| Klis Fortress Tvrđava Klis | |
|---|---|
| Klis, nearSplit Croatia | |
 The fortress, pictured from the sky, stands atop a hill | |
| Site information | |
| Type | Fortification, mixed |
| Open to the public | Yes
|
| Condition | Preserved, slightly renovated |
| Location | |
 | |
  Klis Fortress Tvrđava Klis | |
| Coordinates | 43°33′36″N16°31′26″E / 43.56000°N 16.52389°E /43.56000; 16.52389 |
| Site history | |
| Built | Unknown, probably in the 3rd century BC |
| Built by | Small stronghold byIllyrian tribe ofDalmatae, later expanded mostly by:
|
| Materials | Limestone |
| Type | Protected cultural good |
| Reference no. | Z-4206[1] |
1.)Small stronghold (pre–835)(Kliška gradina [hr])
- ? – 9 ADIllyrian tribe ofDalmatae
- 9 AD – 476Roman Empire
- 476–493Odoacer
- 493–537Theodoric the Great andOstrogothic Kingdom
- 537–614Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire
- 614–620Slavs andAvars
- 620–640Croats, a Slavic tribe
- 640–835 Dukes ofCroatia
2.)Royal Castle (835–1102)
- 835–845Duke Mislav ofDuchy of Croatia
- 845–864Duke Trpimir I ofDuchy of Croatia and founder ofHouse of Trpimirović
- 864–925House of Trpimirović
- 925Kingdom of Croatia ruled by KingTomislav
- 925–1102 Croatian kings fromHouse of Trpimirović
3.)Fortress (1102–1458)
- 1102–1217 MixedCroatian nobility duringpersonal union betweenKingdom of Croatia
andKingdom of Hungary
- 1217–1221Pontius de Cruce in charge ofKnights Templar
appointed byAndrew II
- 1221–1227 PrinceDomald from Split
- 1227–1242 Croatian nobility
- 1242 Croatian nobles Brativoj and Butko Julijanov during Mongol siege of the fortress.
- 1242–1273 Croatian nobility
- 1273–1277Paul I Šubić of Bribir
Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia andLord of all of Bosnia- 1277–1302George I Šubić
- 1302–1304Mladen I Šubić
Ban of Bosnia (Dominus)- 1304–1322Mladen II Šubić of Bribir
Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia and Lord of all Bosnia- 1322–1330George II Šubić
- 1330–1348Mladen III Šubić of Bribir
"Shield of the Croats"- 1348–1356Jelena Šubić (Nemanjić) as Mladen III Šubić's widow
- 1356–1387 Croatian nobility in the name ofLouis I the Great
Lands ruled byLouis in the 1370s.
- 1387–1394 Croatian nobleJohn of Palisna (Croatian:Ivan od Paližne) fromVrana, in the name ofBosnian KingTvrtko I
- 1394–1401 BanNikola II Gorjanski in the name ofSigismund
- 1401–1434 Croatian noblePrinceIvaniš Nelipić
- 1434–1436 Croatian noble and Ban of CroatiaIvan Frankopan, at that time in war with king Sigismund
- 1436–1437 Ivan Frankopan's widow peaceful handover the fortress
- 1437–1458 Croatian nobleMatko Talovac and laterPetar and Vladislav in the name ofHoly Roman Empire
4.)Ottoman Wars (1513–1648)
- 1513–1537 Croatian noble, Prince of KlisPetar Kružić
- 1537–1596Ottoman Empire
- 1596–1596Uskoks seized the fortress by treachery, but the Turks recovered it fairly quickly, in the same year
- 1596–1648Ottoman Empire
5.)Decline of military importance (1648–present)
- 1648–1797Republic of Venice
- 1797–1805Austrian Empire as a part ofHoly Roman Empire
- 1805–1813First French Empire underNapoleon Bonaparte
- 1813–1815Austrian Empire
- 1815–1867Kingdom of Dalmatia
withinAustrian Empire
- 1867–1918Kingdom of Dalmatia
- 1918–1918State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
- 1918–1929Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
- 1929–1939Littoral Banovina withinKingdom of Yugoslavia
- 1939–1941Banovina of Croatia
withinKingdom of Yugoslavia
- 1941–1945Independent State of Croatia
- 1945–1990SR Croatia
withinSFR Yugoslavia
- 1990–1991Republic of Croatia
withinSFR Yugoslavia
- 1991–presentCroatia
TheKlis Fortress (Croatian:Tvrđava Klis;Italian:Fortezza di Clissa) is amedieval fortress situated above thevillage of Klis, nearSplit,Croatia. From its origin as a smallstronghold built by the ancientIllyrian tribeDalmatae, to a role as royal castle and seat of manyCroatian kings, to its final development as a large fortress during theOttoman wars in Europe, Klis Fortress has guarded the frontier, being lost and re-conquered several times throughout its 2,000-year history. Due to its location on a pass that separates the mountainsMosor andKozjak, the fortress served as a major source of defense in Dalmatia, especially against theOttoman Empire. It has been a crossroad between theMediterranean Sea and theBalkans.
