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Foreign relations of Timor-Leste

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Constitution
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After thereferendum on independence on 30 August 1999,Timor-Leste became an independent nation on 20 May 2002 and began initiating diplomatic relations with the rest of the global community.

Policy

[edit]

The foreign policy of Timor-Leste has been defined by its position as a small state surrounded by two much larger powers. Rather than formally aligning with any particular state or bloc, Timor-Leste has sought a diverse set of positive relationships. Upon independence foreign policy was shaped byJosé Ramos-Horta, who has previously campaigned internationally for East Timorese independence. Ramos-Horta was a proponent ofInternationalism, and held sway until 2012. Following elections in 2012, leaders such asXanana Gusmão andTaur Matan Ruak pursued a slightly more nationalistic foreign policy.[1]: 14–17, 20 

Timor-Leste has pursued membership in a variety of multilateral forums, positioning itself as a reliable international actor. This promotion ofinternational law is tied to the countries own security needs. Its broad global relations are shaped by its history, with its ties outside of its immediate region influenced by Catholicism, and by Portuguese colonial history. Regionally, its relations are influenced by cultural links to nearby regions, as well by the need to ensure security and independence in the light of the power imbalance between Timor-Leste and its neighbours, Australia and Indonesia.[1]: 18–20  Upon independence, it sought membership ofASEAN, despite historical ASEAN support of the Indonesian position and cultural links withMelanesia that were part of the East Timorese identity.[1]: 85 

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Timor-Leste maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate[2]
1China20 May 2002[3]
2Norway20 May 2002[4]
3Thailand20 May 2002[4]
4Algeria20 May 2002[5]
5Angola20 May 2002
6Australia20 May 2002
7Brazil20 May 2002
8Brunei20 May 2002[6]
9Colombia20 May 2002[7]
10Cuba20 May 2002[8]
11Czech Republic20 May 2002[9]
12Egypt20 May 2002
13Germany20 May 2002[10]
14Ghana20 May 2002
15Guinea-Bissau20 May 2002
—Holy See20 May 2002[11]
16Israel20 May 2002
17Japan20 May 2002[12]
18Malaysia20 May 2002[13]
19Mozambique20 May 2002
20New Zealand20 May 2002[14]
21Philippines20 May 2002[15][16]
22Portugal20 May 2002
23Russia20 May 2002[17]
—Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic20 May 2002
24São Tomé and Príncipe20 May 2002
25Singapore20 May 2002[18]
26South Korea20 May 2002[19]
27Spain20 May 2002
28Sweden20 May 2002[20]
29Turkey20 May 2002[21]
31United States20 May 2002[22]
32CanadaMay 2002
33QatarMay 2002
34Bangladesh7 June 2002[23]
35Cyprus12 June 2002
36Finland20 June 2002[24]
37Indonesia2 July 2002
38Papua New Guinea19 July 2002[25]
39Vietnam28 July 2002[26]
40Cambodia29 July 2002[27]
41France29 July 2002[28]
42Laos29 July 2002[29]
43Palau16 August 2002[30]
44Vanuatu21 August 2002[31]
45Fiji22 August 2002[32]
46Chile16 September 2002
47  Switzerland16 September 2002
48Austria20 September 2002[33]
49Peru30 September 2002
50Belgium3 October 2002[34]
51Slovakia17 October 2002[35]
52Argentina11 October 2002
53North Korea5 November 2002[36]
54Poland18 November 2002
55Maldives26 November 2002[37]
56Tonga26 November 2002[37]
57Romania20 December 2002
—Cook Islands2002[38]
58Italy2002
59United Kingdom2002
59Bulgaria21 January 2003[39]
60Hungary21 January 2003[40]
61India24 January 2003[41]
62Ireland31 January 2003[37]
63South Africa3 February 2003
64Croatia5 February 2003
65Denmark12 February 2003[42]
66Mauritius20 March 2003[37]
67North Macedonia25 March 2003
68Slovenia3 April 2003
69Greece4 April 2003
70Belize15 April 2003
71Costa Rica14 May 2003
72Cameroon20 May 2003[37]
73Malta20 May 2003
74El Salvador23 May 2003
75Mexico26 September 2003[37]
76Ukraine27 September 2003
77Namibia1 October 2003[37]
78Mongolia28 October 2003[43]
79Iran10 November 2003
80Netherlands17 November 2003[42]
81Iceland4 December 2003[37]
82Kuwait16 December 2003
83Armenia23 December 2003
—State of Palestine1 March 2004
84Azerbaijan5 April 2004
85Samoa27 July 2004[44]
86Nigeria2004
87Bosnia and Herzegovina22 March 2005[45]
88LebanonApril 2005
89Tajikistan4 October 2005[37]
90Venezuela5 October 2005[46]
91Estonia21 December 2005[47]
—Sovereign Military Order of Malta18 September 2006
92Myanmar26 September 2006[37]
93Republic of the Congo7 November 2006[37]
94Luxembourg27 September 2007[37]
95Dominican Republic24 October 2007
96Nicaragua2 November 2007
97Uruguay23 September 2008
98United Arab Emirates13 November 2009
99Cape Verde18 November 2009[48]
100Monaco19 February 2010[49]
101Montenegro24 September 2010
102Ecuador8 September 2011
103Andorra20 September 2011
104San Marino7 October 2011[50]
105South Sudan13 October 2011[37]
106Solomon Islands21 December 2011[37]
107Georgia22 December 2011
108Tuvalu8 September 2012[51]
109HaitiOctober 2012[52]
110Trinidad and Tobago24 September 2013[53]
111Latvia27 September 2013[37]
112Lithuania27 September 2013[37]
113Jamaica27 September 2014
114Belarus1 October 2014
115Equatorial Guinea2014
116Saudi Arabia29 January 2015
117Pakistan27 September 2016[54]
118Marshall Islands25 September 2019[37]
119Bahrain27 September 2019
120Dominica15 November 2021[37]
121Serbia20 December 2021
122   Nepal11 February 2022
—Kosovo9 March 2022
124Oman30 March 2022
124Sri Lanka4 May 2022[37]
125Paraguay18 September 2022[37]
126Panama20 September 2022[55]
127Guatemala3 April 2023[56]
128Benin10 October 2023[37]
129Saint Lucia8 November 2023[37]
130Bolivia26 July 2024[37]
131Uganda13 August 2024[37]
132Jordan22 November 2024[37]
133TogoUnknown[57]

