicana byPope Miltiades andSaint Sebastian (whose skull is preserved in the church).
The second group, according to Christian tradition, were sculptors fromSirmium who were killed inPannonia. They refused to fashion a pagan statue for the EmperorDiocletian or to offer sacrifice to theRoman gods. The Emperor ordered them to be placed alive in lead coffins and thrown into theSava River in about 287. Simplicius was killed with them.[1] According to theCatholic Encyclopedia,
[T]heActs of these martyrs, written by a revenue officer named Porphyrius probably in the fourth century, relates of the five sculptors that, although they raised no objections to executing such profane images asVictoria,Cupid, and theChariot of the Sun, they refused to make a statue ofÆsculapius for a heathen temple. For this they were condemned to death as Christians. They were put into leaden caskets and drowned in the River Save. This happened towards the end of 305.[3]
The references in the text of the martyrs'passio toporphyry quarrying and masonry located at the 'porphyritic mountain' indicate that the story's setting is misplaced; there are no porphyry quarries in Pannonia and the only porphyry quarry worked in the ancient world is in Egypt.Mons Porphyrites was quarried to supply the rare and expensive imperial porphyry for the emperor's building works and statuary, for which it was exclusively set aside. Mons Porphyrites is in theThebaid, which was a centre of Christianerimiticism inLate Antiquity. Emperor Diocletian did indeed commission the extensive use of porphyry in his many building projects. Diocletian also visited the Thebaid during his reign, though he was more usually associated with the Balkans, which might explain why the story's location was transposed to Pannonia over time.[4]
When the names of the first group were learned, it was decreed that they should be commemorated with the second group.[1] The bodies of the first group were interred by St. Sebastian and PopeMelchiades (Miltiades) at the fourth milestone on theVia Labicana, in a sandpit where there rested the remains of other executed Christians.
It is unclear where the names of the second group actually come from. The tradition states that Melchiades asked that the saints be commemorated as Claudius, Nicostratus, Simpronian, and Castorius. These same names actually are identical to names shared by converts of Polycarp the priest, in the legend of St. Sebastian.[5] According to theCatholic Encyclopedia, however, "this report has no historic foundation. It is merely a tentative explanation of the nameQuatuor Coronati, a name given to a group of really authenticated martyrs who were buried and venerated in the Catacomb of SaintsMarcellinus and Pietro, the real origin of which, however, is not known. They were classed with the five martyrs of Pannonia in a purely external relationship."[3]
The bodies of the martyrs are kept in four ancient sarcophagi in the crypt ofSanti Marcellino e Pietro. According to a lapid dated 1123, the head of one of the four martyrs is buried inSanta Maria in Cosmedin.
The rather confusing story of the four crowned martyrs was well known in Renaissance Florence, principally as told in the thirteenth-centuryGolden Legend by Jacopo da Voragine (though their feast day may have been kept earlier, as in the Parc Gradual).[6] It appears that the original four martyrs were beaten to death by order of Emperor Diocletian (r. AD 284–305). Their story became conflated with that of a group of five stonecarvers, also martyred by Diocletian for refusing to carve the image of a Roman god. Due to their profession as sculptors, the five early Christian martyrs were an obvious choice for the guild of stonemasons, but their number seems often to have been understood to be four, as in this case.[7]
Problems arise with determining the historicity of these martyrs because one group contains five names instead of four.Alban Butler believed that the four names of group one, which theRoman Martyrology and theBreviary say were revealed as those of the Four Crowned Martyrs, were borrowed from the martyrology of the Diocese ofAlbano Laziale, which kept their feast on August 8, not November 8.[5] These four "borrowed" martyrs were not buried in Rome, but in the catacomb of Albano; their feast was celebrated on August 7 or August 8, the date under which is cited in the Roman Calendar of Feasts of 354.[3] TheCatholic Encyclopedia wrote that the "martyrs of Albano have no connection with the Roman martyrs".[3]
The double tradition may have arisen because a secondpassio had to be written. It was written to account for the fact that there were five saints in group two rather than four. Thus, the story concerning group one was simply invented, and the story describes the death of four martyrs, who were soldiers from Rome rather than Pannonian stonemasons. TheBollandistHippolyte Delehaye calls this invented tradition"l'opprobre de l'hagiographie" (the disgrace of hagiography).[5]
Delehaye, after extensive research, determined that there was actually only one group of martyrs – the stonemasons of group two – whose relics were taken to Rome.[5] One scholar has written that "the latest research tends to agree" with Delehaye's conclusion.[5]
The most recent edition of theRoman Martyrology gives Simpronianus, Claudius, Nicostratus, Castorius and Simplicius, described as marble masons, as the martyrs celebrated on November 8,[8] and the Albano martyrs Secundus, Carpophorus, Victorinus and Severianus as celebrated on August 8.[9]
In the fourth and fifth centuries abasilica was erected and dedicated in honor of these martyrs on theCaelian Hill, probably in the general area where tradition located their execution. This became one of thetitular churches of Rome, and was restored several times.
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 Nanni di Banco's Four Crowned Saints, (3:21)Smarthistory |
The Four Crowned Martyrs were venerated early inEngland, withBede noting that there was a church dedicated to them inCanterbury. This veneration can perhaps be accounted by the fact thatAugustine of Canterbury came from a monastery near the Basilica of Santi Quattro Coronati in Rome, or because theirrelics were sent from Rome to England in 601.[5] Their connection with stonemasonry in turn connected them to theFreemasons. One of the scholarly journals of English Freemasons is calledArs Quatuor Coronatorum,[5] and the Stonemasons ofGermany adopted them as patron saints of "Operative Masonry."[10]
Thetranslation of the Four Crowned Martyrs to the church on theCaelian Hill is recorded in theLiber Pontificalis among the acts ofPope Leo IV (847–855). The main biographical source is the LatinPassio sanctorum quatuor coronatorum (Passion of the Four Crowned Martyrs), mentioned in themartyrology ofAdo of Vienne (d. 875) and then in the more concise version ofUsuard (d. 876/877).[11] The latter was the most widely circulated in subsequent centuries, and contributed to the spread of the martyrs' veneration during theMiddle Ages.[11] Usuard referred to two sets of saint martyrs: theQuattuor Coronatorum and the set with Claudius, Nicostratus, Simpronianus, Castorius and Simplicius.[11]
In the 10th century,Archbishop of Naples Peter published aPassio which was historically remarkable for a similar structure and textual style, and for some differences with regard to the content. TheAbbacy of Saint Mary of Grottaferrata preserved a Greek manuscript of thePassio which had some concerns with the Neapolitan document. In 1910, the Jesuit philologistHippolyte Delehaye published a commentary of the Four Crowned Martyrs'Passio in the work entitledActa Sanctorum. ThePassio had been also studied by the mediaevalistsWilhelm Wattenbach andGiovanni Battista De Rossi.[11]
Around 1385, they were depicted byNiccolò di Pietro Gerini.[12] Then in about 1415,Nanni di Banco fashioned a sculpture grouping the martyrs after he was commissioned by theMaestri di Pietra e Legname, the guild of stone and woodworkers, of which he was a member. These saints were the guild'spatron saints. The work can be found in theOrsanmichele, inFlorence.[13] Finally, they were also depicted byFilippo Abbiati.[14]
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