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Foreign relations of the Gambia

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The Gambia followed a formalpolicy of non-alignment throughout most of former President SirDawda Jawara's tenure. It maintained close relations with the United Kingdom,Senegal, and other African countries. The July 1994 coup strained The Gambia's relationship with Western powers, particularly the United States. Starting in 1995, PresidentYahya Jammeh established diplomatic relations with several additional countries, includingLibya, theRepublic of China (onTaiwan, before 2013), andCuba. As scholars on Gambia's foreign policy have argued, throughout Jammeh's period, the country's foreign policy was a shifting sand, with little of direction.

Amat Jeng, a scholar on The Gambia's foreign policy, argues that "The Gambia under Jammeh was not constrained by the bureaucratic hurly-burly which characterizes the foreign policy terrain of big democracies. In The Gambia, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) had, on several occasions, been left in a vacuum, thereby placing it under the Office of the President. Between 1997 and 2013, the MFA had been occupied by more than 18 different ministers in more than 20 sworn-in occasions. This qualifies the argument that Jammeh had always had the power to fire ministers at will. In North Korea, the MFA has been occupied only by ten different foreign ministers since 1948."[1] During Yahya Jammeh's presidency, The Gambia's foreign relations were characterized by a mix of isolationism, confrontational diplomacy, and strategic alliances. Jammeh's regime frequently clashed with Western nations over human rights issues, resulting in strained relations with the European Union and the United States. He often pursued alliances with non-Western countries, such as China, Iran, and Libya, to counterbalance Western influence and gain economic support. His administration also pulled The Gambia out of the Commonwealth in 2013, accusing the organization of neo-colonialism. Jammeh's unpredictable and authoritarian leadership style made Gambia's foreign policy under his rule highly controversial and often isolated the country on the international stage.

Despite these tensions, Jammeh's government engaged in regional diplomacy within West Africa, maintaining membership in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), though relations with neighboring Senegal were often tense due to border disputes and differing political stances. Jammeh's erratic foreign policy choices ultimately contributed to The Gambia's diplomatic isolation until his ouster in 2017.

During his last years, the EU grew increasingly intolerant of Jammeh's iron-fist rule. Consequently, Brussels withheld millions of Euros to The Gambia. Jammeh fired back by expelling the EU's top diplomat in the country after he had accused the bloc and human rights activists of conniving to besmirch the image of his government for its stance on homosexuality.[2]

