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Foreign relations of South Africa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Part ofa series on the
Politics of
South Africa
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Theforeign relations of South Africa have spanned from the country's time as adominion of theBritish Empire to its isolationist policies underapartheid to its position as a responsible international actor taking a key role in Africa, particularly southern Africa.South Africa is a member of the United Nations, theAfrican Union and theCommonwealth of Nations. Considered apossible permanent addition to theUnited Nations Security Council, South Africawas elected in 2006,2010 and2018 by theUN General Assembly to serve on the Security Council.[1][2] South African PresidentCyril Ramaphosa was the chair of theAfrican Union from 2020 to 2021, the second time South Africa has chaired the organisation since its formation in 2003.[3]

History

[edit]

Pre-apartheid

[edit]

South Africa, as a key member of theBritish Empire andCommonwealth as aDominion, fought alongside the United Kingdom and the Allies in both World War I and World War II, and it participated in the postwar UN force in theKorean War. South Africa was a founding member of theLeague of Nations and in 1927 established a Department of External Affairs withdiplomatic missions in the main Western European countries and in the United States.

Apartheid (1948–1994)

[edit]
Main article:Foreign relations of apartheid South Africa

South Africa introducedapartheid in 1948, as a systematic extension of pre-existingracial discrimination in the country. As a result, the country became increasingly isolated internationally until apartheid was abolished in 1991 and racial equality introduced between 1990 and 1993. This transition produced a change in South Africa's foreign policy. The country stopped trying to regain regional hegemony and started to behave as a central hub for co-operation as a regional unipole.

Post-apartheid (since 1994)

[edit]

Having emerged from theinternational isolation of the apartheid era, South Africa has become a leading international actor. Its principal foreign policy objective is to develop good relations with all countries, especially its neighbours in theSouthern African Development Community (*-see note below) and the other members of the African Union. South Africa has played a key role in seeking an end to various conflicts and political crises on the African continent, including inBurundi, theDemocratic Republic of Congo, theComoros, andZimbabwe. In August 1998, South Africa assumed the chair of theNon-Aligned Movement, which it relinquished in July 2002.

Eswatini has asked South Africa to open negotiations on reincorporating some nearby South African territories that are populated by ethnicSwazis or that were long ago part of the Swazi kingdom.

Commonwealth of Nations

[edit]

South Africa was aDominion of the British Empire and the Commonwealth from 1910 until 1961.

South Africa was a republic outside the Commonwealth from 1961 to 1994, then it became arepublic in the Commonwealth of Nations on 1 June 1994.

United Nations Security Council

[edit]

South Africa was a non-permanent member of theUnited Nations Security Council from October 2006 until 2008.

South African votes in the UNSC have not been without controversy. In particular, a 'no' vote on a resolution criticising theBurmese government attracted widespread criticism.[4]

