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Foreign relations of Sudan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Arab LeagueMember State of the Arab League

Judiciary

Theforeign relations of Sudan are generally in line with theMuslimArab world, but are also based onSudan's economic ties with thePeople's Republic of China andRussia.

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Sudan maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1Egypt4 January 1956[1][2]
2Russia5 January 1956[3]
3Romania17 January 1956[4]
4Czech Republic19 January 1956[5]
5Austria24 January 1956[6]
6Greece28 January 1956[7]
7Belgium30 January 1956[8]
8Netherlands15 February 1956[7]
9United States15 February 1956[9]
10United Kingdom3 March 1956[7]
11Hungary7 March 1956[10]
12Germany12 March 1956[11]
13Poland4 April 1956[12]
14Yemen21 April 1956[7]
15France26 April 1956[7]
16Iraq3 May 1956[13]
17India7 May 1956[14]
18Norway31 May 1956[15]
19Spain14 June 1956[16]
20Ethiopia27 June 1956[7]
21Bulgaria1 July 1956[17]
22Serbia13 September 1956[7]
23Saudi Arabia14 October 1956[18]
24Pakistan24 October 1956[19]
25Italy31 October 1956[20]
26Lebanon1956[21]
27Syria28 January 1957[22]
28AlbaniaFebruary 1957[23]
29Indonesia10 March 1957[24]
30Japan5 May 1957[25]
31Afghanistan18 May 1957[26]
32Turkey25 August 1957[27]
33Sweden27 October 1957[28]
34Denmark8 May 1958[29][30]
35Jordan27 October 1958[31]
36China4 February 1959[32]
37Morocco21 March 1959[33]
38Ghana24 June 1959[34]
39Tunisia29 November 1959[35]
40Democratic Republic of the Congo9 August 1960[36]
41Nigeria1 October 1960[37]
42  Switzerland27 December 1960[38]
43Finland27 January 1961[39]
44Chad15 March 1961[40]
45Canada29 May 1961[41]
46Guinea24 August 1961[42]
47Somalia6 October 1961[43]
48Argentina15 May 1962[44]
49Benin23 July 1962[45]
50Cyprus24 July 1962[46]
51Liberia8 August 1962[45]
52Mali19 August 1962[45]
53Sierra Leone19 August 1962[45]
54Uganda15 October 1962[47]
55Central African Republic1962[48]
56Kuwait22 January 1963[49]
57Cameroon12 July 1963[50]
58Gabon1963[51]
59Libya1963[52]
60Niger1963[53]
61Tanzania1963[54][55]
62Chile13 March 1964[56]
63Burkina Faso1964[57]
64Senegal1964[58]
65Kenya28 January 1965[59]
66Algeria22 December 1965[60]
67Brazil10 October 1968[61]
68Sri Lanka17 October 1968[62]
69Mauritania11 June 1969[63]
70North Korea21 June 1969[64]
71   Nepal11 July 1969[65]
72Vietnam26 August 1969[66]
—State of Palestine1969[67]
73Mongolia7 July 1970[68]
74Republic of the CongoNovember 1970[69]
75Burundi1970[70]
76Malaysia23 January 1971[71]
—United Arab Emirates (suspended)[72]December 1971[73]
77Iran22 August 1972[74]
—Holy See29 April 1972[75]
78Qatar30 April 1972[76]
79Bahrain4 December 1972[77]
80Bangladesh24 September 1973[78]
81Malta27 November 1973[79]
82Australia8 February 1974[80]
83Zambia1974[81]
84Ivory Coast13 April 1975[82]
85Philippines7 March 1976[83]
86Mozambique17 April 1976[84]
87Oman17 March 1977[85]
88South Korea13 April 1977[86]
89Djibouti25 January 1978[87]
90Cuba20 June 1979[88]
91Mauritius1979[89]
92Maldives10 June 1981[90]
93Portugal11 January 1982[91]
94Thailand15 June 1982[92]
95Togo8 July 1982[93]
96Mexico19 October 1982[94]
97Ireland28 March 1984[95]
98Luxembourg3 May 1984[96]
99Panama13 September 1988[97]
100Colombia3 October 1988[98]
101Zimbabwe1989[99]
102Namibia7 November 1990[100]
103Ukraine4 June 1992[101]
104Croatia17 July 1992[102]
105Azerbaijan25 July 1992[103]
106Armenia8 December 1992[104]
—Sovereign Military Order of Malta1992[105]
107Georgia10 March 1993[106]
108Moldova17 May 1993[107]
109Eritrea22 May 1993[108]
110Slovakia27 July 1993[109]
111Bosnia and Herzegovina5 August 1993[110]
112Slovenia25 August 1994[111]
113South Africa10 May 1994[112]
114Cambodia19 May 1994[98]
115North Macedonia26 April 1996[113]
116BruneiAugust 1998[114]
117Belarus15 July 1999[115]
118Suriname10 September 1999[98]
119Malawi12 April 2000[116]
120Seychelles21 September 2001[98]
121Iceland13 June 2003[98]
122Singapore8 October 2003[98]
123Rwanda15 October 2003[117]
124Angola23 October 2003[118]
125Myanmar20 May 2004[98]
126Uzbekistan6 January 2005[119]
127Venezuela4 May 2005[98]
128Paraguay10 May 2005[120]
129Tajikistan17 September 2005[121]
130Jamaica19 September 2005[98]
131Laos14 October 2005[98]
132Montenegro31 October 2006[122]
133Botswana10 January 2007[98]
134Dominican Republic24 September 2007[123]
135Lesotho15 November 2007[124]
136Gambia13 February 2008[125]
137Kazakhstan19 June 2008[126]
138Cape Verde30 May 2010[127]
139Fiji18 June 2010[98]
140South Sudan9 July 2011[128]
141Comoros16 August 2011[129]
142Peru22 July 2013[130]
143Monaco10 April 2014[131]
144Nicaragua27 June 2014[98]
145Bolivia24 October 2014[132]
146Latvia23 January 2015[98]
147Ecuador13 March 2015[98]
148Madagascar15 April 2015[133]
149Turkmenistan17 August 2015[134]
150Kyrgyzstan26 September 2015[98]
151Equatorial Guinea19 December 2016[135]
152Liechtenstein24 May 2017[136]
153Lithuania21 June 2017[137]
154Estonia25 January 2018[138]
155Eswatini27 March 2018[139]
156São Tomé and Príncipe20 April 2018[140]
157Dominica13 August 2021[141]
158Saint Kitts and Nevis24 February 2022[98]