SinceDuke Mislav of theDuchy of Croatia made Klis Fortress the seat of his throne in the middle of the 9th century, the fortress served as the seat of many Croatia's rulers. His successor,Duke Trpimir I, is significant for spreadingChristianity in the Duchy of Croatia. He expanded the Klis Fortress, and inRižinice [hr], in the valley under the fortress, he built achurch and the firstBenedictine monastery in Croatia. During the reign of the first Croatian king,Tomislav, Klis andBiograd na Moru were his chief residences.
In March 1242 at Klis Fortress,Tatars serving in theMongol army suffered a major defeat while in pursuit of the Hungarian army led by KingBéla IV. During theLate Middle Ages, the fortress was governed byCroatian nobility, amongst whomPaul I Šubić of Bribir was the most significant. During his reign, theHouse of Šubić controlled most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia. Excluding the brief possession by the forces ofBosnian King,Tvrtko I, the fortress remained in Hungaro-Croatian hands for the next several hundred years, until the 16th century.
Klis Fortress is best known for its role in theOttoman invasion of Europe in the early 16th century. Croatian captainPetar Kružić led the defense of the fortress against a Turkish invasion and siege that lasted for more than a quarter of a century. During this defense, as Kružić and his soldiers fought without allies against the Turks, the military faction ofUskoks was formed, which later became famous as an elite Croatian militant sect. Ultimately, the defenders were defeated and the fortress fell to the Ottomans in 1537. After more than a century under Ottoman rule, in 1669, Klis Fortress was besieged and seized by theRepublic of Venice. The Venetians restored and enlarged the fortress. In 1797, the fortress was taken byAustria after theFall of the Republic of Venice. Today, Klis Fortress contains a museum where visitors to this historic military structure can see an array of arms, armor, and traditional uniforms.
The fortress is located above thevillage of Klis, 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from theAdriatic Sea, on a pass that separates the mountainsMosor andKozjak, at the altitude of 360 metres (1,180 ft), northeast ofSplit inCroatia.[2] Owing to its strategic position, the fortress was one of the region's most importantfortifications in its history.[3]
Perched on an isolated rocky eminence, inaccessible on three sides, the fortress overlooks Split, the ancientRoman settlement ofSalona,Solin,Kaštela andTrogir, and most of the centralDalmatian islands.[3][4] Historically, the fortress has controlled access to and fromBosnia,Dalmatia andinland Croatia.[3] The importance of such a position was felt by every army that invaded, or held possession of this part of Croatia.[4] Klis Fortress was a point against which their attacks were always directed, and it has been remarkable for the many sieges it withstood.[4] It has been of major strategic value in Croatia throughout history.[3]
The ancientIllyrian tribe of theDalmatae, who held a stronghold on this spot, are the first known inhabitants to have lived on the site of today's Klis Fortress.[5] They were defeated several times, and in the year 9 AD, finally annexed byRomans.[5] Today's Klis Fortress was known to the Romans by the name of"Andetrium" or"Anderium",[6] and in later times"Clausura", which is the origin of later"Clissa" and modern"Klis".[4] To the Romans, Klis became famous for its celebrated siege byAugustus, at the time of theIllyrian revolt in Dalmatia.[7] The road that lead from Klis to Salona was called "Via Gabiniana" or "Via Gabinia", which according to an inscription found at Salona, appears to have been made byTiberius.[4] Southeast of the fortress, the traces of a Roman camp are still visible, as well as an inscription carved on a rock; both which are supposed to be contemporary with the siege under Tiberius.[4] The description of this siege during theIllyrian Wars demonstrates that this place was strong and unreachable in those times.[7]
After thefall of the Roman Empire, Barbarians plundered the region around Klis.[8] First it was ruled byOdoacer, and then by theTheodoric the Great, after he eliminated Odoacer, and set up anOstrogothic Kingdom.[8] AfterJustinian I fought an almost continual war for forty years to recover the old Roman Empire, he seized Dalmatia, and Klis was from 537, a part ofByzantine Empire.[8] The name of Klis (Kleisa orKleisoura) was first described in chapter 29 of EmperorConstantine Porphyrogenitus'De Administrando Imperio.[9] While describing the Roman settlement ofSalona, Constantine VII speaks of the stronghold, which may have been designed or improved, to prevent attacks on the coastal cities and roads bySlavs.[9]
