Movatterモバイル変換

Qin, known as theFormer Qin andFu Qin (苻秦) in historiography,^[4] was adynastic state of China ruled by the Fu (Pu) clan of theDi peoples during theSixteen Kingdoms period. Founded in the wake of theLater Zhao dynasty's collapse in 351, it completed the unification of northern China in 376 during the reign ofFu Jiān (Emperor Xuanzhao), being the only state of the Sixteen Kingdoms to achieve so.^[5] Its capital wasChang'an up to Fu Jiān's death in 385. The prefix "Former" is used to distinguish it from theLater Qin andWestern Qin dynasties that were founded later.

In 383, the severe defeat of the Former Qin by theJin dynasty at theBattle of Fei River encouraged uprisings, splitting Former Qin territory into two noncontiguous pieces after the death of Fu Jiān. One remnant, at present-dayTaiyuan,Shanxi was soon overwhelmed in 386 by theXianbei under theLater Yan,Western Yan and theDingling. The other struggled in greatly reduced territories around the border of present-dayShaanxi andGansu until its final disintegration in 394 following years of invasions byWestern Qin andLater Qin.

All rulers of Former Qin proclaimed themselves "Emperor", except for Fu Jiān who only claimed the title "Heavenly King" (Tian Wang). He was nonetheless posthumously considered an emperor by the Former Qin imperial court.

History

[edit]

Background

[edit]

The Fu clan ofLüeyang Commandery were originally had the surname Pu (蒲) and claimed descent from the legendary Youhu tribe (有扈) that once dwelled nearChang'an during theXia dynasty according to records. During thefall of Western Jin, many refugees fled to join them, prompting their chieftain,Pu Hong to declare independence by proclaiming himself the Duke of Lüeyang. He became a vassal after theFormer Zhao dynasty entered theGuanzhong region, and later submitted to theJie-ledLater Zhao dynasty after they vanquished the former in 329. WhenShi Hu seized power in 333, Pu Hong convinced him to resettle the variousDi andQiang tribes in Guanzhong to live around the capital region in Xiangguo. Pu Hong and his family were moved to Fangtou (枋頭, in modernHebi,Henan), where he supervised the Di tribes as the Colonel Who Protects the Di (護氐校尉) and was highly favoured as a general and advisor by Shi Hu.

After Shi Hu's death in 349, Pu Hong was involved in instigating the Later Zhao princes' internecine struggle for the throne by supportingShi Zun againstShi Shi. He then took advantage of the confusion to lead his armies west towards Guanzhong, where he planned to establish an independent state. In accordance to a prophecy, he changed his family name to Fu (苻) and, after briefly being a vassal to theEastern Jin dynasty, proclaimed himself King of theThree Qins. However, en route, he was assassinated by one of his generals.

Fu Hong's son and heir,Fu Jiàn, quickly quelled the rebellion and succeeded his father. Initially, he renounced his father's imperial titles and redeclared himself as a Jin vassal, but once he captured the ancient capital ofChang'an, he declared independence from Jin by claiming the title ofHeavenly King of Qin.

Reign of Fu Jiàn and Fu Sheng

[edit]

Fu Jiàn further elevated himself to Emperor of Qin in 352. During his reign, he expanded his state by defeating remnants of the Later Zhao and wresting for control over theLongxi region with theFormer Liang. His most serious challenge was in 354, when theEastern Jin dynasty commander,Huan Wen launched hisfirst northern expedition against them. Fu Jiàn barely repelled him using ascorched earth strategy, and during the battle, his crown prince, Fu Chang (苻萇), was killed.

Not long after, Fu Jiàn died in 355 and was succeeded by his sonFu Sheng. Traditional historians describe Fu Sheng as a violent ruler, killing many of his high-ranking officials over trivial matters. During his reign, he forced the Former Liang into submission and killed theQiang warlord,Yao Xiang. However, as he planned to have his cousins killed, he was overthrown in a coup in 357 led his cousin,Fu Jiān (note the differentpinyin from his uncle and first ruler, Fu Jiàn).

