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The diplomaticforeign relations of theUnited Kingdom are conducted by theForeign, Commonwealth and Development Office, headed by theforeign secretary. Theprime minister and numerous other agencies play a role in setting policy, and many institutions and businesses have a voice and a role.
The United Kingdom was the world'sforemost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries, most notably during the so-called "Pax Britannica"—a period of unrivaled supremacy and unprecedented international peace during the mid-to-late 1800s. The country continued to be widely considered asuperpower until theSuez crisis of 1956 and the dismantling of theBritish Empire left the UK's dominant role in global affairs to be gradually diminished. Nevertheless, the United Kingdom remains agreat power and apermanent member of theUnited Nations Security Council. The UK is a founding member ofAUKUS, theCommonwealth, theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theG7, theG20, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization, additionally the UK is a member ofCPTPP. The UK was also a founding member state of theEuropean Union, however due to the outcome of a 2016membership referendum, proceedings to withdraw from the EUbegan in 2017 and concluded when the UK formally left the EU on 31 January 2020, and thetransition period on 31 December 2020 with anEU trade agreement. Since the vote and the conclusion of trade talks with the EU, policymakers have begun pursuing newtrade agreements with other global partners.
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Following the formation of theKingdom of Great Britain (which united England and Scotland) in 1707, British foreign relations largely continued those of theKingdom of England. British foreign policy initially focused on achieving abalance of power within Europe, with no one country achieving dominance over the affairs of the continent. This policy remained a major justification for Britain's wars against Napoleon, and for British involvement in theFirst andSecond World Wars. Secondly Britain continued the expansion of its colonial "First British Empire" by migration and investment.
France was the chief enemy until the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. It had a much larger population and a more powerful army, but a weaker navy. The British were generallysuccessful in their many wars. The notable exception, theAmerican War of Independence (1775–1783), saw Britain, without any major allies, defeated by the American colonials who had the support of France, the Netherlands and (indirectly) Spain. A favoured British diplomatic strategy involved subsidising the armies of continental allies (such asPrussia), thereby turning London's enormous financial power to military advantage. Britain relied heavily on itsRoyal Navy for security, seeking to keep it the most powerful fleet afloat, eventually with a full complement of bases across the globe. British dominance of the seas was vital to the formation and maintaining of the British Empire, which was achieved through the support of a navy larger than the next two largest navies combined, prior to 1920. The British generally stood alone until the early 20th century, when it became friendly with the U.S. and made alliances with Japan, France and Russia and Germany former antagonist now ally.
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The 100 years were generally peaceful—a sort ofPax Britannica enforced by the Royal Navy. There were two important wars, both limited in scope. TheCrimean War (1853–1856) saw the defeat of Russia and its threat to the Ottoman Empire. TheSecond Boer War (1899–1902) saw the defeat of the two Boer republics in South Africa andBoxer Rebellion happen the same year. London became the world'sfinancial centre, and commercial enterprise expanded across the globe. The "Second British Empire" was built with a base in Asia (especially India) and Africa.
After 1918 Britain was a "troubled giant" that was less of a dominant diplomatic force in the 1920s than before. It often had to give way to the United States, which frequently exercised its financial superiority.[1] The main themes of British foreign policy included a leading role at theParis Peace Conference of 1919–1920, whereLloyd George worked hard to moderate French demands for revenge on Germany.[2] He was partly successful, but Britain soon had to moderate French policy toward Germany further, as in theLocarno Treaties of 1925.[3][4] Furthermore, Britain obtained "mandates" that allowed it and its dominions to govern most of the former German and Ottoman colonies.[5]
Britain became an active member of the newLeague of Nations, but its list of major achievements was slight.[6][7]
Disarmament was high on the agenda, and Britain played a major role following the United States in theWashington Naval Conference of 1921 in working toward naval disarmament of the major powers. By 1933 disarmament agreements had collapsed and the issue became rearming for a war against Germany.[8]
Britain was partially successful in negotiating better terms with United States regarding the large war loans which Britain was obliged to repay.[9] Britain supported the international solution to German reparations through theDawes Plan and theYoung Plan. After the Dawes Plan had helped stabilize Germany's currency and lowered its annual payments, Germany was able to pay its annual reparations using money borrowed from New York banks, and Britain used the money received to pay Washington.[10] TheGreat Depression starting in 1929 put enormous pressure on the British economy. Britain revivedImperial Preference, which meant low tariffs within the British Empire and higher barriers to trade with outside countries. The flow of money from New York dried up, and the system of reparations and payment of debt died in 1931.