Salona, the capital of theprovince of Dalmatia was sacked and destroyed in 614 byAvars andSlavs.[10] The population fled toDiocletian's walled palace of Split, which was able to resist the invaders.[10] Thereafter, Split rose quickly in importance as one of Dalmatia's major cities.[10] In the 7th century the Avars were driven out by a second wave ofCroats,[10] on the invitation of EmperorHeraclius, in order to counter the Avar threat to the Byzantine Empire.[11]
From the early 7th century on, Klis was an important Croat stronghold, and later, one of the seats of many Croatia's rulers.[3] In the 9th century, Croatian dukeMislav of theDuchy of Croatia, from 835 to 845, made the castle of Klis seat of his throne.[2] DespiteFrankish overlordship, the Franks had almost no role in Croatia in the period from the 820s through 840s. After Mislav's death, starting withDuke Trpimir I, Klis was ruled by royal members of theHouse of Trpimirović, who were at firstDukes of the Croatian Duchy (dux Croatorum), and afterwardsKings of theCroatian Kingdom (rex Croatorum). They developed the early Roman stronghold into their capital.[3] Relations with theByzantines greatly improved under the Croatian duke Trpimir I, who moved the dux's main residence fromNin to Klis.[12]
The reign of Mislav's successorTrpimir I, is significant for spreadingChristianity in the medieval Croatian state, and for the first mention of the name"Croats" in domestic documents.[13][14] On 4 March, in 852, Trpimir I issued a"Charter in Biaći" (Latin:in loco Byaci dicitur) in Latin, confirming Mislav's donations to theArchbishopric inSplit.[14] In this document Trpimir I named himself;"By the mercy of God, Duke of Croats" (Latin:Dux Chroatorum iuvatus munere divino), and his realm as the"Realm of the Croats" (Latin:Regnum Chroatorum).[14] In the same document Trpimir I mentioned Klis as his property — seat.[13] Under Klis, atRižinice [hr], the duke Trpimir built achurch and the firstBenedictinemonastery in Croatia, which is known from the discovery of a stone fragment on a gable arch from an altar screen, inscribed with the duke's name and title.[13]
(Latin ...pro duce Trepimero ... – English...for Duke Trpimir ...)
Archaeological excavations found that a church dedicated toSaint Vitus was founded in the 10th century by a certain Croatian king, along with his wife, QueenDomaslava, which got destroyed during Ottoman conquests in the 16th century.[15]
A controversialSaxon theologian of the mid-9th century,Gottschalk of Orbais, spent some time at Trpimir's court between 846 and 848.[13] His work"De Trina deitate" is an important source of information for Trpimir's reign.[13] Gottschalk was a witness to the battle between Trpimir and Byzantine strategos, when Trpimir was victorious.[13] During the reign of Croatian kingTomislav, who had no permanent capital, the castle of Klis along withBiograd, were his chief residences.[16]
From the early 12th century, and after the decay of the native Croatian royal family of Trpimirović, the castle of Klis was mainly governed byCroatian nobility, under the supremacy of Hungarian kings. TheKingdom of Croatia and theKingdom of Hungary were, from 1102, in apersonal union of two kingdoms, united under the Hungarian king.[Note 1][17]
Andrew II of Hungary was extremely favorably disposed towards theTemplars.[18] During his participation in theFifth Crusade, he appointedPontius de Cruce, Master of the Order in the Hungarian Kingdom, as a regent in Croatia and Dalmatia.[18] After his return in 1219, in recognition of the great logistical and financial support which the Order had given him during the campaign, he granted the Order the estate ofGacka.[18] Even before his departure from the city of Split in 1217, he had made over to the Templars the castle of Klis (Clissa), a strategic point in the hinterland of Split (Spalato), which controlled the approaches to the town.[4][18][19] The king Andrew was reluctant to entrust the castle of Klis to any of the local magnates, knowing what great harm could come from that castle.[19] It was the king's will that Split receive the castle of Klis for the defense of their city.[19] The city of Split showed little interest in the royal favors, so the king entrusted Klis into Templars hands.[19] Shortly after this, the Templars lost Klis, and, in exchange, the king gave them the coastal town ofŠibenik (Sebenico).[18]