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which the Gambia maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1United Kingdom18 February 1965[3][failed verification]
2Japan18 February 1965[4]
3Turkey18 February 1965[5]
4South Korea21 April 1965[6]
5Germany26 April 1965[7]
6Senegal13 May 1965[3]
7Lebanon24 May 1965[8]
8Ghana28 May 1965[9]
9Nigeria28 May 1965[3]
10Egypt31 May 1965[10]
11France31 May 1965[11]
12Israel3 June 1965[3]
13India25 June 1965[12]
14Russia17 July 1965[13]
15United States9 August 1965[14]
16Spain14 August 1965[15]
17Italy30 October 1965[16]
18Liberia3 November 1965[17]
19Mauritania15 December 1965[18]
20Serbia1965[19]
21Belgium7 February 1966[16]
22  Switzerland30 March 1966[18]
23Morocco29 June 1966[18]
24Netherlands1 August 1966[16]
25Canada24 August 1966[18]
26Ethiopia17 October 1966[20]
27Sierra Leone10 December 1966[3]
28Pakistan1967[21]
29Sweden1968[22]
30Austria1970[23]
31Hungary14 June 1971[24]
32Mali25 June 1971[25]
33Romania30 July 1971[26]
34Guinea6 August 1971[25]
35Czech Republic19 February 1972[27]
36Algeria22 May 1972[28]
37Tunisia28 December 1972[29]
38North Korea2 March 1973[30]
39Vietnam30 October 1973[31]
40Libya1973[32]
41Saudi Arabia9 May 1974[33]
42Guinea-Bissau10 August 1974[34]
43Venezuela17 August 1974[35]
44Kuwait29 August 1974[36]
45China14 December 1974[37]
46Zambia30 December 1974[38]
47Bangladesh1974[39]
48Poland21 January 1975[40]
49Iran27 January 1975[41]
50Cameroon8 March 1975[42][43]
51Luxembourg15 April 1975[44]
52United Arab Emirates9 July 1975[45]
53Ivory Coast8 August 1975[46]
54Mexico15 August 1975[47]
55Portugal8 September 1976[48]
56Malta21 October 1976[49]
57Uganda16 November 1976[50]
58Togo10 May 1977[51]
59Suriname17 October 1977[52]
60Qatar22 January 1978[53]
61Cape VerdeJanuary 1978[54]
—Holy See7 June 1978[55]
62DenmarkJanuary 1979[56]
63Brazil11 May 1979[57]
64Cuba19 May 1979[58]
65Argentina15 January 1980[59]
66Oman4 February 1980[60]
67Democratic Republic of the Congo7 January 1981[61]
68Niger23 February 1981[62]
69Australia10 July 1981[63]
70Malaysia1981[64]
71Iraq16 February 1982[65]
72Indonesia30 May 1982[66]
73Bahrain6 February 1983[67]
74Norway8 February 1983[68]
75Thailand15 February 1985[69]
76Yemen28 March 1985[70]
77Bahamas1985[71]
78Finland1 September 1988[72]
79Colombia3 October 1988[73]
80Maldives3 July 1989[74]
—State of Palestine1989[75]
81Namibia1990–1992[76]
82Azerbaijan11 November 1994[77]
83Slovakia18 August 1995[78]
84Philippines26 June 1996[79]
85Bosnia and Herzegovina12 July 1996[80]
86Latvia12 March 1998[81]
87South Africa7 August 1998[82]
88North Macedonia29 September 1998[83]
89Croatia16 October 1998[73]
90Ukraine2 July 1999[73]
91Costa Rica26 October 1999[73]
92Lithuania17 February 2000[73]
93Kyrgyzstan30 June 2000[73]
94Cyprus8 December 2000[73]
95Ireland29 May 2001[73]
96Estonia30 May 2001[84]
97Belarus10 April 2002[73]
98Mauritius4 March 2003[73]
99Iceland11 May 2004[73]
100Madagascar20 July 2004[85]
101San Marino29 October 2004[86]
102Slovenia25 August 2005[73]
103Guatemala25 September 2006[73]
104Burkina Faso20 October 2006[87]
105Jordan13 March 2007[88]
106Uruguay25 September 2007[73]
107Sudan13 February 2008[89]
108Kenya15 October 2008[90]
109Saint Vincent and the Grenadines2 March 2009[91]
110Guyana24 September 2009[73]
111Georgia21 April 2010[73]
112Paraguay22 April 2010[92]
113Cambodia28 April 2010[73]
114Myanmar13 January 2011[73]
115Kazakhstan26 April 2011[93]
116Solomon Islands19 May 2011[94]
117Jamaica29 November 2011[73]
118Ecuador1 December 2011[73]
119Mongolia22 December 2011[73]
120Moldova12 June 2012[73]
121Zimbabwe19 July 2012[95]
122Dominica26 July 2012[73]
123Tuvalu26 July 2012[73]
124Turkmenistan9 August 2012[73]
125Montenegro16 August 2012[73]
126Kiribati27 September 2012[96]
127Nauru27 September 2012[96]
128Rwanda14 July 2014[97]
129Fiji24 October 2014[73]
130Singapore23 January 2015[73]
131Brunei21 January 2016[98]
132Saint Lucia13 April 2016[99]
133Saint Kitts and Nevis6 June 2016[100]
—Kosovo23 September 2016[101]
134Tajikistan18 December 2017[102]
135Armenia9 October 2018[103]
136Malawi19 February 2019[104]
137Tanzania25 April 2019[105]
138Dominican Republic10 May 2019[106]
139Sri Lanka10 May 2019[73]
140Nicaragua8 July 2019[73]
141   Nepal24 May 2021[73]
142Djibouti1 July 2021[107]
143Chad31 August 2021[107]
144Gabon1 September 2021[107]
145Angola3 September 2021[107]
146Comoros11 October 2021[108]
147Burundi15 October 2021[109][110]
148Equatorial Guinea29 May 2022[111]
149Republic of the Congo17 June 2022[112]
150Somalia22 June 2022[113]
—Sovereign Military Order of Malta20 September 2023[114]
151Belize22 September 2023[115]
152Seychelles16 November 2023[116]
153Botswana13 February 2024[117]
154Uzbekistan14 March 2024[118]
155Marshall Islands25 September 2024[119]
156Mozambique11 June 2025[120]
157Grenada18 June 2025[121]
158South Sudan24 September 2025[122]
159BeninUnknown
160GreeceUnknown

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
BeninThe two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[123]

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Azerbaijan11 November 1994SeeAzerbaijan-The Gambia relations

On November 11, 1994, Azerbaijan and the Gambia signed the Protocol on the establishment of diplomatic relations.[124]

China14 December 1974[125]SeeChina–Gambia relations

China and Gambia reestablished diplomatic relations on 17 March 2016.[126]

India25 June1965SeeThe Gambia–India relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1965[12]

Malaysia1981Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1981[64]

