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Foreign relations of the Holy See

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Vatican City
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TheHoly See has longbeen recognised as a subject of international law and as an active participant ininternational relations. It isdistinct from thecity-state of theVatican City, over which the Holy See has "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction".[1]

The diplomatic activities of the Holy See are directed by theSecretariat of State (headed by theCardinal Secretary of State), through the Section for Relations with States.

While not being a member of theUnited Nations in its own right, the Holy See recognizesall UN member states (ExceptAfghanistan,Brunei,Laos,North Korea,The People's Republic of China,Saudi Arabia,Somalia andVietnam). In addition, the Holy See recognizes theState of Palestine and theRepublic of China (Taiwan).[2][3]

The term "Vatican Diplomatic Corps", by contrast with the diplomatic service of the Holy See, properly refers to all those diplomatsaccredited to the Holy See, not those who represent its interests to other nations and international bodies. Since 1961, Vatican diplomats also enjoydiplomatic immunity.[4]

History

[edit]
U.S. PresidentDonald Trump andFirst LadyMelania Trump meet withPope Francis in 2017.

Since medieval times the episcopal see of Rome has been recognized as asovereign entity. Earlier, there were papal representatives (apocrisiarii) to theEmperors of Constantinople, beginning in 453, but they were not thought of as ambassadors.[5]: 64  In the eleventh century the sending of papal representatives to princes, on a temporary or permanent mission, became frequent.[5]: 65  In the fifteenth century it became customary for states to accredit permanent resident ambassadors to the Pope in Rome.[5]: 68  The first permanentpapal nunciature was established in 1500 in Venice. Their number grew in the course of the sixteenth century to thirteen, while internuncios (representatives of second rank) were sent to less-powerful states.[5]: 70  After enjoying a brilliant period in the first half of the seventeenth century, papal diplomacy declined after thePeace of Westphalia in 1648, being assailed especially by royalists andGallicans, and the number of functioning nuncios was reduced to two in the time ofNapoleon, although in the same period, in 1805, Prussia became the first Protestant state to send an ambassador to Rome. There was a revival after theCongress of Vienna in 1815, which, while laying down that, in general, the order of precedence between ambassadors would be determined by the date of their arrival, allowed special precedence to be given to the nuncio, by which he would always be the dean of the diplomatic corps.[6]

In spite of the extinction of the Papal States in 1870, and the consequent loss of territorial sovereignty, and in spite of someuncertainty among jurists as to whether it could continue to act as an independent personality in international matters, the Holy See continued in fact to exercise the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives, maintaining relations with states that included the major powers ofRussia,Prussia, andAustria-Hungary.[7] Countries continued to receive nuncios as diplomatic representatives of full rank, and where, in accordance with the decision of the 1815Congress of Vienna, theNuncio was not only a member of the Diplomatic Corps but its dean, this arrangement continued to be accepted by the other ambassadors.[7]

With theFirst World War and its aftermath the number of states with diplomatic relations with the Holy See increased. For the first time since relations were broken between the Pope and QueenElizabeth I of England, a British diplomatic mission to the Holy See was opened in 1914.[8] The result was that, instead of diminishing, the number of diplomats accredited to the Holy See grew from sixteen in 1870 to twenty-seven in 1929, even before it again acquired territorial sovereignty with the founding of the State ofVatican City.[9]

In the same period, the Holy See concluded a total of twenty-nine concordats and other agreements with states, including Austro-Hungary in 1881, Russia in 1882 and 1907, France in 1886 and 1923.[9] Two of these concordats were registered at theLeague of Nations at the request of the countries involved.[10]

While bereft of territorial sovereignty, the Holy See also accepted requests to act as arbitrator between countries, including a dispute between Germany and Spain over theCaroline Islands.[9]

TheLateran Treaty of 1929 and the founding of the Vatican City State was not followed by any great immediate increase in the number of states with which the Holy See had official relations. This came later, especially after the Second World War.

Since World War II, the Holy See's foreign relations are generally associated with the concept ofsoft power and generally seek to promote peace and humanitarian programs.[11]: 181  The Holy See's foreign relations are less focused on traditional state interests like state security and the like.[11]: 181 

TheVienna Convention of 18 April 1961 also established diplomatic immunity for the Vatican's foreign diplomats.[4] Such immunity can only be revoked by the Holy See.[4]

After theCuban missile crisis demonstrated the risk ofnuclear war, The Holy See became convinced that it had been too reluctant to engage with the communist countries.[12]: 17  Through its foreign relations approach ofOstpolitik, the Vatican downplayed the role of ideological conflicts in international relations and reduced its anti-communist rhetoric.[12]: 17  The Vatican also sought to use this approach to make thesacraments and church public life more available in the communist countries.[12]: 17 