Tatars under the leadership ofKadan experienced a major failure in March 1242 at Klis Fortress, when they were hunting forBéla IV of Hungary.[5] The Tatars believed that the king was in the Klis Fortress, and so they began to attack from all sides, launching arrows and hurling spears.[20] However, the natural defenses of the fortress gave protection, and the Tatars could cause only limited harm.[20] They dismounted from their horses and began to creep up hand over hand to higher ground.[20] But the fortress defenders hurled huge stones at them, and managed to kill a great number.[20] This setback only made the Tatars more ferocious, and they came right up to the great walls and fought hand to hand.[20] They looted the houses in the outskirt of the fortress and took away much plunder, but failed to take Klis altogether.[20] Upon learning that the king was not there, they abandoned their attack, and ascending their mounts rode off in the direction of Trogir,[20] a number of them turning off toward Split.[20]
The Mongols attacked the Dalmatian cities for the next few years but eventually withdrew without major success, as the mountainous terrain and distance were not suitable for their style of warfare.[21] They pursued Béla IV from town to town in Dalmatia.[21] TheCroatian nobility and Dalmatian towns such asTrogir andRab helped Béla IV to escape.[21] After this failure, the Mongols retreated and Béla IV rewarded the Croatian towns and nobility.[21] Only the city ofSplit did not help Béla IV in his escape.[21]
Some historians claim that the mountainous terrain of Croatian Dalmatia was fatal for the Mongols, because they suffered great losses when attacked by theCroats from ambushes in mountain passes.[21] Other historians claim that the death ofÖgedei Khan (Croatian:Ogotaj) was the only reason for retreat. Much of Croatia was plundered by the Mongols, but without any major military success.[21]Saint Margaret (January 27, 1242 – January 18, 1271), a daughter of Béla IV andMaria Laskarina, was born in Klis Fortress during theMongol invasion of Hungary-Croatia.[3]
The weakening of royal authority underStephen V of Hungary allowed theHouse of Šubić to regain their former role in Dalmatia.[22] In 1274,Stjepko Šubić of Bribir died, andPaul I Šubić of Bribir succeeded him as the family elder.[22] Soon,Ladislaus IV of Hungary, recognizing the balance of power in Dalmatia, named Paul I asBan of Croatia and Dalmatia.[22] Ladislaus IV died in 1290 leaving no sons, and a civil war between rival candidates, pro-HungarianAndrew III of Hungary, and pro-CroatianCharles Martel of Anjou, started.[23] Charles Martel's fatherCharles II of Naples, awarded all Croatia fromGvozd Mountain to the riverNeretva mouth hereditary to Paul I Šubić of Bribir.[23] Thus, Charles converted Paul's personal position as Ban into a hereditary one for the Šubić family.[23] All the other nobles in this region, were to be vassals of Paul Šubić.[23] In response, Andrew III in 1293 issued a similar charter for Paul Šubić.[23] During this struggle over the throne,George I Šubić of Bribir, Ban Paul's brother went to Italy, visiting the pope and the Naples court.[24] In August 1300, George I returned to Split, bringingCharles Robert with him.[24] Paul Šubić accompanied Charles Robert (later known as Charles I of Hungary) toZagreb, where he was recognized as king; then they proceeded toEsztergom, where, in 1301, the Archbishop of Esztergom crowned him as King of Hungary and Croatia.[24]
Paul I Šubić, Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia, becameLord of all of Bosnia in 1299.[25] Although supporting the king, Paul I continued to act independently, and ruled over a large portion of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia.[25] He appointed his brothers as commissars of Dalmatian cities, and gave Split to his brotherMladen I Šubić, andŠibenik,Nin,Trogir andOmiš to his brotherGeorge I Šubić.[25] After George I Šubić died in 1302, his brother Mladen I Šubić ruled as aBosnian Ban overBosnia from Klis Fortress, until he was killed in a battle during 1304.[25] Then, Šubić gave the Klis Fortress to his sonMladen II Šubić, who ruled over Bosnia like his uncle Mladen I.[25]George II Šubić and his son,Mladen III Šubić, ruled over Klis Fortress until the late 14th century.[25] During summer-long festivities in Klis Fortress, open to the whole population, Mladen III Šubić gave his sister'sJelena Šubić hand in marriage toVladislaus of Bosnia, from theHouse of Kotromanić.[21] Jelena Šubić gave birth to the firstBosnian King,Tvrtko I, who later inherited the fortress.[5]
Owing to its location, Klis Fortress was an important defensive position during theOttoman conquest of the Balkans.[26] The fortress stands along the route by which the Ottomans could penetrate the mountain barrier separating the coastal lowlands from around Split, from Turkish-held Bosnia.[26] The Croat feudal lordPetar Kružić gathered together a garrison composed of Croat refugees, who used the base at Klis both to hold the Turks at bay, and to engage in marauding and piracy against coastal shipping.[26] Although nominally accepting the sovereignty of the Habsburg kingFerdinand who had obtained the Croatian crown in 1527,[Note 2] Kružić and his freebootingUskoks were a law unto themselves.[26]