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which South Africa maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate[5][6][7]
1Italy31 October 1929[8]
2United States5 November 1929[9]
3Netherlands25 November 1929[10][11]
4United Kingdom10 March 1931[12][better source needed]
5Belgium28 August 1933[13]
6France5 November 1934[14]
7Sweden30 November 1934[15][16]
8Portugal1934[15]
9Canada11 September 1939[17]
10Greece2 September 1941[18]
11Denmark1 January 1946[19]
12Norway16 June 1946[20]
13AustraliaAugust 1946[21]
14Argentina10 September 1947[22]
15Brazil31 January 1948[23]
16ChileMay 1948[24]
17Finland15 May 1949[25]
18Luxembourg1949[26]
19Spain18 May 1951[27]
20Germany14 August 1951[28]
21  Switzerland11 March 1952[29]
22Austria5 October 1955[30]
23Bolivia1967[31]
24Malawi10 September 1967[32]
25Uruguay22 April 1968[33]
26Paraguay3 April 1974[34]
27IsraelJanuary 1975[35]
28Hungary24 July 1991[36]
29Estonia4 November 1991[37]
30Latvia4 November 1991[38]
31Lithuania20 November 1991[39]
32Romania21 November 1991[40]
33Poland18 December 1991[41]
34Japan13 January 1992
35Kyrgyzstan26 January 1992[42]
36Bulgaria2 February 1992
37Russia28 February 1992
38Kazakhstan5 March 1992
39Ukraine16 March 1992[43]
40Serbia2 April 1992
41Azerbaijan29 April 1992[44]
42Tajikistan5 May 1992
43Turkmenistan11 May 1992[45]
44Ivory Coast21 May 1992
45Lesotho21 May 1992
46Moldova15 June 1992[46]
47Armenia23 June 1992[47]
48Uzbekistan12 August 1992[48]
49Democratic Republic of the Congo30 September 1992
50Gabon15 October 1992
51Turkey12 October 1992[49]
52Slovenia9 November 1992[50]
53Croatia9 November 1992[51]
54South Korea1 December 1992
55Czech Republic1 January 1993
56Slovakia1 January 1993[52]
57Malta10 February 1993[53]
58Belarus4 March 1993[54]
59Republic of the Congo22 March 1993[55]
60Georgia23 April 1993[56]
61San Marino30 April 1993[57]
62Equatorial Guinea5 May 1993
63Comoros14 May 1993
64Peru28 July 1993[58]
65Central African Republic23 August 1993
66Bahrain13 September 1993[59]
67Jordan28 September 1993[60]
68Eswatini1 October 1993
69Ireland5 October 1993
70Mozambique11 October 1993[61]
71Singapore11 October 1993[62]
72Mexico27 October 1993
73Philippines1 November 1993
74Seychelles4 November 1993
75Malaysia8 November 1993
76India22 November 1993
77Venezuela3 December 1993
78Mauritius7 December 1993
79Thailand9 December 1993[63]
80Cyprus10 December 1993
81Vietnam22 December 1993[64]
82AlbaniaDecember 1993[65]
83Barbados4 January 1994
84Liechtenstein12 January 1994[66]
85New Zealand19 January 1994[67]
86Madagascar27 January 1994[68]
—Holy See5 March 1994[69]
87Cape Verde4 April 1994
88Colombia12 April 1994
89Kenya12 April 1994[70][71]
90Pakistan23 April 1994[68]
91Cameroon29 April 1994
92Egypt29 April 1994[68]
93Zimbabwe29 April 1994[68]
94Tunisia2 May 1994[72]
95Ghana6 May 1994[73]
96Mali6 May 1994[74]
97Senegal6 May 1994
98Algeria10 May 1994[75]
99Iran10 May 1994[76]
100Libya10 May 1994[77]
101Morocco10 May 1994[76]
102Namibia10 May 1994
103Niger10 May 1994[78]
104Nigeria10 May 1994[79]
105Qatar10 May 1994
106São Tomé and Príncipe10 May 1994
107Sudan10 May 1994[68]
108Zambia10 May 1994
109Burkina Faso11 May 1994[80]
110Cuba11 May 1994
111United Arab Emirates17 May 1994[68]
112Benin19 May 1994
113Kuwait20 May 1994[81]
114Mongolia25 May 1994
115Angola27 May 1994
116Iceland31 May 1994[82]
117Syria1 June 1994
118Botswana22 June 1994[76]
119Uganda24 June 1994
120Tanzania18 July 1994[76]
121Maldives27 July 1994
122Bahamas28 July 1994
123   Nepal28 July 1994
124Indonesia12 August 1994
125Laos7 September 1994[83]
126Afghanistan9 September 1994[84]
127Jamaica9 September 1994
128Bangladesh10 September 1994
129Nicaragua15 September 1994
130Sri Lanka16 September 1994[85]
131Ecuador22 September 1994
132Costa Rica4 October 1994
133Papua New Guinea7 October 1994
134Guinea-Bissau11 October 1994
135Chad21 October 1994
136Saudi Arabia29 October 1994[68]
137Guyana4 November 1994
138Fiji7 November 1994
139Mauritania25 December 1994[86]
140Ethiopia6 January 1995[87]
141Panama10 January 1995
142Trinidad and Tobago10 January 1995
143Guatemala12 January 1995
144Cambodia26 January 1995
145Suriname3 February 1995
—State of Palestine15 February 1995
146Guinea16 February 1995
147Eritrea17 March 1995[68]
148Andorra22 March 1995[88]
149Samoa22 March 1995
150Bosnia and Herzegovina23 March 1995
151Myanmar20 April 1995
152Rwanda6 May 1995[89]
153Burundi23 June 1995
154Saint Vincent and the Grenadines1 September 1995
155Oman4 October 1995[90]
156Lebanon18 November 1995[91]
157Yemen3 January 1996
158Marshall Islands17 January 1996
159Djibouti7 February 1996
—Cook Islands9 February 1996[92]
160Honduras4 March 1996[93]
161Brunei4 October 1996
162Solomon Islands11 December 1996
163Federated States of Micronesia12 December 1996
164Saint Lucia12 December 1996
165Togo5 January 1997
166Liberia10 January 1997
167Belize14 May 1997
168El Salvador11 November 1997
169Haiti9 December 1997
170China1 January 1998[94]
171Saint Kitts and Nevis25 February 1998
172Grenada5 March 1998
173Dominica29 April 1998
174Gambia7 August 1998
175North Korea10 August 1998
176Sierra Leone21 August 1998[68]
177Iraq25 August 1998[68]
178Vanuatu6 July 1999
179Kiribati30 August 1999
180Tonga1 September 1999
181Dominican Republic9 May 2002[95]
182Timor-Leste3 February 2003[68]
183Antigua and Barbuda17 February 2004
184Palau24 August 2004
—Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic15 September 2004[68]
185Montenegro11 October 2006[96]
186Monaco19 January 2011[97]
187South Sudan21 September 2011[98]
188Somalia13 March 2012[99]
189North Macedonia18 September 2023[100]