Rise of Fu Jiān and unification of northern China

[edit]

After Fu Jiān ascended the throne, he changed the imperial title back to Heavenly King. Although a Di, he had a strong background inConfucian education and employed manyHan Chinese officials, the most prominent being his Prime Minister,Wang Meng. With the help of Wang Meng, Fu Jiān shifted the state's initial dependence onmercantile towards agrarian policies by promoting agriculture, building irrigation facilities along with resettling theXiongnu andXianbei people to work on the farmlands. Imperial power was centralized by reorganizing the bureaucracy and cracking down on powerful, corrupt nobles and officials. He also emphasized education and restored many of the traditional Chinese rituals.

Fu Jiān's early reign dealt with internal revolts by his dukes and vassal warlords, but by 368, these issues had largely been dealt with. At the time, his main rivals were theFormer Yan to the east, led by theMurong-Xianbei, and theEastern Jin in the south. In 369, taking advantage of Former Yan's vulnerability, Former Qin forces led by Wang Meng launched an invasion, and by the end of 370, all of Yan was conquered. In 371, Qin conqueredChouchi, and in 373, they capturedSichuan from Jin. Qin's unification of northern China was completed in 376, when they conqueredFormer Liang andDai. Fu Jiān treated his defeated enemies with leniency and allowed them to serve in his administration.

Skirt and jacket found in a tomb from the Former Qin era.

Former Qin also began receiving envoys from various states includingSilla andGoguryeo. While upholding Confucianism, Fu Jiān also expressed interest inBuddhism. In 379, he welcomed the Buddhist monk,Dao'an into his court and made him a political advisor. In 382, he sent his Di general,Lü Guang on an expedition to theWestern Regions while requesting that he bring himKumārajīva, a monk fromKucha.

Battle of Fei River

[edit]

The Eastern Jin was the last state in the way of Former Qin's unification of China. Wang Meng died in 375, and before his death, he warned Fu Jiān against going to war with Jin. He instead advised him to focus on consolidating his territory, as many of his conquered people, particularly theQiang andXianbei, were not fully loyal to his regime. However, Fu Jiān did not listen, and to address Wang Meng's latter concern, he relocated many of the Qiang and Xianbei people to live near the capital while moving the Di to newly-controlled territories, hoping to integrate the various ethnic groups.

In 378, Former Qin forces besiegedXiangyang and attackedPengcheng. Although Xiangyang fell to Qin in 379, the assault on Pengcheng was defeated by the Jin general,Xie Xuan. In 383, aiming to unify China and despite opposition from most of his ministers, Fu Jiān invaded Jin with a massive army, with records claiming to be at 1 million strong. The Former Qin capturedShouchun before facing the Jin army led byXie An at theBattle of Fei River. During the battle,Zhu Xu, a Former Qin general who had been captured from Jin, betrayed Fu Jiān by shouting "The Qin army is defeated!", causing widespread panic among the soldiers. As the Qin soldiers fled in disarray, the Jin army pursued and dealt them a disastrous defeat. Fu Jiān himself was injured in battle and barely escaped to the north.

Disintegration and fall

[edit]

In 384, as Former Qin was recovering from the recent defeat, the Xianbei general and previous prince of Former Yan,Murong Chui, rebelled in the northeast, founding theLater Yan dynasty with the aim of restoring his family's former state. Chui's rebellion encouraged his nephew,Murong Hong, to revolt around Chang'an, and their state was known as theWestern Yan. Fu Jiān attempted to quell the uprisings, but soon, his Qiang general,Yao Chang also rebelled north of theWei River, founding theLater Qin dynasty. Fu Jiān was besieged in Chang'an by Western Yan forces and later fled the city due to the food shortages in 385. However, he was then captured by Yao Chang, who had him executed after he refused to formally pass the throne.

Rebellions continued to break out in other parts of the empire. In 385, the Qifu-Xianbei tribe formed theWestern Qin dynasty in the Longxi and the Chouchi state was restored. In 386, Lü Guang, returning from the Western Regions, seizedLiang province and founded theLater Liang, while theTuoba-Xianbei restored their state of Dai, which later became known as theNorthern Wei dynasty. Meanwhile, Xie Xuan led Eastern Jin forces to recover lost territory, pushing all the way to theYellow River. Fu Jiān's son,Fu Pi, declared himself emperor in 385 and sought to restore Former Qin's authority fromJinyang inBing province, but suffered a devastating defeat to the Western Yan. His brief reign came to an end after he was killed by Jin forces while trying to captureLuoyang in 386.