SeeThe Gambia–Malaysia relations

The Malaysian embassy inDakar is accredited to The Gambia while the Gambian embassy inAbu Dhabi is accredited to Malaysia. The relations are friendly and warm.[127]

Taiwan—SeeThe Gambia–Taiwan relations

The Gambia firstly established diplomatic relations with theRepublic of China (Taiwan) in 1968, three years after The Gambia gained its independence from the United Kingdom.[2]

In 1974, The Gambia switched diplomatic relations from ROC to the People's Republic of China but switched again back to ROC in 1995. In December 2006, the Premier of theRepublic of China (Taiwan) completed an official visit to the Gambia in part to pay respects to President Jammeh's inaugural ceremony and to donate funds for medical purposes. The Gambian Secretary of State reciprocated with an official visit toTaiwan. There have been several occasional official visits between the two countries. The People's Republic of China cut ties with the Gambia in 1995 after the latter established diplomatic links with theRepublic of China (Taiwan). After 18 years, however, Gambian PresidentYahya Jammeh announced the breaking of diplomatic ties with ROC to recognize PRC on 14 November 2013 citing national strategic interest, immediately even after receiving US$6.6  million worth of aid from the Republic of China (Taiwan) earlier. The ROC officially terminated its ties with The Gambia four days later on 18 November 2013.[128] In an unprecedented move, however, the PRC did not respond to Gambia's offer to establish diplomatic relations, presumably because of its desire to improve relations with Taiwan.[128] The PRC and Gambia reestablished diplomatic relations on 17 March 2016.[2]

Turkey18 February 1965

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
United States9 August 1965SeeThe Gambia–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1965[130]

U.S. policy seeks to build improved relations with the Gambia on the basis of historical ties, mutual respect, democratic rule, human rights, and adherence to UN resolutions oncounterterrorism,conflict diamonds, and other forms of trafficking. In accordance with U.S. law, most direct bilateral development and military assistance to the Gambia was suspended because of the 1994 coup d'état. U.S. assistance continues, however, in the form of food aid administered throughCatholic Relief Services, support for democracy and human rights projects, and the financing of girls' secondary education. In addition, the Peace Corps maintains a large program with about eighty volunteers engaged in the environment, public health, and education sectors, mainly at the village level.

The Gambia is also a member of theInternational Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered underArticle 98).

Europe

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
BelgiumGambia has an embassy inBrussels.[131]
GreeceThe two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[132]
ItalyItaly is represented in Gambia through its embassy inDakar,Senegal.[133]
LuxembourgGambia is represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in Brussels.[131]
NetherlandsGambia is represented in the Netherlands through its embassy in Brussels.[131]
Russia17 July 1965SeeThe Gambia–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 July 1965.[134]

Spain14 August 1965SeeThe Gambia–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 August 1965[135]

United Kingdom18 February 1965[3][failed verification]SeeThe Gambia–United Kingdom relations

The Gambia establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 18 February 1965.[3][failed verification]

The UK governed theGambia from 1816 to 1965, when it achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[138] theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[139] and an Investment Agreement.[140]

An 1889 agreement with France established the present boundaries. The Gambia became aBritish Crown Colony,British Gambia, divided for administrative purposes into the colony (city of Banjul and the surrounding area) and the protectorate (remainder of the territory). The Gambia received its own executive and legislative councils in 1901 and gradually progressed toward self-government. It passed a 1906 ordinance abolishing slavery.

DuringWorld War II, Gambian troops fought with theAllies in Burma. Banjul (then named Bathurst) served as an air stop for theU.S. Army Air Corps and a port of call for Allied naval convoys. U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt stopped overnight in Banjul en route to and from theCasablanca Conference in 1943, marking the first visit to the African continent by a sitting American president.

After World War II, the pace of constitutional reform increased. Following general elections in 1962, the United Kingdom granted full internal self-governance in the following year. The Gambia achieved independence on 18 February 1965, as a constitutional monarchy within theCommonwealth of Nations.

The Gambia and the Commonwealth of Nations

[edit]

The Gambia was a member of theCommonwealth of Nations from its independence in 1965 until its withdrawal in October 2013.[141]