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
StateFormal relations beganNotes
Algeria10 May 1994SeeAlgeria–South Africa relations
Angola27 May 1994SeeAngola–South Africa relations

South Africa relations are quite strong, as the ruling parties in both nations – theAfrican National Congress in South Africa and theMPLA in Angola – fought together during theAngolan Civil War andSouth African Border War. They fought againstUNITA rebels, based in Angola, and theapartheid-era government in South Africa who supported them.Nelson Mandela mediated between the MPLA and UNITA factions during the last years of Angola's civil war.

Botswana22 June 1994SeeBotswana–South Africa relations
  • Botswana has a high commission in Pretoria and consulates-general in Cape Town and Johannesburg.
  • South Africa has a high commission inGaborone.
EgyptSeeEgypt–South Africa relations
  • Egypt has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy inCairo.
Eswatini1 October 1993SeeEswatini–South Africa relations
  • Eswatini has a high commission in Pretoria and a consulate-general in Johannesburg.
  • South Africa has a high commission inMbabane.
Ghana6 May 1994SeeGhana–South Africa relations
  • Ghana has a high commission in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has a high commission inAccra.
Kenya12 April 1994SeeKenya–South Africa relations
  • Kenya has a high commission in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has a high commission inNairobi.
Lesotho21 May 1992SeeLesotho–South Africa relations
  • Lesotho has a high commission in Pretoria and consulates-general in Cape Town and Durban and consulates inKlerksdorp andWelkom.
  • South Africa has a high commission inMaseru.
Libya10 May 1994SeeLibya–South Africa relations
  • Libya has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa is accredited to Libya from its embassy in Tunis, Tunisia.
Madagascar27 January 1994SeeMadagascar–South Africa relations
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Pretoria and a consulate-general in Cape Town.
  • South Africa has an embassy inAntananarivo.
Malawi10 September 1967SeeMalawi–South Africa relations

Since South Africa and Malawi had their first democratic elections in 1994, Malawi and South Africa have enhanced relations. In 2008, the two governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding designed to enhance the relationship between the two countries through enhanced security cooperation.[101]