In domestic British politics, the emergingLabour Party had a distinctive and suspicious foreign policy based onpacifism. Its leaders believed that peace was impossible because ofcapitalism,secret diplomacy, and thetrade in armaments. Labour stressed material factors that ignored the psychological memories of theGreat War and the highly emotional tensions regarding nationalism and the boundaries of countries. Nevertheless,party leaderRamsay MacDonald devoted much of his attention to European policies.[11]
Vivid memories of the horrors and deaths of the First World War inclined many Britons—and their leaders in all parties—to pacifism in the interwar era. This led directly to theappeasement of dictators (notably ofMussolini and ofHitler) in order to avoid their threats of war.[12]
The challenge came from those dictators, first fromBenito Mussolini,Duce ofItaly, then fromAdolf Hitler,Führer of a much more powerfulNazi Germany. The League of Nations proved disappointing to its supporters; it failed to resolve any of the threats posed by the dictators. British policy involved "appeasing" them in the hopes they would be satiated. By 1938 it was clear that war was looming, and that Germany had the world's most powerful military. The final act of appeasement came when Britain and France sacrificedCzechoslovakia to Hitler's demands at theMunich Agreement of September 1938.[13] Instead of satiation, Hitler menaced Poland, and at last Prime MinisterNeville Chamberlain dropped appeasement and stood firm inpromising to defend Poland (31 March 1939). Hitler howevercut a deal withJoseph Stalin to divide Eastern Europe (23 August 1939); when Germany did invade Poland in September 1939, Britain and France declared war, and the British Commonwealth followed London's lead.[14]
Having signed the Anglo-Polish military alliance in August 1939,Britain and France declared war against Germany in September 1939 in response to Germany's invasion of Poland. This declaration included theCrown colonies andIndia, which Britain directly controlled. The dominions were independent in foreign policy, though all quickly entered the war against Germany. After the French defeat in June 1940, Britain and its empire stood alone in combat against Germany, until June 1941. The United States gave diplomatic, financial and material support, starting in 1940, especially throughLend Lease, which began in 1941 and attain full strength during 1943. In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and agreed on theAtlantic Charter, which proclaimed "the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live" should be respected. This wording was ambiguous and would be interpreted differently by the British, Americans, and nationalist movements.[15]
Starting in December 1941, Japan overranBritish possessions in Asia, includingHong Kong,Malaya, and especially the key base atSingapore. Japan then marched intoBurma, headed toward India. Churchill's reaction to the entry of the United States into the war was that Britain was now assured of victory and the future of the empire was safe, but the rapid defeats irreversibly harmed Britain's standing and prestige as animperial power. The realisation that Britain could not defend them pushed Australia and New Zealand into permanent close ties with the United States.[16]
Economically in dire straits in 1945 (saddled with debt and dealing withwidespread destruction of its infrastructure), Britain systematically reduced its overseas commitments. It pursued an alternate role as an active participant in theCold War againstcommunism, especially as a founding member of NATO in 1949.[17]
The British had built up a very large worldwide Empire, which peaked in size in 1922, after more than half a century of unchallenged global supremacy. The cumulative costs of fighting two world wars, however, placed a heavy burden upon the home economy, and after 1945 the British Empire rapidly began to disintegrate, with all the major colonies gaining independence. By the mid-to-late 1950s, the UK's status as a superpower was gone in the face of the United States and the Soviet Union. Most former colonies joined the "Commonwealth of Nations", an organisation of fully independent nations now with equal status to the UK. However it attempted no major collective policies.[18][19] The last major colony, Hong Kong, was handed over to China in 1997.[20] FourteenBritish Overseas Territories maintain a constitutional link to the UK, but are not part of the country per se.[21]
Britain slashed its involvements in theMiddle East after the humiliatingSuez Crisis of 1956. However Britain did forge close military ties with the United States, France, and Germany, through the NATO military alliance. After years of debate (and rebuffs), Britain joined theCommon Market in 1973; which became theEuropean Union in 1993.[22] However it did not mergefinancially, and kept the pound separate from theEuro, which partly isolated it from theEuro area crisis.[23] In June 2016, the UKvoted to leave the EU.[24][25]
Foreign policy initiatives of UK governments since the 1990s have included military intervention in conflicts and for peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance programmes and increased aid spending, support for establishment of theInternational Criminal Court, debt relief for developing countries, prioritisation of initiatives to addressclimate change, and promotion offree trade.[26] The British approach has been described as "spread the right norms and sustain NATO".[27]