At Nan'an Commandery (南安郡; southeast of present-dayLongxi County,Gansu) in Guanzhong, a distant cousin of Fu Jiān,Fu Deng was acclaimed the new emperor after news of Fu Pi's death. Throughout his reign, Fu Deng fought with the Later Qin, finding much success early on before suffering a significant defeat at theBattle of Dajie in 389. From then on, he was unable to launch anymore substantial campaigns. In 394, taking advantage of Yao Chang's death, he carried out one last attack on Later Qin at theBattle of Feiqiao, where his main forces were destroyed. He was soon captured and executed by Yao Chang's successor,Yao Xing. His son,Fu Chong, fled to Huangzhong (湟中, in modernXining,Qinghai) and declared himself emperor, but not long after, Western Qin forces seized his remaining territory and killed him in battle, marking the formal end of the Former Qin dynasty.

During the fall of Former Qin, the Fu clan became dispersed throughout China.Fu Hóng, a son of Fu Jiān, fled to the Eastern Jin, where he became a confidant of the usurperHuan Xuan before being killed in battle in 405. The Later Yan welcomed members of the Fu clan to surrender, with two of them, the sistersFu Song'e andFu Xunying, becoming empresses to the last ruler,Murong Xi. InChouchi, Fu Chong's son,Fu Xuan, was made a military general.

Rulers of the Former Qin

[edit]

Temple name	Posthumous name	Personal name	Durations of reigns	Era names
Gaozu	Jingming	Fu Jian (苻健)	351–355	Huangshi (皇始) 351–355
–	King Li¹	Fu Sheng	355–357	Shouguang (壽光) 355–357
Shizu	Xuanzhao	Fu Jian (苻堅)	357–385	Yongxing (永興) 357–359 Ganlu (甘露) 359–364 Jianyuan (建元) 365–385
–	Aiping	Fu Pi	385–386	Taian (太安) 385–386
Taizong	Gao	Fu Deng	386–394	Taichu (太初) 386–394
–	–	Fu Chong	several months in 394	Yanchu (延初) 394

¹ Fu Sheng was posthumously given the title "wang" even though he had reigned as emperor.

Rulers family tree

[edit]

Former Qin

Fu Huaigui 苻怀归

Fu Hong (苻洪) 285–350
Huiwu

Fu Jian (苻健) 317–355
Jingming 景明
(r. 352–355)

Fu Xiong

Fu Chang

Fu Sheng (苻生) 335–357
Li 厲
(r. 355–357)

Fu Jian 苻坚 (337–385)
Xuanzhao 宣昭
(r. 357–385)

Fu Deng 苻登 (343–394)
Gao 高
(r. 386–394)

Fu Pi 苻丕 (d. 386)
Aiping 哀平
(r. 385–386)

Fu Chong (苻崇)
d. 394; r. 394

Notes and references

[edit]

^^a ^b"中央研究院".中央研究院.
^Zizhi Tongjian,vol. 99.
^Zizhi Tongjian,vol. 106.
^徐俊 (November 2000).中国古代王朝和政权名号探源. Wuchang, Hubei: 华中师范大学出版社. pp. 107–109.ISBN 7-5622-2277-0.
^Grousset, Rene (1970).The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 58–59.ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.

Sixteen Kingdoms

History

The 16 Kingdoms

Xiongnu	Han-Zhao (304–329) Northern Liang (397–460) Xia (407–431)
Di	Cheng-Han (304–347) Former Qin (351–394) Later Liang (386–403)
Jie	Later Zhao (319–351)
Xianbei	Former Yan (337–370) Later Yan (384–409) Western Qin (385–431) Southern Liang (397–414) Southern Yan (398–410)
Qiang	Later Qin (384–417)
Han	Former Liang (318–376) Western Liang (400–421) Northern Yan (407–436)

Other states

Short-lived	Ran Wei (350–352) Duan Qi (350–356) Western Yan (384–394) Zhai Wei (388–392) Huan Chu (403–404) Qiao Shu (405–413)
Tribes	Yuwen Duan
States	Chouchi (296–580) Dai (310–376) Northern Wei (386–535)