When a large Turkish force threatened the fortress, Kružić appealed to Ferdinand I for help, but the Emperor's attention was diverted by a Turkish invasion intoSlavonia.[26] For more than two and half decades, Captain Kružić, also called(Prince of Klis), defended the fortress against the Turkish invasion.[5] Kružić led the defense of Klis, and with his soldiers fought almost alone against the Ottomans, as they hurled army after army against the fortress.[5] No troops would come from the Hungarian king, as they were defeated by the Ottomans at theBattle of Mohács in 1526, and theVenetians baulked at sending any help.[5] Only thepopes were willing to provide some men and money.[5]
Pope Paul III claimed some rights in Klis, and in September, 1536, there was talk in theCuria of strengthening the defenses of the fortress.[28] The Pope notifiedFerdinand that he was willing to share the costs of maintaining a proper garrison in Klis.[28] Ferdinand I did send aid to Klis and was apparently hopeful of holding the fortress, when the Turks again laid siege to it.[28] Ferdinand I recruited men fromTrieste and elsewhere in the Habsburg lands, and Pope Paul III sent soldiers fromAncona.[28] There were about 3,000 infantry in the reinforcements, which made a sizeable relief force, that were commanded by Petar Kružić,Niccolo dalla Torre, and a papal commissionerJacomo Dalmoro d'Arbe.[28] On March 9, 1537, they disembarked near Klis, at a place called S. Girolamo, with fourteen pieces of artillery.[28] After Ibrahim's death,Suleiman the Magnificent sent 8,000 men under the command ofMurat-beg Tardić (Amurat Vaivoda), a Croatian renegade who had been born inŠibenik, to go and lay siege to Klis fortress (Clissa), and fight against Petar Kružić.[29] An initial encounter of the Christian relief force with the Turks was indecisive, but, on March 12, they were overwhelmed by the arrival of a great number of Turks.[28]
The attempts to relieve the citadel ended in farce.[30] Badly-drilled reinforcements sent by the Habsburgs fled in fear of the Turks, and their attempts to re-board their boats at Solin bay caused many vessels to sink.[30] Niccolo dalla Torre and the papal commissioner managed to escape.[29] Kružić himself – who had left the fortress to make contact with the reinforcements was captured and executed: the sight of his head on a stick was too much for the remaining defenders of Klis, who were now willing to give up the fortress in return for safe passage north.[30] After Petar Kružić's death, and with a lack of water supplies, the Klis defenders finally surrendered to the Ottomans in exchange for their freedom, on March 12, 1537.[5] Many of the citizens fled the town, while theUskoci retreated to the city ofSenj, where they continued fighting the Turkish invaders.[5]
During theOttoman wars in Europe, Klis Fortress was, for a century, an administrative centre orsanjak (Kilis Sancağı) of theBosnia Eyalet.[5] On April 7, 1596, Split noblemen Ivan Alberti and Nikola Cindro, along with Uskoci, Poljičani, and Kaštelani irregulars, organized an occupation of Klis.[5] Assisted by dissident elements of the Turkish garrison, they succeeded.[5][31] Bey Mustafa responded by bringing more than 10,000 soldiers under the fortress.[5] GeneralIvan Lenković, leading 1,000 Uskoci, came in relief of the 1,500 Klis defenders.[5] During the battle, Ivan Lenković and his men retreated after he was wounded in battle, and the fortress was lost to the Turks, on May 31.[5] Nevertheless, this temporary relief resounded in Europe and among the local population.[5]
From the well-fortified position in the Klis Fortress, the Turks were a constant threat to the Venetians and to the local Croatian population in the surrounding area. In 1647, after the Turkish success atNovigrad, the Turks were said to have 30,000 troops ready to attack Split.[32] TheSignoria send off two thousand soldiers with munitions and provisions to the threatened area.[32] Although Split andZadar were strong fortresses, they were clearly in danger.[32]
The Ottomans built a stone mosque with adome and aminaret on the foundations of an earlier Old Croatian Catholic chapel[33] inside the Klis fortress shortly after they had conquered it. It is a simple constructed square with the octagonal stone roof, designed primarily for military/religious use by the garrisons stationed inside the fortress. After the Venetians had conquered the fortress from the Ottomans, they destroyed the minaret and converted the mosque into a Roman Catholic church, dedicated toSt. Vitus (Croatian:Crkva St. Vida).[3][33] The building has been in that use ever since. It is one of three preserved Ottoman mosques on the territory of Croatia, the other two being in towns ofDrniš andĐakovo.