Lunn et al. (2008) argue:[28]
The GREAT campaign of 2012 was one of the most ambitious national promotion efforts ever undertaken by any major nation. It was scheduled take maximum advantage of the worldwide attention to theSummer Olympics in London. The goals were to make British more culture visible in order to stimulate trade, investment and tourism. The government partnered with key leaders in culture, business, diplomacy and education. The campaign unified many themes and targets, including business meetings; scholarly conventions; recreational vehicle dealers; parks and campgrounds; convention and visitors bureaus; hotels; bed and breakfast inns; casinos; and hotels.[29][30]
In 2013, the government of David Cameron described its approach to foreign policy by saying:[31]
The UK began establishing air and naval facilities in thePersian Gulf, located in theUnited Arab Emirates,Bahrain andOman in 2014–15.[32][33][34][35] TheStrategic Defence and Security Review 2015 highlighted a range of foreign policy initiatives of the UK government.[36][37] Edward Longinotti notes how current British defence policy is grappling with how to accommodate two major commitments, to Europe and to an ‘east of Suez’ global military strategy, within a modest defence budget that can only fund one. He points out that Britain's December 2014 agreement to open a permanent naval base in Bahrain underlines its gradual re-commitment east of Suez.[38] By some measures, Britain remains the second most powerful country in the world by virtue of itssoft power and "logistical capability to deploy, support and sustain [military] forces overseas in large numbers."[39] Although commentators have questioned the need for global power projection,[40] the concept of “Global Britain” put forward by the Conservative government in 2019 signalled more military activity in the Middle East and Pacific, outside of NATO's traditional sphere of influence.[41][42]
At the end of January 2020, theUnited Kingdom left the European Union, with a subsequent trade agreement with the EU in effect from 1 January 2021, setting out the terms of the UK-EU economic relationship and what abilities the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office can use in foreign relations related to trade.
British diplomatic relations date back to the 13th century.[43] The United Kingdom has established diplomatic relations with allUnited Nations members, aside fromBhutan, in addition to 2 Non-UN member states:Holy See, andKosovo. Moreover, the UK established official relations with theSovereign Military Order of Malta on 9 October 2024.[44] The following table lists the date from which diplomatic relations were established with other countries:
| Country | Since | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Algeria | 1962 | SeeAlgeria–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Algeria in 1962.[141]
Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Tax Convention,[214] and a Strategic Partnership.[215] |
 Angola | 1977 | SeeAngola–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Angola on 14 October 1977.[169]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a High Level Prosperity Partnership.[219] |
 Benin | 1960 | SeeBenin–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Benin on 6 October 1960, then known asDahomey.[133][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[221] theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[222] |
 Botswana | 1966 | SeeBotswana–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Botswana on 30 September 1966.[112][failed verification]
The UK governedBotswana from 1885 to 1966, when it achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theSACUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[225] Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Tax Convention.[226] |
 Burkina Faso | 1960 | SeeForeign relations of Burkina Faso.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Burkina Faso on 6 October 1960, then known asUpper Volta.[133][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. |
 Burundi | 1962 | SeeForeign relations of Burundi The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Burundi on 1 July 1962.[137][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[230] |
 Cameroon | 1960 | SeeCameroon–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Cameroon on 1 February 1960.[112][failed verification]
The UK governed westernCameroon from 1916 to 1961, when it joined theFederal Republic of Cameroon. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have anEconomic Partnership Agreement.[233] |
 Cape Verde | 1977 | SeeForeign relations of Cape Verde The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Cape Verde on 17 May 1977.[112][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. |
 Central African Republic | 1960 | SeeForeign relations of the Central African Republic The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the Central African Republic on 9 December 1960.[133][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. |