  • Malawi has a high commission in Pretoria and a consulate-general in Johannesburg.
  • South Africa has a high commission inLilongwe.
Mozambique26 September 1993SeeMozambique–South Africa relations
  • Mozambique has a high commission in Pretoria and a consulate-general in Johannesburg and consulates in Cape Town, Durban and Nelspruit.
  • South Africa has a high commission inMaputo.
Namibia10 May 1994SeeNamibia–South Africa relations

Upon independence in 1990, Namibia's economy was still tied to South Africa's.[102] To this day, theeconomy of Namibia is still closely contacted to South Africa through both institutional relationships (Southern African Customs Union, for example) and privately owned mining concessions.[103] TheSouth African rand is still legal currency within Namibia (while theNamibian dollar is not so in South Africa), and the currencies are traded on par locally.

  • Namibia has a high commission in Pretoria and a consulate-general in Cape Town.
  • South Africa has a high commission inWindhoek.
Nigeria10 May 1994SeeNigeria–South Africa relations
  • Nigeria has a high commission in Pretoria and a consulate-general in Johannesburg.
  • South Africa has a high commission inAbuja and a consulate-general inLagos.
Zambia10 May 1994SeeSouth Africa–Zambia relations
  • South Africa has a high commission inLusaka.
  • Zambia has a high commission in Pretoria
Zimbabwe29 April 1994SeeSouth Africa–Zimbabwe relations

The Government of Zimbabwe took a particular interest in the search for independence forNamibia (South-West Africa) from South Africa. In addition, as chairman of thefront-line states in southern Africa, Zimbabwe spoke out vigorously against the policies ofapartheid in South Africa and frequently called for the imposition of economic sanctions against the government. However, whilst supporting democratic change in South Africa, Mugabe did not support the idea of Zimbabwe being used as a base for anti-South African guerrillas.[104]

In recent years, following the political crisis in the country, the ex-presidentThabo Mbeki mediated with the MDC and Zanu PF to form a unity government, and often remained silent on the issues in Zimbabwe, which drew criticism.[105] Following acholera outbreak in Zimbabwe, the ruling ANC in South Africa became impatient and has urged the parties to form a unity government.[106]

  • South Africa has an embassy inHarare.
  • Zimbabwe has an embassy in Pretoria and a consulate-general in Johannesburg.

Americas

[edit]
StateFormal relations beganNotes
Antigua and Barbuda26 June 2004
Argentina10 September 1947 (broke off 22 May 1986, Restored 8 August 1991)SeeArgentina–South Africa relations
  • Diplomatic relations were cut off in 1982 with theFalklands War. Full diplomatic relations between both countries were re-established in August 1991.
  • Argentina has an embassy in Pretoria[108]
  • South Africa has an embassy inBuenos Aires.[109]
  • Both countries are members of theCairns Group.
  • List of Treaties ruling relations Argentina and South Africa (Argentine Foreign Ministry, in Spanish).[110]
  • South African Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Argentina.[111]
Belize14 May 1997
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 May 1997.[112]
  • Belize does not have any representation in South Africa.[113]
  • South Africa is represented in Belize by its High Commission inKingston, Jamaica.[114]
Bolivia1967SeeBolivia–South Africa relations
  • Bolivia maintains an honorary consulate in Johannesburg.
  • South Africa is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Lima, Peru.
Brazil28 October 1947SeeBrazil–South Africa relations

Brazil has provided military assistance to South Africa in the form of warfare training and logistics. Bilateral relations between the countries have recently increased, as a result of Brazil's newSouth-Southforeign policy aimed to strengthenintegration between the major powers of thedeveloping world.

Canada11 September 1939SeeCanada–South Africa relations

Canada established its diplomatic relations with South Africa in 1939, along with other nations, due to the outbreak of World War II. Canada actively encouraged the end ofApartheid in South Africa and the countries have had normal relations since then. TheConstitution of South Africa was, in part, inspired by theConstitution of Canada, particularly theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Former South African PresidentNelson Mandela made an official state visit to Canada in September 1998. Mandela was made anhonorary Canadian citizen, during his second visit to Canada. A 2003 visit by PresidentThabo Mbeki in November 2003, the Joint Declaration of Intent was signed to strengthen relations between the two countries. Canada has assisted South Africa in the areas of development (over$200 million) and the fight againstAIDS in South Africa and to strengthen services provided by theGovernment of South Africa. Trade between the two countries totalled $1.8 billion in 2008.[115]

Canada and South Africa are both member states of theCommonwealth of Nations.