Bilateral relations

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
AustraliaSeeAustralia–Timor-Leste relations

Australia and Timor-Leste are near neighbours with close political and trade ties. For many years Australia implicitly supported the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, giving priority to the policy of maintaining good relations with Indonesia. This policy was however changed in the late 1990s, when Australia began to support the UN. Since then, Australia has played a prominent role in the young republic's history. Australia led the military force that helped stabilise the country after it chose independence fromIndonesia in 1999 and also after the internal conflict in 2006 and has been a major source of aid since.

BrazilSeeBrazil–Timor-Leste relations

Brazil and Timor-Leste are both Portuguese-speaking and relations are friendly. Brazil has a co-operation program with Timor-Leste, that includes a wide range of areas, including labour policy, justice, national security, culture, agriculture, education, governance, sports, environment and health.

  • Brazil has an embassy in Dili.
  • Timor-Leste has an embassy inBrasília.
ChinaSeeChina–Timor-Leste relations
  • China has an embassy in Dili.
  • Timor-Leste has an embassy inBeijing.
GeorgiaGeorgia is represented in Timor by its embassy inJakarta.[58]
IndiaSeeIndia–Timor-Leste relations

Relations between Timor-Leste and India date back to the early modern period. Indian traders traveled to the island in search of sandalwood. Trade links increased after the Portuguese colonisation of Timor-Leste and portions of India. The Portuguese set up various garrisoned centres in India to carry out this trade, and all of Portugal's territories in Asia, including Timor-Leste, were governed by the Portuguese Viceroy in Goa. Portuguese-trained Goan missionaries arrived in Timor-Leste in the early 17th century, and were influential in spreading Catholicism in the country. Indians also traveled to Timor-Leste to serve as soldiers, colonial bureaucrats, and missionaries. Some Indians arrived in Timor-Leste in the late 19th century to work as migrant labour. A small community of Timorese nationals of Goan descent trace their heritage back to these previous generations of immigrants.[59]