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
CountryNotes
ChadSeeChad–Sudan relations

On 23 December 2005Chad, Sudan's neighbor to the west, declared a 'state of belligerency' with Sudan and accused the country of being the "common enemy of the nation (Chad)." This happened after the 18 Decemberattack on Adré, which left about 100 people dead. A statement issued by Chadian government on 23 December, accused Sudanese militias of making daily incursions into Chad, stealing cattle, killing innocent people and burning villages on theChadian border. The statement went on to call for Chadians to form a patriotic front against Sudan.[142] On 11 May 2008 Sudan announced it was cutting diplomatic relations with Chad, claiming that it was helping rebels inDarfur to attack the Sudanese capitalKhartoum[143]

EgyptSeeEgypt–Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 January 1956 when first ambassador of Egypt to Sudan general Mahmoud Seif El-Yazal Khalifa presented his letters of credentials.[1][2]

Egypt and Sudan have enjoyed intimate and longstanding historical ties, seeing as they are each other's closest allies in theNorth African region. The two countries are connected by various cultural ties and political aspirations. In the late 1970s, Sudan showed great solidarity with Egypt in itsCamp David peace initiatives withIsrael. In 2008, Egyptian Prime MinisterAhmed Nazif urged the two countries to focus on two specific projects: theGezira Scheme which aims to cultivate some two million acres (8,000 km2) of land in Sudan, and a joint project to improve food security in agricultural and meat production.

Sudan asserts its claim to theHala'ib Triangle, a barren area of 20,580 km2 under partial Sudanese administration that is defined by an administrative boundary which supersedes the treaty boundary of 1899.

Egypt's policy on Sudan is in favor of a united Sudan. As such Egypt was not directly involved in the Sudan Peace Process which was hosted in Kenya under the auspices of theIntergovernmental Authority on Development that gave the peoples of south Sudan the right to secede and form an independent state in 2011 after the long and brutalSudanese civil war that cumulatively lasted 22 years and claimed 2 million lives.

Ethiopia

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1956 when accredited first Ambassador of Ethiopia to Sudan Mr. Ato Mellas M. Andom.[7]

SeeEthiopia–Sudan relations.