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of 183 countries which the Holy See maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate[13]
1Portugal12 February 1481[14]
2SpainMarch 1559[15]
3  Switzerland17 August 1586[16]
4France1600s
5NetherlandsMay 1829[17]
6Brazil17 July 1829[18]
7Belgium17 July 1834[19]
8Colombia26 November 1835
9Monaco21 June 1875[20]
10Bolivia6 August 1877[21]
11Ecuador6 August 1877[22]
12Peru10 October 1877[23]
13Chile15 December 1877[24]
14Argentina31 December 1877[25]
15Paraguay31 December 1877[25]
16Uruguay31 December 1877[25]
17Haiti1881
18Venezuela1881
19LuxembourgJanuary 1891[26]
20Costa Rica19 August 1908[27]
21Honduras19 December 1908[28]
—Nicaragua (suspended)19 December 1908[28][29]
22Poland16 June 1919[30]
23Czech Republic22 March 1920[31]
24Hungary10 August 1920[32][33]
25El Salvador12 October 1922[34]
26Panama21 September 1923[35]
27San MarinoApril 1926
28Romania10 May 1927[36]
29Liberia15 December 1927
30Italy24 June 1929
31Ireland27 November 1929
—Sovereign Military Order of MaltaFebruary 1930
32Cuba2 September 1935
33Guatemala16 March 1936
34Japan4 May 1942[37]
35Finland31 July 1942[38]
—Republic of China23 October 1942[39][11]: 181 
36Austria9 August 1946
37LebanonNovember 1946
38Egypt23 August 1947
39India12 June 1948
40Indonesia13 March 1950
41Philippines8 April 1951
42Pakistan6 October 1951
43Syria21 February 1953
44Iran2 May 1953
45Germany1 June 1954
46Dominican Republic16 June 1954[40]
47Ethiopia20 March 1957
48Turkey25 January 1960
49Senegal17 November 1961
50Burundi11 February 1963
51Republic of the Congo16 February 1963
52South Korea11 December 1963
53Rwanda6 June 1964
54Zambia15 May 1965
55Kenya19 June 1965
56Malta15 December 1965
57Malawi5 February 1966
58Iraq26 August 1966
59Cameroon27 August 1966
60Uganda1 September 1966
61Madagascar24 December 1966
62Lesotho11 March 1967
63Central African Republic13 May 1967
64Gabon31 October 1967
65Thailand19 April 1968
66Tanzania28 April 1968
67Kuwait21 October 1968
68Canada16 October 1969
69Mauritius9 March 1970
70Serbia14 August 1970
71Ivory Coast26 October 1970
72Benin29 June 1971
73Niger20 July 1971
74Algeria6 March 1972
75Tunisia22 March 1972
76Sudan29 April 1972
77Bangladesh25 September 1972
78Cyprus31 January 1973
79Australia24 March 1973
80Burkina Faso14 June 1973
81New Zealand20 June 1973
82Sri Lanka6 September 1975
83Ghana20 November 1975
84Nigeria20 November 1975
85Morocco15 January 1976
86Cape Verde12 May 1976
87Iceland12 October 1976[41]
88Democratic Republic of the Congo31 January 1977
89Papua New Guinea7 March 1977
90Gambia7 June 1978
91Trinidad and Tobago23 July 1978
92Fiji12 September 1978
93Grenada17 February 1979
94Barbados19 April 1979
95Greece17 July 1979
96Jamaica20 July 1979
97Bahamas27 July 1979
98Mali29 October 1979
99Zimbabwe26 June 1980
100Togo21 April 1981
101Singapore24 June 1981
102Dominica1 September 1981
103Equatorial Guinea24 December 1981
104United Kingdom16 January 1982
105Denmark2 August 1982
106Norway2 August 1982
107Sweden2 August 1982
108Belize9 March 1983
109   Nepal10 September 1983
110United States10 January 1984
111Solomon Islands9 May 1984
112Seychelles27 July 1984
113Saint Lucia1 September 1984
114São Tomé and Príncipe21 December 1984
115Liechtenstein28 August 1985
116Guinea21 June 1986
117Guinea-Bissau12 July 1986
118Antigua and Barbuda15 December 1986
119Chad28 November 1988
120Saint Vincent and the Grenadines16 April 1990
121Bulgaria6 December 1990
122Albania7 September 1991
123Lithuania30 September 1991
124Latvia1 October 1991
125Estonia3 October 1991
126Croatia8 February 1992
127Slovenia8 February 1992
128Ukraine8 February 1992
129Eswatini11 March 1992
130Mongolia4 April 1992
131Armenia23 May 1992
132Azerbaijan23 May 1992
133Georgia23 May 1992
134Moldova23 May 1992
135Nauru1 June 1992
136Bosnia and Herzegovina18 August 1992
137Kyrgyzstan27 August 1992
138Mexico21 September 1992
139Kazakhstan17 October 1992
140Uzbekistan17 October 1992
141Belarus11 November 1992
142Slovakia1 January 1993
143Marshall Islands30 December 1993
144Suriname16 January 1994
145Federated States of Micronesia26 January 1994
146Jordan3 March 1994
147South Africa5 March 1994
148Cambodia25 March 1994
149Samoa10 June 1994
150Israel15 June 1994
151Vanuatu20 July 1994
152Tonga24 August 1994
153North Macedonia21 December 1994
154Kiribati10 April 1995
155Andorra16 June 1995
156Eritrea15 July 1995
157Namibia12 September 1995
158Mozambique14 December 1995
159Turkmenistan10 June 1996
160Tajikistan15 June 1996
161Sierra Leone30 July 1996
162Libya10 March 1997
163Guyana9 June 1997
164Angola8 July 1997
165Yemen13 October 1998
166Palau17 December 1998
—Cook Islands29 April 1999
167Saint Kitts and Nevis19 July 1999
168Bahrain12 January 2000
169Djibouti20 May 2000
170Timor-Leste20 May 2002
171Qatar18 November 2002
172Montenegro16 December 2006
173United Arab Emirates30 May 2007[42]
174Botswana4 November 2008
175Russia9 December 2009
176Malaysia27 July 2011
177South Sudan22 February 2013
—State of Palestine13 May 2015[43]
178Mauritania9 December 2016[44]
179Myanmar4 May 2017
180Oman23 February 2023[42]