Cuba11 May 1994SeeCuba–South Africa relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy inHavana.
Dominica29 April 1998

Both countries are members of theCommonwealth of Nations. Diplomatic relations were established on 29 April 1998.[116]

Guyana4 November 1994
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 November 1994.[117]
  • South Africa is represented in Guyana through its High Commission inKingston, Jamaica.[117]
Mexico27 October 1993SeeMexico–South Africa relations

There were no official relations between Mexico and South Africa before 1993. After the birth of democracy in South Africa, the countries established relations.

Panama10 January 1995
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1995.[120][121]
  • Panama opened an embassy inPretoria in August 2000.[120]
  • South Africa is represented in Panama through its embassy inLima,Peru.[120]
Trinidad and Tobago10 January 1995SeeSouth Africa-Trinidad and Tobago relations

Relations betweenTrinidad and Tobago and South Africa started after the apartheid ended.

  • South Africa is accredited to Trinidad and Tobago from its high commission in Kingston, Jamaica.
  • Trinidad and Tobago has a High Commission inPretoria
United States5 November 1929SeeSouth Africa–United States relations

The United States has maintained an official presence in South Africa since 1799, when a US consulate was opened inCape Town. The US Embassy is located inPretoria, and consulates general are inJohannesburg,Durban and Cape Town. South Africans and the US also have many non-governmental ties: USmissionaries, for example, have a long history of activity in South Africa. South Africans (particularly the ANC leadership) also acknowledge support from and ties to the anti-apartheid movement in the US.[122]

Uruguay22 April 1968SeeSouth Africa–Uruguay relations
  • South Africa is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Pretoria.

Asia

[edit]
StateFormal relations beganNotes
Armenia23 June 1992
  • Diplomatic relations betweenArmenia and South Africa were established on 23 June 1993.[123]
  • Armenia is represented in South Africa through its embassy inCairo, Egypt.[124]
  • South Africa is represented in Armenia through its embassy inKyiv, Ukraine.[124]
Azerbaijan29 April 1992[125]SeeAzerbaijan–South Africa relations
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa is represented in Azerbaijan through its embassy inAnkara, Turkey.
BangladeshSeeBangladesh–South Africa relations
  • Bangladesh has a high commission in Pretoria.
  • South Africa is accredited to Bangladesh through its high commission in New Delhi, India.
China1 January 1998SeeChina–South Africa relations
  • Date started: January 1998
  • China has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy in Beijing and a consulate-general in both Hong Kong and Shanghai.

Despite Pretoria's long relationship with the government in Taiwan and late recognition of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1998 the two countries currently enjoy an increasingly close relationship. Increasingly numerous official visits to each other's countries by their respective officials and rapidly increasing trade between the two countries has drawn them ever increasingly together.

India22 November 1993 (before from 1 January 1941 to 1 July 1954, when diplomatic relations were broke off)SeeIndia–South Africa relations

There is a major resident Indian community in South Africa that made a significant contribution to the struggle forcivil rights; Indian leaderMahatma Gandhi pioneered the non-violentcivil disobedience in the struggle of Indian people for civil rights in the 1890s and 1900s.[126] Indians also contributed to theAfrican National Congress's struggle against the apartheid regime. The Indian government was an outspoken critic of the apartheid-era South African government, refusing to maintain diplomatic relations.[127] India's support evoked goodwill in South Africa and other African countries.[127]

Indonesia12 August 1994SeeIndonesia–South Africa relations
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy inJakarta.
Iran10 May 1994 (before from 13 November 1970 to 4 March 1979 were relations at Consulate General level)SeeIran–South Africa relations