As of 2011, good relations between Sudan and Ethiopia continued in spite of Sudan's improved ties with Eritrea.[144] President al-Bashir visited Addis Ababa twice in 2001.[144] During a visit to Khartoum in 2002, Ethiopia's prime minister, Meles Zenawi, hailed Ethiopian–Sudanese ties.[144] The two countries agreed to cancel entry visas and fees on traded commodities, and they stepped up plans to increase trade.[144] Ethiopia began early in 2003 to import oil from Sudan.[144] By 2009 Sudan supplied 80 percent of Ethiopia's demand for oil.[144] The two nations signed an agreement ending a dispute involving their1,600-kilometer border, and landlocked Ethiopia made plans to make greater use of Port Sudan as a transshipment point.[144] Ethiopia, Sudan, and Yemen formed a regional group early in 2003 that they said was designed to "combat terrorism" in the Horn of Africa.[144]

Bilateral relations among countries in the Horn of Africa tended to be fickle.[144] However, Ethiopia and Sudan continued to make progress on settling border issues.[144] The Ethiopian prime minister and Sudanese president inaugurated a major new road link between Ethiopia and Sudan at the end of 2007.[144] There were frequent subsequent exchange visits by Ethiopian and Sudanese leaders.[144] Ethiopia remained wary, however, of any effort by Sudan to return to a policy supporting Islamist militancy in the region.[144] Although Ethiopia preferred a united Sudan, it shored up its relations with South Sudan on the assumption that it would opt for secession.[144] Sudan, Ethiopia, and Eritrea were periodic recipients of refugees from the other countries, another potential cause of friction.[144] Agreement on usage of Nile water reemerged as an important issue between Addis Ababa and Khartoum, while Asmara supported the Sudanese position as another way to irritate Ethiopia.[144]

KenyaSeeKenya–Sudan relations.
Libya

SeeLibya–Sudan relations

Relations between Sudan and Libya deteriorated in the early 1970s and reached a low in October 1981, when Libya began a policy of crossborder raids into western Sudan. Following a 1985 coup, Sudan resumed diplomatic relations with Libya.[145] Libyan leader Muammar Qaddafi ended his aid to the Christian and animist, southern-based, Sudanese People's Liberation Army (SPLA) led by Garang and welcomed the incoming government of General Suwar al Dahab.[146] In July 1985, a military protocol was signed between the two countries, and Qaddafi was the first head of state to visit the new Khartoum government. Qaddafi then strongly supported Sudanese opposition leader Sadiq al Mahdi, who became prime minister on 6 May 1986.[146] However, Mahdi soon turned against Gaddafi by declaring Sudan a neutral state in both regional and global conflicts and ordered Libyan troops to leave the country.[146]

After Mahdi was overthrown in a 1989coup d'état, the military government of Omar Al-Bashir resumed diplomatic relations with Libya,[145] as part of a policy of improving relations with neighboring Arab states.[145] In early 1990, Libya and the Sudan announced that they would seek "unity".[145] This unity was never implemented and Sudanese forces ultimately participated in the military intervention that overthrew Qaddafi by securingKufra.[145]

Morocco

Sudan, under the National Islamic Font government became one of the very few states in the world that recogniseMoroccansovereignty overWestern Sahara.[147]

South SudanSeeSouth Sudan–Sudan relations

Official diplomatic relations commenced on9 July 2011[128] the day of South Sudan independence when Sudan became the first state to recognise South Sudanese independence. Although cultural and economic relations predate independence and even the civil war between the two entities.

Americas

[edit]
CountryNotes
United StatesSeeSudan–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 February 1956

On 3 November 1997, theU.S. government imposed atrade embargo against Sudan and a total asset freeze against the Government of Sudan underExecutive Order 13067. The U.S. believed the Government of Sudan gave support to international terrorism, destabilized neighboring governments, and permitted human rights violations, creating an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security andforeign policy of the United States.[148]

On 3 June 2008, US - Sudan normalization talks broke down over the issue of conflicts in the oil-producing central region of Abyei.[149]

On 17 February 2015 theU.S. government issued a general license to amend US Department of Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctions on Sudan.The general license authorizes the exportation and re-exportation to Sudan of "certain software, hardware and services incident to personal communications over the Internet."[150]

In mid-January 2017, the United States lifted economic and trade sanctions on Sudan due to the Sudanese government's cooperation in fighting terrorism, reducing conflict, and denying safe havens to South Sudanese rebels.[151] On 16 March 2017, theTrump Administration resumed military relations following the exchange of military attaches.[152] In the following months, the United States Government removed Sudan from the list of Muslim-majority countries on theAmerican travel ban and lifted all 1997 sanctions on Sudan after the Sudanese Government severed relations with North Korea.[153] In addition, the U.S.Central Intelligence Agency, which supported the lifting of sanctions, established an office in Khartoum.[153][154]