Bilateral relations

[edit]
Further information:List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See andList of heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See

TheHoly See, as anon-state sovereign entity and fullsubject of international law, started establishing diplomatic relations with sovereign states in the 15th century.[45] It had the territory of theStates of the Church under its direct sovereign rule since centuries before that time. Currently it has the territory of theState of the Vatican City under its direct sovereign rule. In the period of 1870–1929 between theannexation of Rome by theKingdom of Italy and the ratification of theLateran Treaty establishing the current Vatican City State, theHoly See wasdevoid of territory.In this period some states suspended their diplomatic relations, but others retained them (or established such relations for the first time or reestablished them after a break), so that the number of states that did have diplomatic relations with the Holy See almost doubled (from 16 to 27) in the period between 1870 and 1929.[9]

The Holy See currently has diplomatic relations with 184sovereign states.[46] These include 181 United Nations member states, the UN observerState of Palestine,[45] the partially internationally recognizedRepublic of China (Taiwan), and theCook Islands (a non-UN state in free association withNew Zealand).[47] In addition, it maintains relations with thesovereign entityOrder of Malta and thesupranational unionEuropean Union.[48] The Holy See presently lacks diplomatic relations with 12 UN member states.[49]

By agreement with the government ofVietnam, it has a non-resident papal representative to that country.[50] It has official formal contacts, without establishing diplomatic relations, with:Afghanistan,Brunei,Somalia andSaudi Arabia.[51]

The Holy See additionally maintains someapostolic delegates to localCatholic Church communities which are not accredited to the governments of the respective states and work only in an unofficial, non-diplomatic capacity.[52] The regions and states where such non-diplomatic delegates operate are: Brunei,Comoros,Laos,Maldives, Somalia, Vietnam,Jerusalem and thePalestinian territories (Palestine),Pacific Ocean (Tuvalu,dependent territories[53]),Arabian Peninsula (foreigners in Saudi Arabia),Antilles (dependent territories[54]),apostolic delegate toKosovo[55] (Republic of Kosovo) and theapostolic prefecture ofWestern Sahara (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic).

The Holy See has no relations of any kind with the following states:

91 embassies to the Holy See are based in Rome.[46]

The Holy See is the onlyEuropeansubject of international law to have diplomatic relations with theRepublic of China (Taiwan), although there have been reports of informal talks between the Holy See and the government of thePeople's Republic of China on establishing diplomatic relations,[56] restoring the situation that existed when the papal representative,Antonio Riberi, was part of the diplomatic corps that accepted the Communist government military victory instead of withdrawing with the Nationalist authorities to Taiwan.[11]: 183  He was later expelled,[11]: 184  after which the Holy See sent its representative to Taipei instead.[11]: 187 

During the pontificate ofPope Benedict XVI relations were established withMontenegro (2006), theUnited Arab Emirates (2007),Botswana (2008),Russia (2009),Malaysia (2011), andSouth Sudan (2013),[57] and during the pontificate ofPope Francis, diplomatic relations were established with theState of Palestine (2015),[58]Mauritania (2016),[59]Myanmar (2017),[60] andOman (2023).[61] "Relations of a special nature" had previously been in place with Russia.[62]

Africa

[edit]
CountryFormal relations begun or resumedNotes
Algeria1972SeeAlgeria–Holy See relations.
  • During theAlgerian War of 1954–1962 the Holy See did not take sides[63] nor, in view of its pledge not to take part in temporal rivalries unless there was a mutual appeal to it,[64] was there Vatican mediation between the French government and the Algerian rebels who requested it.[65]
  • After Algeria became independent, Algeria maintained diplomatic ties with the Holy See and allowedRoman Catholic priests to continue ministering to the remaining Catholics in Algeria.[66]
Central African Republic1967SeeCentral African Republic–Holy See relations.
  • The Holy See has a nunciature inBangui.
Democratic Republic of the Congo1977SeeDemocratic Republic of the Congo–Holy See relations.
  • The Holy See has an apostolic nunciature inKinshasa.
  • The DRC maintains an embassy near Vatican City.
Egypt1947SeeApostolic Nunciature to Egypt.