After presidential elections in 2016, the winning candidateAdama Barrow promised to return The Gambia to the Commonwealth.[142] On 14 February 2017, The Gambia began the process of returning and formally presented its application to re-join to Secretary-GeneralPatricia Scotland on 22 January 2018.[143][144]Boris Johnson, who became the first BritishForeign Secretary to visit The Gambia since the country gained independence in 1965,[145] announced that the British government welcomed The Gambia's return to the Commonwealth.[145]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  103. ^"Diplomatic relations established between Armenia and The Gambia".armenpress.am. 10 October 2018. Retrieved20 February 2024.
  104. ^"Ambassador Bojang presents letter of credence to Malawi leader".The Standard. 21 February 2019. Retrieved22 August 2023.
  105. ^"President Adama Barrow told the High Commissioner of Tanzania, His Excellency Mr. Muhidini Ally Mboweto that he admired the stability and development of Tanzania, which according to him was a perfect basis for cooperation with The Gambia".State House of The Gambia in Facebook. 25 April 2019. Retrieved20 February 2024.
  106. ^"Canciller Miguel Vargas suscribe establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas con Gambia".El Nacional (in Spanish). 10 May 2019. Archived fromthe original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved20 February 2024.
  107. ^abcd"The Gambia establishes diplomatic relations with Djibouti, Chad, Gabon and Angola".Facebook.
  108. ^"Etablissement des relations diplomatiques entre Banjul et Moroni. Adis-Abeba, le 11 Octobre 2021".Facebook.
  109. ^"joint communiqué on the establishment of diplomatic relations between Burundi & The Gambia".
  110. ^"The Gambia established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Burundi".Facebook.
  111. ^"Guinea Ecuatorial y Gambia establecen relaciones diplomáticas durante la visita oficial del Presidente gambiano" (in Spanish). 26 May 2022. Retrieved31 May 2022.
  112. ^"Gambia-Congo enters diplomatic relations".The Point. 23 June 2022. Retrieved27 August 2022.
  113. ^"Trade, Peace, and Security are top on Gambia's Bilateral Agenda".Office of the President Republic of the Gambia. 23 June 2022. Retrieved20 February 2024.
  114. ^"The Order of Malta announces the opening of diplomatic relations with the Republic of The Gambia".Sovereign Order of Malta. 21 September 2023. Retrieved20 February 2024.
  115. ^"Strengthening relations with Africa Belize establishes diplomatic relations with The Gambia".Belize MFAFT. 22 September 2023. Retrieved22 September 2023.
  116. ^"Seychelles and The Gambia Establish Diplomatic Relations".Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Tourism Republic of Seychelles. 16 November 2023. Retrieved20 February 2024.
  117. ^"The Gambia proposes state visit commissioning of Jawara road".Botswana Daily News. 13 February 2024. Retrieved20 February 2024.
  118. ^"Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations with Gambia".kun.uz. 14 March 2024. Retrieved19 March 2024.
  119. ^"The Republic of the Marshall Islands Established Diplomatic Relations with the Republic of The Gambia".Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Republic of the Marshall Islands on Facebook. 29 September 2024. Retrieved1 October 2024.
  120. ^"Chapo destaca nova era nas relações diplomáticas entre Moçambique e Gâmbia" (in Portuguese). 11 June 2025. Retrieved22 June 2025.
  121. ^"Grenada and Republic of The Gambia establish diplomatic relations". 20 June 2025. Retrieved21 June 2025.
  122. ^"South Sudan and Gambia Establish Formal Diplomatic Ties".Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of South Sudan. 24 September 2025. Retrieved26 September 2025.
  123. ^"Présentation de copies figurées de lettres de créance :Cinq ambassadeurs agréés au cabinet du ministre Agbénonci" (in French). 30 June 2022. Retrieved27 August 2022.
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  128. ^abDiplomat, Jessica Drun, The."China-Taiwan Diplomatic Truce Holds Despite Gambia". Retrieved2 January 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  129. ^abc"Relations between Turkey and Gambia". Retrieved27 August 2022.
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  133. ^"Gambia" (in Italian). Retrieved27 August 2022.
  134. ^"OTD 57 years ago, diplomatic relations were established between our country and the Gambia". 17 July 2022. Retrieved27 August 2022.
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  138. ^Politi, James (19 September 2023)."US unveils Atlantic co-operation pact".Financial Times.Washington, D.C.Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved19 January 2024.
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  140. ^"Gambia - United Kingdom BIT (2002)".UN Trade and Development.Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved14 April 2025.
  141. ^"UK regrets The Gambia's withdrawal from Commonwealth". BBC. 3 October 2013. Retrieved2 January 2017.
  142. ^Maclean, Ruth (10 December 2016)."Gambian president-elect vows to return country to Commonwealth".The Guardian. Retrieved20 January 2017.
  143. ^"The Gambia: UK 'very pleased' about Commonwealth return". BBC.
  144. ^"The Gambia presents formal application to re-join the Commonwealth"(Media Release). The Commonwealth. 23 January 2018. Retrieved24 January 2018.
  145. ^abBoris Johnson is only delighted the Gambia wants back into the British Commonwealth. thejournal.ie (15 February 2017)
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