Following the2019 Sudanese coup d'état, the new Sudanese Prime MinisterAbdalla Hamdok entered into talks with US officials in September 2019, seeking the removal of Sudan from the US state sponsor of terrorism list.[155] In December 2019, the US Secretary of StateMike Pompeo announced that the United States and Sudan would begin exchanging ambassadors after a 23-year period of no diplomatic relations.[156] In October 2020,US PresidentDonald Trump announced that he would remove Sudan from the US state sponsor of terrorism list in return for Sudan paying US$355 million in compensation to American victims of terrorism and their families.[157] In addition, Sudan also established diplomatic relations with Israel with US support.[158]

Asia

[edit]
CountryNotes
ChinaSeeChina–Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1959.[32]

China is Sudan's biggest trade partner. China imports oil, from Sudan, and Sudan imports low cost items as well as armaments from China. China and Sudan enjoy a very robust and productive relationship in the fields of diplomacy, economic trade, and political strategic. The two nations established diplomatic relations on 4 January 1959 and have since become strongly close global allies. Education also has close ties, as Sudanese students go to China to learn Chinese, and Chinese students go to Sudan to learn Arabic.

IranSeeIran-Sudan relations

Relations between Sudan and Iran have long been cordial due to their opposition toIsrael and extensive trade and diplomatic services existed between the two nations. In January 2016, Sudan severed relations with Iran, choosing instead to align itself with Saudi Arabia's isolation of Tehran.[159]

Iraq

Sudan has an embassy inBaghdad and Iraq's embassy is in Khartoum.

During thewar between Iraq and Iran in the 1980s, Sudan maintained a careful balancing act, calling for a cessation of hostilities but sympathizing with Iraq.[160] Sudan on several occasions offered to mediate the conflict.[160] By 1988, Sudan called for an end to the war on the basis ofUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 598.[160] Sudan supported Iraq'sinvasion of Kuwait in 1990, leading to a period of close relations with Baghdad.[160] Iraq was believed to have supplied weapons to Sudan and in the mid-1990s agreed to help Sudan exploit its oil wealth.[160] Although Sudan was trying to improverelations with the United States after theSeptember 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, it remained critical of the subsequent American-ledinvasion of Iraq.[160] Following the overthrow of theBa'athist regime, however, Sudan's position on Iraq became more nuanced.[160] On the one hand, it was quick to criticize the United States, which harshly condemned Sudan's record on human rights, for its double standard in dealing with prisoners in Iraq.[160] It also advised Sudanese not to work with U.S. contractors in the country.[160] By late 2004, however, Sudan's relations with the new Iraqi government had improved to the point that Iraq's foreign minister visited Khartoum and met with al-Bashir. Subsequently, Sudan generally avoided commenting on Iraq.[160]

IsraelSeeIsrael–Sudan relations

When theArab-Israeli war began in June 1967, Sudan declared war onIsrael. However, in the early 1970s, Sudan gradually shifted its stance and was supportive of theCamp David Accords. In January 2016, Sudanese Foreign Minister Ibrahim Ghandour floated normalized ties with Israel provided the U.S. government lifts economic sanctions.[161] Despite official denials from the Sudanese government, it is suspected that Israel and Sudan maintain covert relations along with other moderate Sunni states as Sudan is a member of the "Saudi coalition" and both nations are vehemently opposed to Iran.[162]

On 23 October 2020, Sudan agreed to normalize relations with Israel in return for theTrump Administration removing Sudan from the United States' list of state sponsors of terrorism, easing a barrier to economic aid and investment in Sudan.[163][158]

MalaysiaSeeMalaysia–Sudan relations.

Malaysia has an embassy in Khartoum, while Sudan has an embassy inKuala Lumpur.[164] Both countries are members of theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation, Sudan has brotherly relations with Malaysia.

In October 2021, bilateral relations with Malaysia were adversely affected by theSudanese transitional government's seizure of Petronas' Sudanese assets on the allegation that they had been acquired through illegal means during the rule of oustedSudanese PresidentOmar al-Bashir.[165] In response, the Malaysian Government urged the Sudanese government to honour the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Treaty while Petronas submitted an arbitration request at theWorld Bank'sInternational Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).[166][167][168]Middle East Monitor contributor Nasim Ahmed opined that the transitional Sudanese government's actions were part of a foreign policy to move away from traditional allies like Turkey, Qatar and China and to court Western investors.[169]

PakistanSeePakistan–Sudan relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1956.[19]

Relations between Pakistan and Sudan have been characterised as close, warm, brotherly, and cordial.[170] Both Pakistan and Sudan share thesame religion as well as historical baggage of colonial rule. Both countries are members of theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation, theLike Minded Group, and theGroup of 77 in theUnited Nations.