Pope Francis metGrand Imam of al-AzharAhmad al-Tayyeb in several occasions to improve relations among different faiths.[67]

Ivory Coast1970SeeHoly See-Ivory Coast relations.
  • The Holy See has an apostolic nunciature inAbidjan.
  • Ivory Coast maintains an embassy inRome for the Holy See.
Kenya1959
  • The Holy See has a nunciature inNairobi.
  • Kenya is represented in the Holy See through its embassy inParis, France.[68]
  • Pope John Paul II visited Kenya thrice during his tenure, in 1980, 1985 and 1995.Pope Francis visited Kenya in November 2015.[69]
Madagascar1960
Republic of the Congo1963SeeRepublic of the Congo–Holy See relations.
  • The Holy See maintains an apostolic nunciature inBrazzaville.
Rwanda1964
  • The Holy See has an nunciature in Kigali.[71]
  • Rwanda has an embassy to the Holy See.
  • Relations between the two States have been strained since theRwanda genocide. Many bishops were under the ideological influence of the previous Hutu nationalist government, and the government ofPaul Kagame has tried to purge the episcopacy of hostile elements.
  • Priests that participated in the killings behaved in a way no different from the majority of the population, a phenomenon which has led to a grave collective and spiritual guilt, and has led to the growth of Evangelical churches and Islamic organizations. In part, this has been attributed to an ethnic-basedliberation theology, which was denounced by the Holy See in the 1970s and 1980s.
Sudan1969
Mozambique1977

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal relations begun or resumedNotes
Argentina1940SeeArgentina–Holy See relations.
Belize1983

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 March 1983.[75]

Bolivia1877Bolivian PresidentEvo Morales met with Pope Francis in 2015,[76] and 2016.[77]
Brazil1829SeeBrazil–Holy See relations
  • Brazil has an embassy in Rome to the Holy See.
  • Holy See has a nunciature inBrasília.
Canada1969SeeCanada–Holy See relations.

Although the Roman Catholic Church has been territorially established in what later became the independent state of Canada since the founding of New France in the early 17th century, Holy See–Canada relations were only officially established under the papacy of Paul VI in 1969.

Chile1877
  • Chile has an embassy in Rome to the Holy See.
  • Holy See has a nunciature inSantiago.
Colombia1835
  • Colombia has an embassy in Rome to the Holy See.
  • Holy See has a nunciature inBogotá.
Cuba1935SeeCuba–Holy See relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Rome to the Holy See.
  • The Holy See has a nunciature inHavana.
Dominican Republic1881SeeApostolic Nunciature to the Dominican Republic.
Ecuador1877SeeApostolic Nunciature to Ecuador.
Haiti1881SeeApostolic Nunciature to Haiti.
Mexico1992SeeHoly See–Mexico relations.
  • After Holy See-Mexico diplomatic relations were broken off in 1861,[78] the Holy See assigned anApostolic Delegate asresident representative in Mexico in 1904.[79] In 1992, after more than 130 years, the Mexican Government reestablished diplomatic relations with theHoly See and restored civil rights to the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico.[79][80]
  • Holy See has an Apostolic Nunciature in Mexico City.[81]
  • Mexico has an embassy in Rome to the Holy See.[82]
Nicaragua1862SeeHoly See–Nicaragua relations.
Paraguay1877SeeApostolic Nunciature to Paraguay.
Peru1877SeeHoly See–Peru relations
  • The Holy See has a nunciature inLima.
  • Peru has an embassy in Rome to the Holy See.
United States1984SeeHoly See–United States relations.
Uruguay1877SeeHoly See–Uruguay relations
  • The Holy See has a nunciatue inMontevideo.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Rome to the Holy See.
Venezuela1869SeeHoly See–Venezuela relations.

Diplomatic relations were established in 1869. The Holy See has a nunciature inCaracas. Venezuela has an embassy in Rome.

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal relations begun or resumedNotes
Armenia1992
Azerbaijan1992
  • Diplomatic relations with the Holy See were established on May 23, 1992.[83]
  • Azerbaijan is accredited to the Holy See through its embassy in Paris, France.[83]
  • The Holy See is accredited to Azerbaijan through itsnunciature in Ankara, Turkey.[83]
Bangladesh1972SeeBangladesh–Holy See relations.
  • The Holy See has a nunciature in the Baridhara Diplomatic Enclave inDhaka.[84]
  • Bangladesh also has an ambassador accredited to the Holy See.
China, Republic of1942SeeHoly See–Taiwan relations.
  • Diplomatic relations between the Holy See and China began in 1942, at that time the representative of China was theRepublic of China (ROC). When theChinese Communist Party won theChinese Civil War and established thePeople's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, the Holy See chose not to move its diplomatic representative toTaipei,Taiwan where thegovernment of the Republic of China had retreated to. However, the Communist government expelled it, and the Holy See's diplomatic mission was then transferred to Taipei in 1951.
  • In 1971, when theseat of China at theUnited Nations was adjudicated to the government of the PRC, the Holy See continued to maintain formal diplomatic relations with China through the ROC.[11]: 181 
  • Since 1971, the Holy See maintains a downgraded Apostolic Nunciature inTaipei, but without a Nuncio. The mission is headed only by a chargé d'affaires who carries on the business of the diplomatic mission.
  • The diplomatic relationship is significant from the perspective of the ROC because its embassy to the Holy See is its only remaining embassy in Europe.[11]: 181 
  • For its contacts with the PRC, seeChina–Holy See relations.
India1948SeeHoly See–India relations.
Indonesia1947SeeHoly See–Indonesia relations.
Iran1954SeeHoly See–Iran relations.