South Africa and Iran share historical bilateral relations and the latter supported the South Africanliberation movements. It severed official relations with South Africa in 1979 and imposed a trade boycott in protest against the country'sapartheid policies. However, in January 1994, Iran lifted all trade and economic sanctions against South Africa and diplomatic relations were reestablished on 10 May 1994.[128]

  • Iran has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy inTehran.
Israel29 November 1950SeeIsrael–South Africa relations

FormerANC leaderNelson Mandela first visited Israel in 1999. Mandela said: "To the many people who have questioned why I came, I say: Israel worked very closely with the apartheid regime. I say: I've made peace with many men who slaughtered our people like animals. Israel cooperated with the apartheid regime, but it did not participate in any atrocities".[129] Then Israeli Deputy Prime MinisterEhud Olmert visited South Africa in 2004,[130] meeting with South African PresidentThabo Mbeki, the first visit by an Israeli leader since the end of apartheid.

Japan13 January 1992 (before from 25 January 1937 to 8 December 1941 were diplomatic relations, restored in 1952, but only Consulate General level)

SeeJapan–South Africa relations

  • Japan has an embassy inPretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy in Tokyo.
North Korea10 August 1998SeeNorth Korea–South Africa relations
Pakistan23 April 1994SeePakistan–South Africa relations
Qatar10 May 1994SeeQatar–South Africa relations
Saudi Arabia1994

SeeSaudi Arabia–South Africa relations

  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy inPretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy inRiyadh.
South Korea1 December 1992[131]SeeForeign relations of South Korea
Sri Lanka16 September 1994SeeSri Lanka–South Africa relations
  • Date started: 12 September 1999 (newly formed)
  • Sri Lanka has a High Commission in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has a High Commission in Colombo.
Taiwan26 April 1976 – 31 December 1997SeeSouth Africa–Taiwan relations
  • Period of recognition: 1949 – January 1998
  • Taiwan has a Taipei Liaison Office in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has a Taiwan Liaison Office inTaipei.

Relations were established between the two countries in 1949 and grew considerably after 1971 until South Africa announced that it would switch recognition from the government in Taipei to the People's Republic of China in December 1996.

Turkey12 October 1992SeeSouth Africa–Turkey relations
United Arab EmiratesSeeSouth Africa–United Arab Emirates relations
  • South Africa has an embassy inAbu Dhabi and a consulate-general inDubai.
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Pretoria.
Vietnam
  • South Africa has an embassy inHanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Pretoria.

Europe

[edit]
See also:South Africa–European Union relations
StateFormal relations beganNotes
Austria5 October 1955
Belarus4 March 1993
  • Belarus has an embassy inPretoria[134]
  • South Africa is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.[134]
Belgium28 August 1933
  • Belgium has an embassy in Pretoria and a consulate-general in Cape Town.
  • South Africa has an embassy inBrussels.
Bulgaria2 February 1992SeeBulgaria–South Africa relations

Interest Offices between South Africa and Bulgaria were opened initially in November 1990 and full diplomatic relations was established on 2 February 1992.