Bilateral relations strengthened when Sudan declared its support for Pakistan in theIndo-Pakistani wars, and Pakistan stood by Sudan over its integrity and sovereignty, especially on its boundary disputes with bothEgypt andSouth Sudan. Pakistan also contributed to the UN peacekeeping force in Sudan with1,542 personnel and 92 observers during theSecond Sudanese Civil War.[171]

Through various memorandums of understanding, the two cooperate in the fields of agriculture, healthcare and education. Pakistan is also supporting Sudan with higher education as more than five hundred students from Sudan study in the universities of Pakistan which is the highest number of Sudanese students to any foreign country.[171] In the past, Pakistan has offered medical training to Sudanese without any tuition fees.[172] Sudan donated generously in the relief efforts duringearthquake in 2005 andfloods in 2010 in Pakistan. In turn,Pakistan has sent aid to Sudan during drought and famine. UNMIS Pakistani contingent regularly holds free clinics in remote areas ofBlue Nile State that are currently inaccessible by land.[173] In 2009, 37th such event was held nearAd-Damazin where over 1,500 patients were treated.[174][175]

Pakistan and Sudan regularly engage in collaborative dialogue at OIC summits to improve political stability in theMiddle East and theIslamic World.[176] In 2014, PresidentMamnoon Hussain proposed a third round of Pakistan-Sudan Joint Ministerial Commission (JMC) to enhance cooperation in trade, economic and defence sectors.[177]

QatarSeeQatar–Sudan relations

Relations between Qatar and Sudan were first established in 1972, when Qatar inaugurated its embassy in Sudan's capital, Khartoum.[178] In turn, Sudan has an embassy inDoha, Qatar.[179] Qatar remains one of the largest foreign investors in Sudan,[180] and has helped broker peace agreements between the Sudanese government and rebel factions inDarfur.[181]

Saudi ArabiaSeeSaudi Arabia–Sudan relations.

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1956 when Minister of the Republic of Sudan to Saudi Arabia, Sayyid Mahjoub Maccawi, presented his credentials to King Saud.[18]

Saudi Arabia had been an important source of financial support for Sudan prior to the 1990–91 Gulf War.[182] Sudan's support for Iraq adversely affected its relations with Saudi Arabia, and al-Turabi's brand of Islamism was not in tune with Saudi Wahhabi philosophy.[182] Riyadh suspended grants, project loans, and concessionary oil sales.[182] This action had a devastating impact on Sudan's budget and economy.[182] The relationship normalized by 1995 and continued to improve.[182] The two countries signed an agreement in 2004 to set up a political coordination committee.[182] Al-Bashir visited Saudi Arabia in May 2004, and Saudi leaders subsequently supported Sudan's handling of the crisis in Darfur.[182] In 2005 the two countries signed two security agreements on combating crime, drug trafficking, and terrorism.[182] Saudi Arabia also began providing assistance for development projects in South Sudan.[182] Significant numbers of Sudanese had for many years worked in Saudi Arabia, a factor that increased the importance of the relationship.[182]

South Korea

The requirement for all other agencies with intelligence-gathering and analysis functions in their charters to coordinate their activities with theANSP was reaffirmed.[183]

SyriaSeeSudan–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1957 when has been accredited Ambassador of Syria to Sudan (resident in Cairo) Mr. Abdel Rahman El Azm.[22]
TurkeySeeSudan–Turkey relations
  • Turkey and Sudan established bilateral relations on 25 August 1957,[27] although there has been diplomatic contact in the past as Sudan was under theOttoman rule of Muhammad Ali Pasha.
  • Sudan has an embassy inAnkara.[184]
  • Turkey has an embassy inKhartoum.[184]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$434 million in 2019 (Sudanese exports/imports: 73/361 million USD).[184]
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters inKhartoum.

Although on opposing sides of theMiddle East Peace Process spectrum, Turkey and Sudan have in recent years joined forces to end the ongoing conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians. Both countries have made repeated plea talks during theoffensive in Gaza during the beginning of 2009 to Palestinian officials to be of both economic and political aid to the turmoilic state.