The two countries have had formal diplomatic relations since 1954, since the pontificate ofPius XII, and have been maintained during Islamic revolution.[86] In 2008 relations between Iran and the Holy See were "warming", andMahmoud Ahmadinejad "said the Vatican was a positive force for justice and peace" when he met with thePapal nuncio to Iran, ArchbishopJean-Paul Gobel.[87]

Israel1993SeeHoly See–Israel relations.

Holy See–Israel relations have officially existed since 1993 with the adoption of the fundamental agreement between the two parties. However, relations remain tense because of the non-fulfillment of the accords giving property rights and tax exemptions to the Church.

Jordan1994SeeHoly See–Jordan relations.
  • The etymology of Jordan comes from theJordan River, which is significant to Christians because it was the place where Jesus was baptized byJohn the Baptist. Various Christian clerics in the Arab world have a Jordanian background, such asMaroun Lahham in Tunisia andFouad Twal in Israel/Palestine.
  • The Holy See has anunciature inAmman.
  • Jordan has an embassy in Rome.
Kazakhstan1992SeeHoly See–Kazakhstan relations.
KurdistanSeeHoly See–Kurdistan Region relations.
Kuwait1969
  • The first Kuwaiti Ambassador to the Vatican was accredited in March 1973. As he presented his credentials to Pope Paul VI, the Pontiff treated the establishing of relations as a sign of growing tolerance within Kuwait.[88]
  • The Holy See has a nunciature inKuwait City.[89]
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Rome.
Lebanon1947SeeHoly See–Lebanon relations.
Malaysia2011SeeHoly See–Malaysia relations.
  • Diplomatic relations were established in 2011[90]
  • Malaysia is represented at the Holy See through its embassy inBern (Switzerland).[91]
Myanmar2017SeeHoly See–Myanmar relations.
  • Diplomatic relations were established on 4 May 2017, following a meeting between Pope Francis and Myanmar's State CounsellorAung San Suu Kyi.[92]
  • The Holy See is set to establish anunciature in Myanmar.[92]
  • Myanmar is set to establish an embassy in the Vatican.[92]
  Nepal1983SeeHoly See–Nepal relations.
Oman2023SeeHoly See–Oman relations.
Pakistan1961SeeHoly See–Pakistan relations.
Palestine1994SeeHoly See–Palestine relations.

The Holy See and theState of Palestine established formal diplomatic relations in 2015, through the mutual signing of theComprehensive Agreement between the Holy See and the State of Palestine.[58] An Apostolic Delegation (a non-diplomatic mission of the Holy See) denominated "Jerusalem and Palestine" had existed since 11 February 1948, and thePalestine Liberation Organization had established official (non diplomatic) relations with the Holy See in October 1994, with the opening of an office in Rome. The Holy See, along with many other states, supports atwo-state solution for Israel and Palestine.

Philippines1951SeeHoly See–Philippines relations.
  • The Holy See has a nunciature inManila.[94]
  • The Philippines has an embassy in Vatican City.[95]
  • The nuncio is the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps in the Philippines.
Qatar2002[96]
Saudi ArabiaSeeHoly See–Saudi Arabia relations.

No official diplomatic relationship exists. There have been some important high-level meetings between Saudi and Vatican officials in order to discuss issues and organize dialogue between religions.

South Korea1966[97]SeeHoly See–South Korea relations.
Sri Lanka1978SeeHoly See–Sri Lanka relations.

The Holy See has a nunciature inColombo. Sri Lanka has an ambassador accredited to the Holy See.

Syria1946SeeHoly See–Syria relations
  • The Holy See has a nunciature inDamascus.[103]
  • Syria has an embassy in Rome.
  • At present, the Holy See has comparatively good relations with Syria. It has sought to foster ecumenism between rival Christian factions inAntioch and to ensure the survival of age-old Christian communities in the country. The declarationNostra aetate has made possible inter-faith dialogue and cooperation with Syrian Muslims.
  • Some Vatican leaders have also sought to foster greater political independence forLebanon, which has been tied to Syria since the end of the Lebanese civil war. This call for Lebanese independence has traditionally been resisted by Syrian leaders.
  • John Paul II visited Syria in 2001 and was the first pope to have been to an Islamic mosque, theUmayyad Mosque in Damascus,[104] which includes the relics ofJohn the Baptist.
  • Syrian PresidentBashar al-Assad attended Pope John Paul II's funeral.[105]
Thailand1957

