Fort Lancaster | |
 Illustration of Fort Lancaster inHarper's Weekly, 1861 | |
  Fort Lancaster  Fort Lancaster | |
| Location | Crockett County, Texas |
|---|---|
| Nearest city | Sheffield, Texas |
| Coordinates | 30°39′58″N101°41′46″W / 30.66611°N 101.69611°W /30.66611; -101.69611 |
| Area | 39 acres (16 ha) |
| Built | 1855 (1855) |
| NRHP reference No. | 71000928 |
| TSAL No. | 8200000190 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | March 11, 1971 |
| Designated TSHS | April 16, 1968 |
| Designated TSAL | February 22, 1983 |
Fort Lancaster is a formerUnited States Army installation located nearSheffield, Texas. The fort was established in 1855 on theSan Antonio–El Paso Road to protect migrants moving towardCalifornia throughTexas. The US Army occupied Fort Lancaster untilTexas seceded from the United States in March 1861 and were replaced at the fort by forces loyal to theConfederate States of America. TheConfederate Army held the fort from November 1861 until April 1862, when it was again abandoned and then burned.
The 82-acre site, now operated by theTexas Historical Commission asFort Lancaster State Historic Site, contains the ruins of 29 buildings that made up the fort and a visitor center with amuseum.
Fort Lancaster was established during theAmerican colonization of Texas in the 19th century,[1] a process that began in the 1820s with the immigration ofAnglo-Americans intoSpanish, laterMexican, Texas.[2] In 1836, an Anglo-American-dominated Texas seceded fromMexico and becamea republic that was annexed into theUnited States a decade later.[3] That annexation provokeda war between Mexico and the United States in 1848 that the latter won, enabling the USto annex what is now theSouthwestern United States.[4]
The1849 discovery of gold inCalifornia, one of theannexed territories, was the catalyst for an unprecedented migration of white settlers across Texas.[5] They moved along such routes as theSan Antonio–El Paso Road (also called the Military Road),[6] through territory traversed by theComanche,Kiowa, andLipan Apache peoples,[7] who vigorously resisted colonization.[8] To protect the settlers, theUS Army established two lines of forts across Texas from 1848 to 1852.[9] Along the Military Road were, from east to west, FortsInge,Clark,Davis, andBliss. Between Forts Clark and Davis, however, was 300 miles (480 km) of wilderness.[7] To close that gap, GeneralPersifor Frazer Smith, commander of theDepartment of Texas, ordered on July 20, 1855, that an outpost be established where the Military Road crossed thePecos River.[10]
To carry out Smith's orders, twocompanies of the1st Infantry Regiment under the command ofCaptainStephen Decatur Carpenter departed Fort Duncan on August 7, 1855.[11] On August 20, 1855, Carpenter arrived at Live Oak Creek,[12] 4 miles (6.4 km) from the Military Road's crossing over the Pecos,[13] and established Camp Lancaster. On August 21, 1856, the outpost was made a permanent US Army installation with the name Fort Lancaster.[12] Its garrison was charged with patrolling the Military Road and policing the frontier. As infantrymen, sometimesmounted on mules, the garrison was ineffective at stopping raiding by mounted indigenous war parties.[14]
The first structures at Fort Lancaster werejacales, huts with wood or earth walls withcanvas roofs, andprefabricated buildings brought by wagon and assembled on-site. In June 1856,ColonelJoseph K. Mansfield inspected Camp Lancaster and described it as being composed mostly ofjacales. According to a letter by the post's quartermaster from May 1857,[15] which described the fort as having a "half-finished appearance",[16] there were five permanent officers' residences and two kitchens and attached mess halls, built of stone andadobe bricks, with four permanent enlisted men's barracks under construction. Construction of these and other buildings, which was complicated by a lack of readily available nearby lumber,[17] lasted until 1860.[18]
On July 9, 1857, a caravan of 40 men, 25camels, and over a hundred sheep led byEdward Fitzgerald Beale,[18] a formerUS Navy lieutenant,[19] arrived at Fort Lancaster. The caravan, part ofa US Army unit formed in 1855 to test the feasibility of using camels aspack animals on theAmerican frontier,[20] had encamped at a creek 2 miles (3.2 km) from Fort Lancaster. At the invitation of the fort's officers, Beale's caravan stayed the night at Fort Lancaster, then departed the next day.[21][22] A second caravan of camels arrived at the fort in June 1860.[12]