United Arab EmiratesSeeSudan–United Arab Emirates relations

TheDemocratic Republic of Sudan was one of the first countries where the UAE established diplomatic relations, during the presidency ofJaafar Nimeiri. On 7 May 2025, Sudan severed its relations with the UAE over accusations of the latter supporting theRapid Support Forces in theSudanese Civil War.[72]

YemenBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1956 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires a.i. of Legation of the Yemen to Sudan Sayed Salah Ahmed El Masri.[7]

As of 2011, relations between Yemen and Sudan were not particularly strong, but they took on added importance after Yemen, Sudan, and Ethiopia developed an alliance late in 2003.[182] The leaders of the three countries subsequently met frequently; the focus of their concern was often Eritrea.[182] This alliance took an interesting twist at the end of 2004, when Yemeni president Ali Abdallah Salih offered to mediate differences between Sudan and Eritrea.[182] As Sudan–Eritrea relations improved, the tripartite alliance with Ethiopia became dormant.[182] The heads of government of Sudan, Yemen, Ethiopia, and Somalia did meet in Addis Ababa early in 2007, where they focused on the situation in Somalia.[182] Sudan and Yemen also signed 14 cooperative agreements in mid-2007.[182] As of early 2011, Sudan–Yemen relations were cordial but less significant than they had been several years before.[182]

Europe

[edit]
CountryNotes
European UnionThe European Union (EU) served as an important barometer of Western political views toward Sudan's policies and sometimes offset more critical American positions.[185] The EU, for example, tended to be more understanding of the problems facing Sudan in resolving the crisis in Darfur.[185] It also declined, unlike the United States, to call the killings in Darfur genocide.[185] It engaged in constructive engagement with Sudan and was reluctant to impose sanctions, but it was willing to decrease or stop development aid in response to Khartoum's crackdowns and had imposed an arms embargo.[185] The EU's principal concern in Sudan was humanitarian assistance, help with conflict resolution, and implementation of the CPA.[185] Formerly, the EU collectively was the largest destination for Sudanese exports, mainly gold and gum arabic, but since at least 2000 Chinese and Japanese imports of petroleum from Sudan had surpassed the value of imports by the EU.[185] Many EU countries had small numbers of military personnel assigned to UNMIS.[185]
AustriaSeeAustria–Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1956[6]

On 14 February 1958 has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Austria to Sudan Mr. Erich Hochleither.[186]

Belarus

SeeBelarus–Sudan relations

Belarus and Sudan have maintained good relations since several decades. Belarus exports weapons and military hardware to Sudan since 1996. In 2003, Belarus supplied Sudan with nineBMP-2 infantry fighting vehicles, 39BRDM-2 armoured reconnaissance vehicles, 16122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30) howitzer guns, 102S1 Gvozdika self-propelled howitzers and sixBM-21 Grad multiple rocket launchers.[187] In 2007, a Sudanese delegation attended a Belarus arms show.[188] In 2013, Belarus exportedSu-24 planes to Sudan.[189] In 2017, Belarusian presidentAlexander Lukashenko visited Sudan. On this occasion, delegations signed contracts worth $50 million. In the near future Sudan plans to test a Belarusian harvester which was especially designed for the country taking into account its climate.[190] Additionally, Belarus Energy Minister Vladimir Potupchik said Belarus is ready to take part in the construction and reconstruction of energy facilities in Sudan.[191] Also in January 2017, Sudanese PresidentOmar al-Bashir and his Belarusian counterpartAlexander Lukashenko signed inKhartoum a Comprehensive Friendship and Cooperation Agreement between the two countries.[192]

BulgariaSeeBulgaria–Sudan relations

In 1967, Bulgaria sent the first Bulgarian ambassador to Khartoum. The activities of the Bulgarian embassy in Khartoum were terminated in April 1990, and later reestablished in March 2005. In 2006 the General Consulate of the Sudan, inSofia, Bulgaria has been upgraded to the rank of embassy.[193]

CyprusBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 24 July 1962 and the first Sudanese Ambassador Sayed Husseini presented his credentials to President Makarios.[46]
Denmark

SeeDenmark–Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 May 1958 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Sudan (resident in Cairo) Mr. Eggert Holten[29][30]

Danish-Sudanese relations are extremely poor. On 27 February 2008, Sudan decided to boycott Danish goods after the controversialMuhammad cartoons have been reprinted by a series of newspapers in Denmark and other European countries. Sudanese presidentOmar al-Bashir has backed up the country and other Muslim states, requiring them to boycott Danish products just as Sudan did. He even stated that "No Danes shall ever again be able to set foot in Sudan." Due to the tensions, the two countries have closed their embassies.

FranceBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 26 April 1956 when has been accredited Ambassador of France to Sudan Mr. Christian Auboyneau.[7]

France has had a long history as one of Sudan's principal commercial partners.[185] A French company was one of the prime contractors on the ill-fated Jonglei Canal.[185] In the early 1980s, Sudan awarded a concession to the French oil company, TotalFinaElf, for development of the oil reserves in Block Five in South Sudan.[185] Although the company stopped work there following the resumption of civil war, it retained the concession and initiated steps in 2004 to return.[185] France also sided with the government of Sudan in 2004 when it asserted that the situation in Darfur should not be described as genocide.[185] Chad, a former French colony and in recent years a country with which it had close relations, tended to influence France's view of the situation in Darfur.[185] French policy on Darfur became more critical following the election in 2007 of President Nicolas Sarkozy.[185] France hosted in June 2007 the United States, China, and some 15 other countries at a major conference intended to launch a new international effort to end the atrocities in Darfur.[185] The government of Sudan, angry that it was not consulted, boycotted the conference.[185] In recent years, France has shown less interest in Sudan while its policy seemed to depend on which official was speaking.[185]

France is hosting an international conference on Sudan on 15 April 2024, leading to a humanitarian and political crisis.[194]

RussiaSeeRussia–Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 January 1956.[3]

Russia has an embassy in Khartoum and Sudan has an embassy inMoscow.

For decades,Russia and Sudan have maintained a strong economic and politically strategic partnership. Due to solidarity with both theUnited States and with theSoviet Union and with the allies of the two nations, Sudan declared neutrality and instead chose membership in theNon-Aligned Movement throughout theCold War. Russo-Sudanese relations were minorly damaged when, in 1971 members of theSudanese Communist Party attempted to assassinate then-presidentGaafar Nimeiry, and Nimeiry pegged the blame on the USSR, thus enhancing Sudanese relations with the West, and were damaged again when Sudan supported theMujahadeen inAfghanistanwhen the USSR invaded in 1979. Due toa common enemy, diplomatic cooperation between the two countries dramatically got back on track during the late 1990s and early 2000s, whenVladimir Putin was elected thePresident, and then thePrime Minister of Russia, and along withChinese leaderHu Jintao opposedUN Peacekeepers inDarfur. Russia strongly supports Sudan'sterritorial integrity and opposes the creation of an independent Darfurian state. Also, Russia is Sudan's strongest investment partner inEurope and political ally in Europe, and Russia has repeatedly and significantly regarded Sudan as an important global ally inthe African continent. For decades there have been Sudanese collegians studying in Russian universities.

SpainSeeSpain–Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 June 1956 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Spain to Sudan (Resident in Cairo) Don Jose Castano y Cardona.[16]

SwedenBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1957 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Sweden to Sudan (Resident in Addis Ababa) Dr. Bjorn Axel Eyvind Bratt.[28]
 SwitzerlandBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 27 December 1960 when has been accredited Ambassador of Switzerland to Sudan (Resident in Cairo) Dr. Jean-Louis Pahud.[38]
UkraineSeeSudan-Ukraine relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 June 1992.[101]

United KingdomSeeSudan–United Kingdom relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 March 1956 when has been accredited Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Sudan Sir Edwin A. Chapman-Andrews.[7]

In March 2009, Sudan expelled several major foreign aid agencies including Oxfam[195][196][197] and Save the Children from Darfur in response to the extradition request of Omar al-Bashir to answer ICC charges. President al-Bashir accused foreign aid workers of being "spies" and "thieves".[197][198] Penny Lawrence, Oxfam's international director, said of the ban "It will affect more than 600,000 Sudanese people whom we provide with vital humanitarian and development aid, including clean water and sanitation on a daily basis."[199]

Gordon Brown said in response "The humanitarian agencies that are working in Sudan should be allowed to stay there and continue their work."[200]

In April 2009, Oxfam and other aid agencies appealed their ban[201] saying that "The expulsion is already affecting the lives of hundreds of thousands of the very poorest and most vulnerable Sudanese people".[202] Oxfam have denied working for the ICC saying that "We don't have an agreement with the ICC, we are a humanitarian organisation and we are impartial," and "We don't have anything to do with the ICC and we don't have a position on its decision."[203]

African regional organizations

[edit]

Sudan is an active member of all pertinent African organizations and is a charter member of theOrganization of African Unity (OAU), established in 1963 and headquartered inAddis Ababa.[160] During most of its time as a member of the OAU, it used its membership to keep the OAU out of thecivil war.[160] Even so, in 1994, the OAU mandated that negotiations toward ending the civil war be undertaken.[160] Sudan consistently made its presence known in the OAU and continued to do so in its successor forum, theAfrican Union (AU), created in 2002.[160] In contrast to its policy of keeping the OAU out of the war in the South, Sudan accepted 8,000 AU troops in troubledDarfur (seeWar in Darfur), concluding that it was preferable to have an AUpeacekeeping mission than one from theUnited Nations.[160] However, Sudan both limited the number of AU troops and confined their role to monitoring the situation rather than engaging in more proactive peacekeeping.[160] In mid-2007,al-Bashir finally agreed to allow UN forces to join AU peacekeeping operations in Darfur.[160] The crisis in Darfur prevented Sudan from taking its turn in 2006 to assume the chairmanship of the AU; most AU members wanted Sudan to make more progress in ending the Darfur conflict.[160] Subsequent indictment by theInternational Criminal Court further complicated al-Bashir's situation, and the AU continued to pass over his name in selecting a chairman.[160]