India was the second country to recognize the independence of Timor-Leste.[59] Minister of State for External Affairs Omar Abdullah led a high-level delegation representing India at Timor-Leste's Independence Day celebrations in May 2002. Abdullah presented letters of felicitations from the President, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Foreign Minister. Diplomatic relations between the two countries was formally established on 24 January 2003. At the UN General Assembly in 2003, Timor-Leste Prime Minister Alkatiri announced his country's support for India's candidature for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.[60]

India diplomats Kamlesh Sharma and Atul Khare served as the Special Representative of Secretary General (SRSG) in Timor-Leste until 2004 and 2009 respectively. India's DPR in New York was a member of the UN Security Council appointed team that visited Timor-Leste in November to assess the situation on the ground and seek feedback from the all parties regarding the withdrawal of the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)'s and the situation in the country post-withdrawal.[60]

Timor-Leste voted for India's candidature for a non-permanent seat during 2011–12. The country also supported the election ofPoonam Khetrapal Singh for the post of Regional Director, South East Asia Regional office (SEARO), WHO in September 2013. Timor-Leste co-sponsored a resolution moved by India at the UN General Assembly in January 2015, to declare 21 June as International Yoga Day.[60]

Several high-level visits between officials of the two countries have taken place. East Timorese Vice Minister of Health Natalia D. Araujo visited Delhi to participate in the International Conference on Traditional Medicine for South East Asian Countries in February 2013, and is the first East Timorese government official to visit India. Finance Minister Emilia Pires visited India in May 2013 to attend the ADB Governors' Meeting. Hernani Coelho was the first East Timorese Foreign Minister to India. He arrived in the country on a two-day visit in 27–29 March 2016 and met with the Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj, Minister of State (VKS) and the Minister of Health & Family Welfare.[60]

At the ASEAN-India Summit 2023 inJakarta, Prime MinisterNarendra Modi made an announcement that India will soon opening its new embassy in Timorese capitalDili.[61][62][63][64]

IndonesiaSeeIndonesia–Timor-Leste relations
Indonesia-Timor-Leste border inMota'ain

Despite the traumatic past, relations with Indonesia are very good.Indonesia is by far the largest trading partner of Timor-Leste (Approximately 50% of imports, 2005) and is steadily increasing its share.The East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee meets to survey and delimit land boundary; and Indonesia is seeking resolution of East Timorese refugees in Indonesia.

IsraelSeeIsrael–Timor-Leste relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in May 2002.[65]

JapanSeeJapan–Timor-Leste relations
  • Timor-Leste has an embassy inTokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Dili.[66]
Kosovo10 March 2022SeeKosovo–Timor-Leste relations

Timor-Leste recognised the independence of Kosovo on 20 September 2012.[67][68] The two countries established diplomatic relations on 10 March 2022.[69]

MalaysiaSeeMalaysia–Timor-Leste relations

Malaysia has contributed to manyUN peacekeeping missions on the country, such as one are theOperation Astute during the2006 East Timorese crisis.[70] Malaysia also has provided assistance to Timor-Leste in the area of human resources development through various training programmes and providing assistance to Timor-Leste in its nation building efforts.[70] Currently, Malaysia has been consider by East Timorese as a model to develop their countries.[71][72]

Timor-Leste has an embassy inKuala Lumpur,[73] and Malaysia has an embassy inDili.[74]

Mexico26 September 2003SeeMexico–Timor-Leste relations
Honorary consulate of Mexico in Dili
  • Timor-Leste is accredited to Mexico from its embassy inWashington, D.C., United States.[75]
  • Mexico is accredited to Timor-Leste from its embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia and maintains an honorary consulate in Dili.[76]
PhilippinesSeePhilippines–Timor-Leste relations

The Philippines is one of the biggest contributor to the UN-backed peacekeeping missions in Timor-Leste even before the Timor-Leste became independent from Indonesia.

Being the only two predominantlyCatholic nation in Asia, relations with thePhilippines became very positive as soon asTimor-Leste was multilaterally recognised as an independent state. The two countries are now engaged in a growing commercial relationship, as well as cultural and educational exchanges. The Philippines is a vocal supporter of Timor-Leste's membership inASEAN.

On 6 June 2013, both countries signed three agreements inManila concerning infrastructure development, defence and education.[77]

Both nations were conquered by the Iberian powers, mainly bySpain andPortugal, in the 16th century.

