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| Forró | |
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| Cultural origins | 19th century,Sertão, Brazil |
The termforró (Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation:[fɔˈɦ̥ɔ]) refers to a musical genre, a rhythm, a dance and the event itself where forró music is played and danced. Forró is an important part of the culture of theNortheastern Region of Brazil. It encompasses variousdance types as well as a number of different musical genres.[1][2] Their music genres and dances have gained widespread popularity in all regions of Brazil, especially during the BrazilianJune Festivals. Forró has also become increasingly popular all over the world, with a well-established forró scene in Europe.
A theory on the origin of forró music is that it originated on the farms and plantations inPernambuco and all overnortheast Brazil, where farmers and workers used to sing to the cows and together with each other as they gathered coffee and other crops like sugarcane, corn, and vegetables. They had a different song for each crop, and for each phase of the collection. As the farmers and field hands corralled cows and carried crops from the fields into the houses and cafes, the songs came with them, and everybody joined in singing together. From there, talented local singers began performing the songs at parties and gatherings, and sometimes they did informal competitions with competing viola (guitar) players in freestyle rap-like improvisations.[citation needed] Originally the large metal triangle, zabumba (Afro-Brazilian drum) and guitar (called the violão) were the main instruments.[3] Later on, with the French immigration between 1850 and 1950, the accordion was added to typical forró bands. The rabec, known as the Brazilian fiddle, joined the forró sound as well. Therebec hassephardic origins,[citation needed] and is possibly descended from the Arabic "rabeba" which may have arrived in Brazil by way of the Portuguese, who use the Rabeca Chuleira (Portugal having absorbed Arab influence dating back to the Moor's occupation from 711–1300 AD), or with the great Arab migrations to northeastern Brazil in the late 1800s to 1930s from Syria and Lebanon.[citation needed]
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There are several theories on the origin of the name. The main theory is thatforró as a derivative offorrobodó, meaning "great party" or "commotion". This is the view held by Brazilian folkloristLuís da Câmara Cascudo, who studied the Brazilian Northeast through most of his life.[citation needed] Forrobodó is believed[by whom?] to come from the wordforbodó (itself a corruption offauxbourdon), which was used in the Portuguese court to define a dull party. The wordforrobodó is itself very common in Portuguese popular conversation to describe a fun, but almost depraved and limitless party. This word was carried by Portuguese migration waves to Brazil, and lost the light negative meaning and was slowly simplified by their children.
Forró is the most popular genre of music and dance in Brazil's Northeast,[citation needed] to the extent that historically "going to the forró" meant simply going to party or going out.[citation needed] The music is based on a combination of three instruments (accordion,zabumba and a metal triangle). The dance however becomes very different as you cross the borders of the Northeast into the Southeast.[citation needed] As part of the popular culture it is in constant change.[citation needed] The dance known ascollege forró is the most common style between the middle-class students of colleges and universities in the Southeast, having influences of other dances like salsa and samba-rock.[citation needed]
The traditional music used to dance the forró was brought to the Southeast from the Northeast byLuiz Gonzaga, who transformed the baião (a word originated frombaiano and assigned a warm-up for artists to search for inspiration before playing) into a more sophisticated rhythm.[citation needed] In later years, forró achieved popularity throughout Brazil, in the form of a slower genre known asxote, that has been influenced by pop-rock music to become more acceptable by Brazilian youth of Southeast, South and Central regions.[citation needed]
A compilation album titledBrazil: Forró - Music for Maids and Taxi Drivers was released internationally in 1989, and was nominated for a Grammy Award in the United States two years later.[4][5]
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Forró, referring to the music and not the dance, encompasses today various musical styles. The original musical style, from which have grown most of the musical styles today denoted as forró, was the forró ofLuiz Gonzaga (and others such asJackson do Pandeiro and Marinês).[citation needed]
This musical style, commonly called alsoforró pé-de-serra, is played by a trio combination of
This combination of instruments was defined as the base of forró byLuiz Gonzaga. Before Gonzaga other combinations have been commonly used. The combination oftriangle withaccordion is a combination that has already existed in European folk music before and is also used inCajun music in the United States. Forró thus conserves a format of a small ensemble with multiple (in this case two) percussionists, something that also used to be common in Europe and the United States before the era of the drum set.[citation needed]
This combination of instruments serves rather as a base and is not fixed, incorporating sometimes other instruments such asfiddle,flute,pandeiro,bass,cavaquinho andacoustic guitar.
The combination ofzabumba and triangle is almost always part of the rhythm section of any forró group. The accordion is always part of a forró ensemble, apart from the sub-style of "forró rabecado", where the accordion is replaced by a fiddle.[citation needed]
The triangle keeps an ongoing pulse on all the sixteenth notes of the4
4 beat, while accentuating the third sixteenth. In this sense, the function can be compared to the rhythm guitar or the hi-hat of the drum set inrock music, although the triangle accentuates the third beat more strongly with its high pitched metallic sound, being damped to give a fainter and drier sound on the other beats. The zabumba, which is played on both sides, on one side giving a grave sound and on the other a sharp whip-like sound, plays the syncopated rhythms essential to forró.[citation needed]
Forró makes heavy use of theescala nordestina (literally North-eastern scale), which could be characterised as being a mixture of the Lydian and Mixo-lydian modes.[citation needed] The North-eastern scale represents the basis of a large part of the more traditional forró and the forró pé-de-serra, similar to the way theblues scale is the basis for the music of the Mississippi Delta.[citation needed] The escala nordestina is most evident in pieces such as "Vem Morena",baião ofLuiz Gonzaga. The accordion is the typical melody instrument used in forró, and is sometimes called the "Soul of Forró" or the "Soul of theSertão", referring the region where Forró has originated.