In 1420, theAnjou contenderLadislaus of Naples was defeated and forced to sail away forNaples. Upon his departure he sold his "rights" to Dalmatia to theVenetian Republic for the relatively meager sum of 100,000ducats. However, Klis and Klis Fortress remained parts of the Kingdom of Croatia.[3] From that time, the Venetians were eager to take control over Klis, as the fortress was one of the region's most important strategic points.[5]
The Venetians fought for decades before they finally managed to re-take Klis.[5] During theFifth Ottoman–Venetian War in Dalmatia (1645–1669), the Venetians enjoyed the support of the local population of Dalmatia, particularly theMorlachs (Morlacchi).[5] Venetian commanderLeonardo Foscolo seized several forts, retookNovigrad, temporarily captured theKnin Fortress, and managed to compel the garrison of Klis Fortress to surrender. At the same time, a month-long siege of the Šibenik Fortress by the Ottomans in August and September failed.[34][35]
From 1669, Klis Fortress was in the possession of the Venetians, and it remained so until thefall of the Venetian state.[5] The Venetians restored and enlarged the fortress during their rule.[3] After another, the seventh war with the Turks from 1714 to 1718, the Venetians were able to advance up to the present Bosnian/Croatian border, taking in the wholeSinjsko Polje andImotski.[26] Venice had no serious challenge to its authority in Dalmatia for some time, reducing the importance of the fortress.Napoleon's success in theItalian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars resulted in the Republic of Venice being partitioned in 1797.[26] Subsequently, Klis was taken by the HabsburgArchduchy of Austria as a result of theTreaty of Campo Formio.[5] The border between Christian and Muslim Europe had moved further east in this time, and the fortress lost its strategic importance.[3] At some point during Austro-Hungarian rule in the 19th century, the military fully abandoned the fortress.[3] The last military occupation of Klis Fortress was byAxis powers duringWorld War II.[3]
Klis Fortress is one of the most valuable surviving examples of defensivearchitecture in Dalmatia.[3] The fortress is a remarkably comprehensive structure with three long rectangular defensive lines, consisting of threedefensive stone walls, which surround a central strongpoint, the "Položaj maggiore" at its eastern, highest end.[30] "Položaj maggiore" or"Grand position" is a mixed Croatian-Italian term, dating from the time when Leonardo Foscolo captured the fortress for the Venetians in 1648.[30] At that time, a village started to spread below the ramparts.[33] The structures of the fortress are mostly irregular, as they were constructed to suit the natural topography.[4] Several small towers top the hills around Klis, built by the Turks to keep the fortress under surveillance.[4]
Klis Fortress rises on a bare cliff divided into two parts.[3] The first, lower part is on the west, out topped by Mount Greben from the north.[3] The second, higher part is on the east, and includes the Tower "Oprah", whose name most likely refers to a specific part in the defense.[3] In this section, which was not topped by any side, was located the flat of theCommander.[3] The only entrance into the fortress is from the western side.[3] On the southwest side of the fortress, and below it, was a resort (part of the modern village of Klis) called "borgo" or "suburbium", surrounded by double walls with 100–200 towers.[3] A similar but smaller resort (also part of modern village of Klis) existed below Mount Greben on a plateau called Megdan.[3] This includedlazarettoes andquarantines which were in Turkish times callednazanama.[3] Many inns for travellers also once existed, which were used for isolation during epidemics.[3] Thus, the coastal towns, primarily the city of Split, was protected from epidemics that came from Bosnia.[3] Near the fortress were several sources of drinking water, and the closest was the "Holy Biblical Magi" whose importance was invaluable during long sieges.[3]