  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy inSofia.
  • South African Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Bulgaria.[135]
Croatia
  • Croatia has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa is represented in Croatia by its embassy in Budapest, Hungary.
Cyprus10 December 1993
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1993.[136][137]
  • Cyprus has a High Commission inPretoria.[138]
  • South Africa is represented in Cyprus through its embassy inAthens, Greece.[136]
DenmarkSeeDenmark-South Africa relations
  • Denmark has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy inCopenhagen.
European UnionSeeSouth Africa–European Union relations
  • South Africa has strong cultural and historical links to theEuropean Union (EU) (particularly through immigration from the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Greece) and the EU is South Africa's biggest investor.[139]
  • Since the end of South Africa'sapartheid, EU – South African relations have flourished and they began a "Strategic Partnership" in 2007. In 1999 the two sides signed a Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) which entered into force in 2004, with some provisions being applied from 2000. The TDCA covered a wide range of issues from political cooperation, development and the establishment of afree trade area (FTA).[139]
  • South Africa is the EU's largest trading partner in Southern Africa and has a FTA with the EU. South Africa's main exports to the EU are fuels and mining products (27%), machinery and transport equipment (18%) and other semi-manufactured goods (16%). However they are growing and becoming more diverse. European exports to South Africa are primarily machinery & transport equipment (50%), chemicals (15%) and other semi-machinery (10%).[140]
Finland15 May 1949SeeFinland–South Africa relations
  • A South African legation was established in 1967 and relations were then upgraded to ambassadorial level in March 1991. Finland has an embassy in Pretoria, a general consulate inJohannesburg and a consulate inCape Town. South Africa is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. During World War II South Africa declared war on Finland.
France5 November 1934 ( broken diplomatic relations from 23 April 1942 to 13 December 1944)SeeFrance–South Africa relations
  • France has an embassy in Pretoria and a consulate-general in Cape Town.
  • South Africa has an embassy inParis.
Germany14 August 1951 ( before from 1933 to 6 September 1939 were diplomatic relations)SeeGermany–South Africa relations
  • Germany has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy inBerlin.
Greece2 September 1941SeeGreece–South Africa relations
Hungary
  • Hungary has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy inBudapest.
Ireland5 October 1993SeeIreland–South Africa relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy inDublin.
Italy31 October 1929, broken 10 June 1940, restored 18 March 1946SeeItaly–South Africa relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy inRome.
Montenegro11 October 2006

South Africa recognized Montenegro on 6 July 2006.[141] Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 2006.[141]

Netherlands15 August 1929SeeNetherlands–South Africa relations
North Macedoniano diplomatic relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in October 1995.[145]
  • South Africa still uses the name Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) in accordance with UN practice.[145]
  • South Africa is represented in North Macedonia by its embassy inAthens, Greece.[145]
Poland18 December 1991SeePoland–South Africa relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy inWarsaw.
Portugal1934SeePortugal–South Africa relations
  • Portugal has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy inLisbon.
Romania
  • Romania has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa is represented in Romania through its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Russia1942SeeRussia–South Africa relations
  • Russia has an embassy inPretoria and a consulate-general inCape Town.[146]
  • South Africa has an embassy in Moscow.[147]
  • South African Department of Foreign Affaires about the relation with Russia.[148]
Serbia4 February 1992SeeSerbia–South Africa relations
  • Serbia has an embassy inPretoria.[149]
  • South Africa is represented in Serbia through its embassy inAthens (Greece).
Spain18 May 1951SeeSouth Africa–Spain relations
  • South Africa has an embassy inMadrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Pretoria and a consulate-general in Cape Town.
SwedenSeeSouth Africa–Sweden relations
  • South Africa has an embassy inStockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Pretoria.
 Switzerland14 December 1951SeeSouth Africa – Switzerland relations
  • South Africa has an embassy inBern and a general consulate inGeneva.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Pretoria and a general consulate in Cape Town.
  • South African Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Switzerland.[150]
  • Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with South Africa.[151]
Ukraine16 March 1992SeeSouth Africa–Ukraine relations
  • South Africa established its embassy inKyiv in October 1992.
  • Ukraine established its embassy inPretoria in 1995.[152]
  • South African Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Ukraine.[153]
United Kingdom10 March 1931SeeSouth Africa–United Kingdom relations
South African PresidentCyril Ramaphosa withBritish Prime MinisterRishi Sunak in10 Downing Street, November 2022.

South Africa establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 10 March 1931.[12][better source needed]

The UK governedSouth Africa from 1806 until 1931, when South Africa gained full independence.

Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theG20, theInternational Criminal Court, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theSACUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[156] Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[157] and a Double Taxation Convention.[158]

Oceania

[edit]
StateFormal relations beganNotes
Australia8 May 1946SeeAustralia–South Africa relations
  • Date started: 1947
  • Australia has a High Commission in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has a High Commission inCanberra.
Nauruno diplomatic relations

South Africa is in the process of establishing diplomatic relations on a non-residential basis.[159]

New Zealand19 January 1994SeeNew Zealand–South Africa relations
  • New Zealand has a high commission in Pretoria.[160]
  • South Africa has a high commission inWellington.[161]
Solomon Islands11 December 1996

See also

[edit]

References

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