On March 2, 1861,Texas seceded from the United States to join theConfederate States of America.[23] On 4 February, as it moved the state towards secession, the Texas Secession Convention demanded the surrender of all federal garrisons and property in the state.[24] BrevetMajor GeneralDavid E. Twiggs, commander of the Department of Texas since 1857,[25] capitulated. He issued orders on February 24 and 27, 1861, for the garrisons of the forts along the Military Road to abandon their billets and march to the Gulf Coast for evacuation from Texas.[26] Fort Lancaster's garrison departed on March 19, 1861,[27] and were replaced by a company of Confederate troops.[12] On November 28, 1861,Confederate generalHenry Hopkins Sibley arrived at Fort Lancaster as he was following the Military Road towards theNew Mexico Territory,[28] which he hopedto invade and capture for the Confederacy. The campaign was a failure. After being defeated at theBattle of Glorieta Pass in March 1862, Sibley's force retreated.[29] Pursued by Federal forces, the Confederates abandoned the forts of the Military Road;[30] Fort Lancaster's garrison departed on April 2, 1862.[31] The fort itself was at around this time destroyed by fire, either by the retreating Confederates or by indigenous peoples.[32]
When the Civil War ended, the U.S. Army occupied Texas; Texas was under U.S. Army administration until 1875. During the occupation, several other frontier forts were established in Texas. Various companies of the9th Cavalry rotated through Fort Lancaster and gradually the outpost was rebuilt. These soldiers escortedstagecoaches westward and fought skirmishes withApaches. In December 1867, the U.S. 9th Cavalry's Company K, a unit of African-American cavalrymen with White commissioned officers, was stationed at the fort. These were seasoned "horse soldiers", including Civil War veteran noncommissioned officers. Largely because White cavalry units objected to designating them as "U.S. Cavalry", they were furnished with "saddle mules" and horses inferior to those of other U.S. cavalry units; sometimes they were issued outdated arms and other such second-rate equipment. Despite their equally dangerous and arduous duties, they were officially called "mounted infantry". A motto ascribed to them was "forty miles a day on beans and hay". On December 26, 1867, a large band ofKickapoo andComanchero raiders attacked the fort to steal horses. The company repelled the attack, but lost 38 horses and mules. Some of the raiders returned two days later; they were unsuccessful in taking the remaining animals.[33]
Within 40 years after being built, the wooden-frame superstructures of some buildings at the fort burned. "Only a few partially extant walls, a chimney, and numerous wall foundations remained in 1912."[34] This was the general condition of the site when the first scientific archeological investigations were conducted in 1966.[35] Archeological excavations were again conducted in 1971,[36] when the site was mapped and test excavations were done.[37] Archeological investigations in 1974[38] revealed that officers' quarters buildings had wood-plank floors, thresholds, and doorjambs fitted with iron pintels; the assumption is that doors were also of wood. These carbonized remains were leftin situ after being exposed during archeological investigations, photographed, and recorded by measured drawings using grid systems tied to "modern" architectural features of the park facilities. The excavation units were stabilized by careful backfilling with soil removed from those units to protect the remains for anticipated future public display. Subsequent archeology in 1975 and 1976 revealed that wooden superstructure and flooring of site's commanding officer's residence and the sutler's store had likewise been destroyed by fire. Architectural details of buildings investigated by archeological excavation 1974-1976[39] indicate that before the buildings burned, they were all similar in design and construction, as would be expected of military engineering.
The ruins of Fort Lancaster weredeeded in 1965 to theCrockett County government, which ceded it three years later to theTexas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD).[12] The fort was added to theNational Register of Historic Places on March 11, 1971.[40]
TPWD architects attempted the first interpretative restoration at the site with modern cement mortar to stabilize the remaining stone walls and cement-fortifiedadobes to simulate the original plain-mud adobes of the enlisted men's mess-hall. Associated with the 1974–1976 archeological investigations and as a preservation measure the archeologists in 1976 made adobes from untempered mud dug on site with hand tools. These adobes, sized to duplicate the original adobe bricks, were laid atop remaining original adobe walls at some of the officer's quarters on the north side of the parade ground.[39] Remains of these adobes still formed a protective preservative layer as late as April, 2010.[41] A budget shortfall prompted the state to yield management of the site to Texas Rural Communities, Incorporated, in 1993. On January 1, 2008, operational control of the site was transferred from TPWD to the Texas Historical Commission, which now manages preservation and public visitation of the site.