PortugalSeePortugal–Timor-Leste relations
TheCasa Europa in Dili, theEuropean Union's representation in Timor-Leste Embassy of Portugal in Dili

Timor-Leste was a colony of Portugal for over 400 years. As a former Portuguese colony, Timor-Leste has a significant proportion of Portuguese speakers.Portuguese is one of the two official languages of Timor and it is a full member of theCommunity of Portuguese Language Countries.

From 1986, Portugal started to make the self-determination of Timor-Leste a major concern of its diplomatic policy, at a time when the occupation of this country by Indonesia was still a matter forgotten by the international community. The diplomatic efforts from Portugal were able to achieve a growing international support, including from countries, as Australia and the US, that hitherto implicitly supported the Indonesian occupation. This efforts would eventually lead to a referendum and the independence of Timor-Leste in 2002.

Other ties include connections between theNational University of Timor-Leste andCoimbra University, and between the military forces of Timor-Leste and Portugal.

Timor-Leste opened its first Embassy abroad in Lisbon on 5 July 2002[78]

  • Timor-Leste has an embassy inLisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Dili.
RussiaSeeRussia–Timor-Leste relations

Russia was one of the first countries to recognise Timor-Leste's independence and took part in nearly all UN aid programs, providing food and relief personnel, including civil and transport aviation pilots.[79] After the shooting ofJosé Ramos-Horta (former president of Timor-Leste), the Russian ministry said; "The Russian side expresses its concern over the attempt on the life of the Timor-Leste president, and hopes political stability in East Timor will be maintained, as a fundamental condition for a successful solution to the complicated problems it is facing. And in the interests of strengthening national unity and ensuring social and economic development."

  • Russia is accredited to Timor-Leste from its embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Serbia

Serbia is represented in Timor by its embassy inJakarta.[80]

Singapore20 May 2002

Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 20, 2002.[81][82]

The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste set up an embassy in Singapore on 1 December 2010[83]

During a meeting with his Timorese counterpart, Bendito dos Santos Freitas on July 24, 2023, Singapore FM DrVivian Balakrishnan officially announced to open embassy inDili.[84][85]

South Korea

In 2023, around 3,700 East Timorese worked in South Korea. There are plans to increase cooperation between South Korea's island province ofJeju with Timor-Leste's island municipalityAtauro.[86]

TurkeySeeTimor-Leste–Turkey relations

Turkey is represented in Timor by its embassy inJakarta.[87]

United Kingdom2002SeeTimor-Leste–United Kingdom relations
Foreign SecretaryDavid Lammy withEast Timorese PresidentJosé Ramos-Horta in London, April 2025.

Timor-Leste establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 2002.[2]

  • Timor-Leste maintains anembassy in London.[88]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Timor-Leste from its embassy inJakarta; there is no British embassy in Timor-Leste.[89] On 29 February 2024, the UK announced its intentions to re-open an embassy inDili.[90]

The United Kingdom committed its support for theaccession of Timor-Leste to ASEAN.[91]

United StatesSeeTimor-Leste–United States relations
Embassy of the United States in Dili

The United States has a large bilateral development assistance program, $20.6 million in 2007, and also contributes funds as a major member of a number of multilateral agencies such as theAsian Development Bank and theWorld Bank. The USPeace Corps has operated in Timor-Leste since 2002, but it suspended operations in May 2006 due to unrest and instability.

  • Timor-Leste has an embassy inWashington, D.C.
  • United States has an embassy in Dili.
Vietnam28 July 2002

Both countries established diplomatic relations on July 28, 2002.

  • Vietnam is accredited to Timor-Leste through its embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia.
  • Timor-Leste has an embassy in Hanoi.

[92][93]

Multilateral relations

[edit]

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

[edit]
Main article:Accession of Timor-Leste to ASEAN

Timor-Leste was one of the only countries inSoutheast Asia that is not a member ofAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). However, Timor-Leste has expressed its intention of gaining observer status to ASEAN in July 2002 and in 2006 it was considered six years to join.[94] However, Timor-Leste has attended many meetings of ASEAN regardless. In 2007 Timor-Leste signed the ASEAN Treaty on Amity and Co-operation.[95][96] On October 26, 2025, Timor-Leste became the 11th member state of ASEAN with the signing of the Declaration on the Admission of Timor-Leste into ASEAN.[97][98]

See also

[edit]

Literature

[edit]

References

[edit]
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