Sudan is a charter member ofIntergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), established in 1996 as the successor to an earlier regional grouping.[160] The focus of IGAD in the early 2000s was regional cooperation among its seven member states.[160] IGAD played a critical role in ending thewar between Khartoum and theSudan People's Liberation Movement/Sudan People's Liberation Army but otherwise was not effective in mediating regional conflicts because of serious differences among its members, especially Ethiopia and Eritrea.[160] Sudan is a member of theCommon Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and is one of 11 COMESA nations that had joined in a free-trade area and agreed to eliminate tariffs on goods originating in member countries.[160] Sudan is a member of the economic union led by Libya known as theCommunity of Sahel-Saharan States.[160] Sudan also belongs to theAfrican Development Bank (ADB) and receives significant assistance from that organization.[160] As of 2011, it had been in arrears to the ADB since 1995 but had begun making payments in order to pay down the debt.[160] Sudan is an active member of theNile Basin Initiative, which brought theriparian states together to discuss technical and political cooperation related toNile water issues.[160]

Multilateral relations

[edit]

Arab and Islamic organizations

[edit]

Sudan joined theArab League at independence in 1956 and used the organization over the years at every possible opportunity to support its policies.[160] Following the outbreak of conflict in Darfur in 2003 and sharp criticism of its policies by Western countries, Sudan relied on strong support from the Arab League.[160] The Arab League opposedsanctions against Sudan, and several members providedhumanitarian aid torefugees fleeing the fighting.[160] By the end of 2004, the Arab League joined thecease-fire monitoring committee for Darfur.[160] Al-Bashir served as the Arab League chairman in 2006.[160] Sudan joined theOrganization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in 1969.[160] It sought support in the organization for activities such as the reconstruction of war-ravagedSouth Sudan.[160] Like the Arab League, the OIC supported Khartoum's actions in Darfur.[160] Sudan is also a member of a number of other Arab or Islamic regional organizations, including theArab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, theArab Monetary Fund, and theIslamic Development Bank.[160]

United Nations

[edit]

Sudan joined the United Nations in 1956, and its various institutions began almost immediately to assist Sudan.[160] UN refugee assistance during Sudan's first civil war began in the early 1960s.[160] In 1965 one of the South Sudanese exile organizations unsuccessfully demanded the intervention of the United Nations to end atrocities.[160] Sudan experienced frequent criticism in UN bodies throughout the first civil war that ended in 1972.[160] Khartoum showed great skill in using the United Nations in pursuit of its own interests.[160] One example occurred in 1976, when Sudan accused Libya at the United Nations of supporting a failed coup attempt.[160]

Because the country was engaged continuously in a civil war in the South until 2005 except for the period 1972–83, Sudan was the subject of many UN resolutions.[160] The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Food Programme created Operation Lifeline Sudan in 1989 to deal with the problems created in the South by drought and the civil war.[160] The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a series of reports critical of the human-rights situation in Sudan.[160] The Security Council imposed sanctions on Sudan in May 1996 after Khartoum refused to extradite three Egyptians to Ethiopia for their alleged involvement in the attempted assassination of President Mubarak in Addis Ababa in 1995.[160] The mild sanctions reduced the number and level of Sudanese diplomats stationed abroad.[160] The Security Council, with the United States abstaining, removed these sanctions in August 2001.[160] In 2005, the UN Security Council agreed to a travel ban and asset freeze on persons suspected of committing human-rights abuses in Darfur and in 2006 imposed sanctions against four Sudanese involved in Darfur atrocities.[160] Much to the consternation of the United States, Sudan in 2004 filled an African regional seat on the United Nations Human Rights Commission.[160] A UN commission investigating atrocities in Darfur concluded in 2005 that genocide had not occurred.[160] It did find, however, that Khartoum and government-sponsored militias engaged in "widespread and systematic" abuse that might constitute crimes against humanity.[160] By late 2010, the UN had two of its largest peacekeeping operations—UNMIS and UNAMID—in Sudan.[160]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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