History

  • 1957: Established as Apostolic Delegation of Thailand and Malay Peninsula
  • 1964: Renamed as Apostolic Delegation of Thailand, Laos and Malay Peninsula
  • 1968.02.23: Renamed as Apostolic Delegation of Thailand (branched to create Apostolic Delegation of Laos, Malaysia and Singapore)
  • 1969.08.28: Promoted as Apostolic Nunciature of Thailand
  • 1983: Branched to create Apostolic Delegation of Malaysia and Brunei
  • 1990: Branched to create Apostolic Delegation of Myanmar
  • 1994.07.16: Branched to create Apostolic Nunciature of Cambodia[108]
  • 2010.07.08: Archbishop Salvatore Pennacchio, Vatican's Apostolic Nuncio to Thailand, paid a courtesy call on Foreign Minister Kasit Piromya on the occasion of the completion of his mission in Thailand.[109]
Turkey1868SeeHoly See–Turkey relations.
United Arab Emirates2007[111]SeeHoly See–United Arab Emirates relations.
  • Pope Francis visited the United Arab Emirates in February 2019 and became the first pontiff to ever visit and hold papal mass in theArabian Peninsula.[112]
  • The Holy See has is accredited to the United Arab Emirates through itsnunciature inKuwait City.
  • United Arab Emirates is accredited to the Holy See through its embassy inMadrid.
VietnamSeeHoly See–Vietnam relations.

Diplomatic relations have not been established with Vietnam. An Apostolic Delegation (a papal mission accredited to the Catholic Church in the country but not officially to the Government) still exists on paper and as such is listed in theAnnuario Pontificio; but since the end of theVietnam War admittance of representatives to staff it has not been permitted. Temporary missions to discuss with the Government matters of common interest are sent every year or two.

Yemen1998SeeForeign relations of Yemen.

The Holy See and Yemen established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1998.[113] Yemeni PresidentAli Abdullah Saleh metPope John Paul II in November 2004.[114]

Europe

[edit]
CountryFormal relations begun or resumedNotes
Albania1991
  • Albania has a resident embassy to the Holy See inRome[115]
  • The Holy See has a resident nunciature (embassy) inTirana[115]
  • Relations were established in 1991, after the fall of communism in Albania[citation needed]
  • Pope John Paul II was the first Pope to visit Albania, which took place immediately after the fall of communism[116]
  • Pope Francis visited Albania on 24 September 2014, which was the first nation in Europe he has visited[citation needed]
  • Albania is home to 520,000 Roman Catholics, and is the second largest religion in the country, after Islam[117]
Belgium1835SeeApostolic Nunciature to Belgium.
Bosnia and Herzegovina1992SeeBosnia and Herzegovina–Holy See relations.
Croatia1992SeeCroatia–Holy See relations.
  • Croatia has a resident embassy to the Holy See in Rome.
  • Holy See has a nunciature with a nuncio of ambassadorial rank with additional privileges inZagreb.
  • According to the 2011 census 86.28% of Croats areRoman Catholic.
CyprusSeeApostolic Nunciature to Cyprus.
Denmark1982
European Union1970SeeHoly See–European Union relations.

Many of the founders of the European Union were inspired by Catholic ideals, notablyRobert Schuman,Alcide de Gasperi,Konrad Adenauer, andJean Monnet.[119][120]

Finland1942[121][122]

Finland has a resident embassy to the Holy See in Rome,[123] located at the Finnish Institute in Rome inVilla Lante al Gianicolo.

FranceNo later than987,
based uponalready-established relationsno later than 714		SeeFrance–Holy See relations.

Relations between France and the Catholic Church are very ancient and have existed since the fifth century AD, and have been durable to the extent that France is sometimes called theeldest daughter of the Church. Areas of cooperation between Paris and the Holy See have traditionally included education, health care, the struggle against poverty and international diplomacy. Before the establishment of thewelfare state, Church involvement was evident in many sectors of French society. Today, Paris's international peace initiatives are often in line with those of the Holy See, who favors dialogue on a global level.

Germany1951SeeGermany–Holy See relations.
Greece1980SeeGreece–Holy See relations.
  • The Holy See established its Apostolic Nunciature toGreece inAthens in 1980. The Greek ambassador to the Holy See at first resided inParis, where he was concurrently accredited toFrance; in 1988 a separate Greek embassy to the Holy See, situated in Rome, was established.
  • In May 2001, Pope John Paul II made a visit of pilgrimage to Greece.[124]
Iceland1977

Diplomatic relations were established in 1977, but the Pope Paul VI in his greeting to the first Ambassador from Iceland referred to these relations as "the millenary ties between your people (i.e. of Iceland) and the Catholic Church".[125]

Ireland1929SeeHoly See–Ireland relations.

The majority of Irish people are Roman Catholic. The Holy See has a nunciature in Dublin. Ireland had, in Rome, an embassy to the Holy See. The government closed that embassy in 2011 for financial reasons; however, it re-opened the embassy in 2014.[126] Currently Ireland's representative to the Holy See is a 'non-resident ambassador',[126] who is an ordinary resident of Dublin.

Italy1929SeeHoly See–Italy relations.

