Broadly obsolete words that remain in idiomatic use
Afossil word is aword that is broadlyobsolete but remains in use due to its presence in anidiom orphrase.[1][2] An example of a word is 'ado' in 'much ado'. An example of a phrase is 'in point' (relevant), which is found in the phrases 'case in point' (or 'case on point' in the legal context) and 'in point of fact', but is rarely used outside of a legal context.
English-language examples
[edit]- ado, as in "without further ado" or "with no further ado" or "much ado about nothing", although the homologous form "to-do" remains attested ("make a to-do", "a big to-do", etc.)
- asunder, as in "torn asunder"
- bandy, as in "bandy about" or "bandy-legged"
- bated, as in "wait with bated breath", although the derived term "abate" remains in non-idiom-specific use
- beck, as in "at one's beck and call", although the verb form "beckon" is still used in non-idiom-specific use
- berth, as in "give a wide berth" although berth remains somewhat common in nautical and transportation uses.
- betide, as in "woe betide you/us/them"
- bide, as in "bide your time"
- champing, as in "champing at the bit", where "champ" is an obsolete precursor to "chomp", in current use
- coign, as in "coign of vantage"
- deserts, as in "just deserts", although singular "desert" in the sense of "state of deserving" occurs in nonidiom-specific contexts including law and philosophy. "Dessert" is a French loanword, meaning "removing what has been served," and has only a distant etymological connection.
- dint, as in "by dint of"
- dudgeon, as in "in high dudgeon"
- eke, as in "eke out"
- fettle, as in "in fine fettle",[3] although the verb, 'to fettle', remains in specialized use in metal casting.[4]
- fro, as in "to and fro"
- goodly, as in "goodly number"
- helter skelter, as in "scatteredhelter-skelter about the office", Middle Englishskelten to hasten[5]
- inclement, as in "inclement weather”
- jetsam, as in "flotsam and jetsam", except in legal contexts (especially admiralty, property, and international law)
- kith, as in "kith and kin"[6]
- lam, as in “on the lam”
- lo, as in "lo and behold"
- loggerheads as in "at loggerheads"[7],loggerhead turtle, orloggerhead shrike
- madding as in "far from the madding crowd"
- math, as in "aftermath"
- muchness as in "much of a muchness"
- ne'er, as in "ne'er-do-well"
- scot, as in "scot free"
- sleight, as in "sleight of hand" is contested. Despite often appearing on list of fossil words[8], it is often used elsewhere.[9][10]
- shebang, as in "the whole shebang", although the word is now used as an unrelated common nounin programmers' jargon.[11]
- shrive, preserved only in inflected forms occurring only as part of fixed phrases: 'shrift' in "short shrift"[12] and 'shrove' in "Shrove Tuesday"
- span andspick, as in "spick and span"
- turpitude, as in "moral turpitude"
- vim, as in "vim and vigor", though preserved as the name of ascouring powder[13]
- wedlock, as in "out of wedlock"
- wend, as in "wend your way",[14] although its former past tense "went" is still in use as the past tense of "to go"
- wreak, as in "wreak havoc"
- yore, as in "of yore", usually "days of yore"
These words were formed from other languages, by elision, or by mincing of other fixed phrases.
- caboodle, as in "kit and caboodle" (evolved from "kit and boodle", itself a fixed phrase borrowed as a unit from Dutchkitte en boedel)
- druthers, as in "if I had my druthers..." (formed by elision from "would rather"[15] and never occurring outside this phrase to begin with)
- tarnation, as in "what in tarnation...?" (evolved in the context of fixed phrases formed bymincing of previously fixed phrases that include the term "damnation")
- nother, as in "a whole nother..." (fixed phrase formed byrebracketinganother asa nother, then insertingwhole for emphasis; almost never occurs outside this phrase)