As forró diversified away from its roots, it has incorporated other influences, and more significantly, diversified into quite distinct musical styles.[citation needed]
Forró lyrics have changed with time and regarding the subgenre, as the music moved from being a purely North-Eastern music genre to being a genre popular all across Brazil.[3]
Traditionally, lyrics were about life in the rural North-East (in particular theSertão) and other North-Eastern themes, such as concerns about droughts, migration to look for work and thus about longing or homesickness (saudade).[3]
An example of this is the probably most emblematic (anonymous) song "Asa Branca", made famous across all of Brazil in the 1940s byLuiz Gonzaga, sometimes also called the "Hymn of the Sertão" or "Hymn of the North-East". The lyrics are about leaving the rural home in theSertão because of drought, and about hope to be able to return when the rain will fall again on the dry, barren land of the Sertão. The rain will be announced by the arrival ofasa branca, a certain white winged bird, which only flies there if it rains (there is a recent American version played by the groupForro in the Dark featuringDavid Byrne).
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In the more recent genre of forró universitario, lyrics have a much more urban flavour and relate more to life of a young urbanized middle class, as lyrics found nowadays in rock music.
As in many other musical styles, lyrics are also often about love and romance, passion, jealousy, or reminiscing about an ex-lover.
Today various musical instruments are used in the various styles of forró (although always with a reference to the traditional combination of accordion, triangle and zabumba):
Starting in the 1990s, forró music experienced renewed aesthetics, becoming a more "commercial" genre of Brazilian pop music. A forrómusic industry developed in Northeastern Brazil in that decade, when many new bands (with names like "Mastruz Com Leite" and "Limão Com Mel") were started, bands that useddrums,electronic keyboards andelectric guitars, and the lyrics of the songs became more similar to the lyrics of thesertanejo genre of Brazilian music, talking about romantic relationships and similar themes. Due to the use of electric guitars and electronic keyboards this new kind of forró music was initially calledforró eletrônico ("electronic forró" in Portuguese). In the following decades this new kind of forró became much more popular in Northeastern Brazil than "traditional" forró.
There are various rhythms of forró: xote (a slower-paced rhythm), baião (the original forró) and arrasta-pé (the fastest), and forró itself. Amongst these there are many styles of dancing, which varies from region to region, and may be known by different names according to the location. Forró is danced in pairs. There are twodance roles, one of theleader and one of thefollower. Especially in European forró communities, there is a trend to break and discuss the traditional gender roles[6] of leading men and following women. Unlike many other social dances it becomes more and more common to see same-sex couples on the dance floor or leading women and following men.
Forró is danced usually very close together, with the leader's left hand holding the follower's right hand, the leader's right arm around the follower's back and the follower's left arm around the leader's neck. Other styles may require to stay partially away, or in a considerable distance, only holding their hands up the shoulders.
Influences from Cubansalsa,Samba de Gafieira andzouk has given mobility to forró, with the follower— and occasionally the leader— being spun, although it's not essential to spin at all. The more complex movements may prove impossible to be executed in the usually crowded dancing area of forrós. Below is a list of the most popular styles of forró in Brazil:
Xote originally has its roots in theschottische.
Miudinho and puladinho can be danced to baião music and even to arrasta-pé, but in the latter the leg work is so intense that it's impracticable. Some people like to include brega/calypso in the forró category, because this dance has suffered much influence of forró throughout the decades, but it's danced to its own rhythm (not to be confused withcalypso music).
Forró dancing styles are informally often grouped into two main "families", simply for practical reasons: The olderNordestino (north-eastern) type of forró and theuniversitário (university) forró that developed later in the South.
Nordestino forró is danced with the couple much closer together, with their legs often inter-twined and a characteristic sideways shuffle movement. Because of the intimacy, there are not as many step variations in this style.
Universitário forró, with its origins in the big southern cities of Brazil, is the more popular style outside of the Northeast. Its basic step is forward-backwards — slightly similar to traditionalbolero orsalsa in line. With more space between the pair, many more moves, steps and turns are possible than in Nordestino styles. The more common steps include:
Universitário forró supposedly evolved from (and is very similar to) thepé-de-serra/baião styles, whileNordestino is used to refer to the styles more like the originalxote.
The first forró festival outside Brazil was in 2008; 'Forró de Domingo'[7] inStuttgart, Germany and since its last edition in 2018, it was the biggest forró festival outside Brazil. A dance performance from the 2014 edition has more than 54 million views on YouTube and is the most watched forró performance on this platform.[8] Today, there are many more annually forró festivals celebrated inGermany and other parts of Europe. Since 2016, festivals have also been organised in North America, Russia, Oceania and Japan. In 2019, over 70 international festivals were planned outside of Brazil.[9][10]
*Guttural R, when spoken in theCentral Northeastern Portuguese, is usually pronounced as avoiced orvoiceless glottal fricative, in the beginning of words or "rr" digraph.
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