Because of the small size of the Vatican City State, embassies accredited to the Holy See are based on Italian territory. Treaties signed between Italy and the Vatican City State permit such embassages. Like the Embassy of Italy, the Embassy ofAndorra to the Holy See is also based on its home territory.

Lithuania1991
Luxembourg1891SeeApostolic Nunciature to Luxembourg.
Malta1127
1530; 1798; 1800; 1813
1965
Monaco1875SeeApostolic Nunciature to Monaco.
Netherlands1829SeeApostolic Nunciature to the Netherlands.
Norway1982SeeHoly See–Norway relations.
Poland1555SeeHoly See–Poland relations.
Portugal1179
1670
1918

Portugal has one of the oldest relations with the Holy See; it received formal recognition as independent from Castile in 1179 and has always kept a strong relation with the Holy See following the maritime expansion and the Christianization of overseas territories. Relations suspended from 1640 to 1670, following the war against Spain (the Holy See did not recognise the Portuguese independence before the end of the war in 1668) and from 1911 to 1918 (following theproclamation of the Portuguese Republic in October 1910 and the approvation of the Law of Separation of the Church and the State). Concordats signed in1940 and2004.

  • The Holy See has a nunciature inLisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Rome.
Romania1920;1990SeeHoly See–Romania relations.
  • The Holy See has an embassy inBucharest.
  • Romania has an embassy to the Holy See.
Russia2009SeeHoly See–Russia relations.
  • Russia has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See.
  • Holy See–Russia relations are largely linked to ecumenical relations with theRussian Orthodox Church.
Serbia2003SeeHoly See–Serbia relations.
  • The Holy See has an embassy inBelgrade.[131]
  • Serbia has an embassy to the Holy See inRome.[132]
  • The Holy See's decision to withhold recognition ofKosovo has led to a warming of relations with Serbia, undoing the tension withYugoslavia that followed the Holy See's relatively speedy recognition ofCroatia's independence.[133]
Spain1530SeeHoly See–Spain relations.
  • The Holy See has a nunciature inMadrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Rome to the Holy See.
 Switzerland1586SeeHoly See–Switzerland relations.
  • Holy See has a nunciature inBern.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Rome to the Holy See.
Ukraine1992
United Kingdom1982SeeHoly See–United Kingdom relations
British Prime MinisterDavid Cameron withPope Benedict XVI in10 Downing Street, September 2010.

The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 16 January 1982.

Both countries share common membership of theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

Oceania

[edit]
CountryFormal relations begun or resumedNotes
Australia1973
  • Since the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Holy See in 1973, Australia has maintained a non-residentHead of Mission, based in another European capital, as well as an office at the Holy See, headed by aCounsellor.
  • The Holy See has maintained an Apostolic Nunciature inCanberra since 1973.
  • On 21 July 2008, theAustralian Government announced that it would appointTim Fischer as the first resident Ambassador to the Holy See. According to the Australian Foreign Ministry, this marked a significant deepening of Australia's relations with the Vatican since it would allow Australia to expand dialogue with the Vatican in areas including human rights, political and religious freedom, inter-faith dialogue, food security, arms control, refugees and anti-people trafficking, and climate change.[140] Fischer commenced his appointment on 30 January 2009, and presented credentials to Pope Benedict XVI on 12 February 2009.
  • TheAustralian Prime MinisterKevin Rudd, visitedPope Benedict XVI and met the Vatican's Secretary of State on 9 July 2009.
  • TheAustralian Minister for Foreign AffairsStephen Smith met ArchbishopDominique Mamberti, the Holy See's Secretary for Relations with States, on 3 December 2008, during his visit to Oslo to sign theConvention on Cluster Munitions. The Holy See played a facilitating role in relation to the Oslo process as a member of the Core Group of States.
New Zealand1948
Papua New Guinea1973SeeHoly See-Papua New Guinea relations.
  • In 1973, an Apostolic Delegation of Papua New Guinea (from Apostolic Delegation of Australia and Papua New Guinea) was created.
  • In 1976, a delegation was created as the Apostolic Delegation ofPapua New Guinea and theSolomon Islands.
  • In 1977, the Vatican established the Apostolic Nunciature of Papua New Guinea and Apostolic Delegation of Solomon Islands. TheHoly See established itsApostolic Nunciature inPort Moresby, the capital and largest city inPapua New Guinea.[145]

Multilateral politics

[edit]

Participation in international organizations

[edit]

The Holy See is active in international organizations and is a member of the following groups:[146]

The Holy See has the status ofpermanent observer state in:

The Holy See is also a permanentobserver of the followinginternational organizations:

The Holy See is an observer on an informal basis of the following groups:

The Holy See sends a delegate to theArab League inCairo. It is also a guest of honour to theParliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.