The fortress was built into the south face of a rocky mass, and is barely discernible from the distance as a man-made structure.[33] The defensive capabilities of the fortress have been tested through history in manymilitary operations.[3] During the centuries of its use, the structure served various armies and has undergone a number of renovations to keep up with the development of arms.[3] The original appearance of the fortress is no longer known, due to the structural changes undertaken by Croatian nobility, Turks, Venetians and Austrians.[3] The present day aspect of a mostlystone fortress dates back to the restructuring work carried out by the Venetians in the 17th century.[33]
Many buildings of the Klis Fortress, which are from 17th through 19th centuries, are partially or entirely preserved.[3] The Fortress actually consists of three parts, enclosed by walls with separate entrances.[3] The first main entrance was built by the Austrians in the early 19th century, on the place of an earlier Venetian entrance.[3] Left of the entrance is a fortification erected by the Venetians in the early 18th century.[3] Also, near the main entrance is a "position Avanzato" built in 1648, which was repeatedly renewed afterwards.[3] On the ground floor of the fortification is a narrow over-vaulted corridor, which is called a casemate.[3]
The second entrance which was significantly damaged in the siege of 1648, leads to the former medieval part of the fortress previously ruled by a Croatian nobility.[3] After 1648, Venetians fully restored the second entrance, but its present appearance was made by the Austrians during the early 19th century.[3] Along the northern wall near the second entrance is fortress-tower called "Oprah", the most important medieval fortification of the western part of the fortress.[3] It was mentioned for the first time in 1355, but later the Venetians made the lower crown on it.[3] Nearby the entrance are artillery barracks, built by the Austrians in the first half of the 19th century.[3] In 1931 its upper floor was ruined, so now only the ground floor remains.[3]
The third entrance leads to the former medieval part built in the early Middle Ages.[3] The Venetians renewed it several times after conquest in 1648, and the last upgrade was in 1763.[3] Within this part of the fortress is the side tower, built during the 18th century, and completed in 1763.[3] Following is a repository of weapons built in the mid-17th century and old powder magazine from the 18th century.[3] The "House of Dux", later called governor's residence, was rebuilt in the mid-17th century on the foundations of the oldest buildings from the period of the Croatian kings.[3] Austrians repaired this building, and there were placed commandments unity of the fortress and Engineering.[3] On the top point of the fortress was a "new gunpowder storage", built in the early 19th century.[3]
The oldest remaining building with thedome is a former square-shaped Turkishmosque, which has been converted into a Catholic church in the meantime. There used to be three altars, dedicated to St. Vid, Virgin Mary and St. Barbara, but today the church has no inventory.[3] The church contains a Baroque stone sink from the 17th century, which served as a baptistery, which has engraved on it the year of 1658.[3] West of the church is the bastion of Bembo, the largest artillery position in the third defense line and in the whole fortress.[3] It has wide holes for guns, and was built in the mid-17th century on the site of former Kružić's tower, and the defensive positions of Speranza.[3]
The Klis Fortress has been developed as a visitor attraction by the "Kliški uskoci"re-enactment association in Klis with the aid of the conservation department of theMinistry of Culture in Split.[36] Visitors to the historic military structure can see an array of arms, armor, and traditional uniforms in a building which was formerly an Austrian armory.[36] Klis is remembered in a Croatianbyword based on the resistance of Klis and the strength of its people:It is difficult for Klis because it is on the rock and it is difficult for the rock because Klis is on it.[3]
The fortress was used in a 1972 historical filmEagle in a Cage, portrayingSaint Helena. Klis was also used as a location for the fictional city ofMeereen in theHBO seriesGame of Thrones.[37]
.jpg)
_-_02.svg)
.svg)
.svg)
.svg)
.svg)
.png)
.svg)
.svg)
.svg)
.svg)
.svg)
.svg)
.svg)
.svg)
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