Activities of the Holy See within the United Nations system

[edit]
Main article:Holy See and the United Nations
Further information:Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See

Since 6 April 1964, the Holy See has been apermanent observer state at theUnited Nations. In that capacity, the Holy See has since had a standing invitation to attend all the sessions of theUnited Nations General Assembly, theUnited Nations Security Council, and theUnited Nations Economic and Social Council to observe their work, and to maintain a permanent observer mission at the UN headquarters in New York.[149] Accordingly, the Holy See has established aPermanent Observer Mission in New York, has sent representatives to all open meetings of the General Assembly and of itsMain Committees, and has been able to influence their decisions and recommendations.

Relationship with Vatican City

[edit]

Although the Holy See is closely associated withVatican City, the independent territory over which the Holy See issovereign, the two entities are separate and distinct.

The State of the Vatican City was created by theLateran Treaty in 1929 to "ensure the absolute and visible independence of the Holy See" and "to guarantee to it an indisputable sovereignty in international affairs" (quotations from the treaty). ArchbishopJean-Louis Tauran, the Holy See's former Secretary for Relations with States, said that the Vatican City is a "minuscule support-state that guarantees the spiritual freedom of the Pope with the minimum territory."[150]

The Holy See, not Vatican City, maintains diplomatic relations with states, and foreignembassies are accredited to the Holy See, not to Vatican City State. It is the Holy See that establishestreaties andconcordats with other sovereign entities and likewise, generally, it is the Holy See that participates in international organizations, with the exception of those dealing with technical matters of clearly territorial character,[146] such as:

Under the terms of the Lateran Treaty, the Holy See hasextraterritorial authority overvarious sites in Rome and two Italian sites outside of Rome, including thePontifical Palace atCastel Gandolfo. The same authority is extended underinternational law over theApostolic Nunciature of the Holy See in a foreign country.

Diplomatic representations to the Holy See

[edit]

Of thediplomatic missions accredited to the Holy See, 91 are situated in Rome, although those countries, if they also have an embassy to Italy, then have two embassies in the same city, since, by agreement between the Holy See and Italy, the same person cannot at the same time be accredited to both. TheUnited Kingdom recently housed its embassy to the Holy See in the samechancery as its embassy to the Italian Republic, a move that led to a diplomatic protest from the Holy See. An ambassador accredited to a country other than Italy can be accredited also to the Holy See. For example, the embassy ofIndia in Bern, accredited to Switzerland and Liechtenstein, is also accredited to the Holy See, while the Holy See maintains anApostolic Nunciature inNew Delhi. For reasons of economy, smaller countries accredit to the Holy See a mission situated elsewhere and accredited also to the country of residence and perhaps other countries.

Rejection of ambassadorial candidates

[edit]

It has been reported on several occasions that the Holy See will reject ambassadorial candidates whose personal lives are not in accordance with Catholic teachings. In 1973, the Vatican rejected the nomination ofDudley McCarthy as Australia's non-resident ambassador due to his status as a divorcee.[152] According to press accounts in Argentina in January 2008, the country's nominee as ambassador,Alberto Iribarne, a Catholic, was rejected on the grounds that he was living with a woman other than the wife from whom he was divorced.[153] In September 2008, French and Italian press reports likewise claimed that the Holy See had refused the approval of several French ambassadorial candidates, including a divorcee and an openly gay man.[154]

Massimo Franco, author ofParallel Empires, asserted in April 2009 that theObama administration had put forward three candidates for consideration for the position ofUnited States Ambassador to the Holy See, but each of them had been deemed insufficientlyanti-abortion by the Vatican. This claim was denied by the Holy See's spokesmanFederico Lombardi, and was dismissed by former ambassadorThomas Patrick Melady as being in conflict with diplomatic practice. Vatican sources said that it is not the practice to vet the personal ideas of those who are proposed as ambassadors to the Holy See, though in the case of candidates who are Catholics and who are living with someone, their marital status is taken into account. Divorced people who are not Catholics can in fact be accepted, provided their marriage situation is in accord with the rules of their own religion.[155]

Treaties and concordats

[edit]
Main article:Concordat
Further information:Holy See and the United Nations § Multilateral treaties, andTreaties of the Holy See

Since the Holy See is legally capable ofratifying international treaties, and does ratify them, it has negotiated numerous bilateral treaties with states and it has been invited to participate – on equal footing with States – in the negotiation of most universalInternational law-makingtreaties. Traditionally, an agreement on religious matters between the Holy See of the Catholic Church and a sovereign state is called a concordat. This often includes both recognition and privileges for the Catholic Church in a particular country, such as exemptions from certain legal matters and processes, issues such as taxation, as well as the right of a state to influence the selection of bishops within its territory.

Bibliography

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^The British embassy to the Holy See is a separate embassy to theBritish embassy to Italy and San Marino.

References

[edit]
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  53. ^American Samoa,French Polynesia,Guam,New Caledonia,Niue (dependent but self-governing),Norfolk Island,Northern Mariana Islands,Pitcairn Islands,Tokelau,U.S. Minor Outlying Islands,Wallis and Futuna
  54. ^The dependent territories/constituent countries/overseas departmentsAnguilla,Aruba,British Virgin Islands,Cayman Islands,Guadeloupe,Martinique,Montserrat,Netherlands Antilles,Turks and Caicos Islands, andU.S. Virgin Islands.
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