 Chad | 1960 | SeeForeign relations of Chad The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Chad on 9 December 1960.[133][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[237] |
 Comoros | 1977 | SeeForeign relations of the Comoros The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the Comoros on 3 October 1977.[168][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theEastern and Southern Africa–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[239] |
 Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1960 | SeeDemocratic Republic of the Congo–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 7 July 1960.[129][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[237] |
 Djibouti | 1978 | SeeForeign relations of Djibouti The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Djibouti on 25 January 1978.[162][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. |
 Egypt | 1914 | SeeEgypt–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Egypt on 19 December 1914.[94][irrelevant citation]
The UK governedEgypt from 1882 to 1956, when it achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have anAssociation Agreement,[245] a Development Partnership,[237] and a Double Taxation Convention.[246] |
 Equatorial Guinea | 1969 | SeeForeign relations of Equatorial Guinea The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Equatorial Guinea on 20 June 1969.[151][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] and theUnited Nations. |
 Eritrea | 1993 | SeeEritrea–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Eritrea on 16 November 1993.[201][failed verification]
The UK governedEritrea from 1941 to 1952, when Eritrea united withEthiopia into afederation.[251] Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations. |
 Eswatini | 1968 | SeeEswatini–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Eswatini on 6 September 1968.[112][failed verification]
The UK governedEswatini from 1903 to 1968, when it achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theSACUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[225] Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Tax Convention,[254] an Investment Agreement.[255] |
 Ethiopia | 1841 | SeeEthiopia–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Ethiopia in 1841.[71][better source needed]
The UK governedEthiopia from 1941 to 1942. The UK continued to governed the regions ofOgaden and Haud from 1941, until both territories were relinquished to Ethiopia in 1948 and 1955 respectively.[258] Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] a Double Taxation Convention,[259] and an Investment Agreement.[260] |
 Gabon | 1960 | SeeGabon–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Gabon on 9 December 1960.[133][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. |
 Gambia | 1965 | SeeThe Gambia–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the Gambia on 1 January 1965.[112][failed verification]
The UK governed theGambia from 1816 to 1965, when The Gambia achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[265] and an Investment Agreement.[266] |
 Ghana | 1957 | SeeGhana–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Ghana on 6 March 1957.[112][failed verification]
The UK governedGhana from 1821 to 1957, when Ghana achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] anInterim Trade Partnership Agreement,[269] a High Level Prosperity Partnership,[219] and an Investment Agreement.[270] |
 Guinea | 1959 | SeeForeign relations of Guinea The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Guinea on 28 May 1959.[127][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. |
 Guinea-Bissau | 1975 | SeeForeign relations of Guinea-Bissau The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Guinea-Bissau on 12 March 1975.[162][failed verification]
The UK governed parts ofGuinea-Bissau from 1792 to 1870, when it was ceded toPortugal. Both countries share common membership of Atlantic Co-operation Pact, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. |
 Ivory Coast | 1960 | SeeIvory Coast–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Ivory Coast on 12 October 1960.[134]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Trade Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have anEconomic Partnership Agreement,[276] a High Level Prosperity Partnership,[219] and an Investment Agreement.[277] |
 Kenya | 1963 | SeeKenya–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Kenya in 1963.[143]
The UK governedKenya from 1895 to 1963, when Kenya achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have anEconomic Partnership Agreement,[280] a Defence Cooperation Agreement,[281] a Development Partnership,[237] a Double Taxation Agreement,[282] and an Investment Agreement.[283] |
 Lesotho | 1966 | SeeLesotho–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Lesotho on 4 October 1966.[150]
The UK governedLesotho from 1868 to 1966, when it achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theUnited Nations, theWorld Trade Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theSACUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[225] Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[286] |
 Liberia | 1849 | SeeLiberia–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Liberia on 1 August 1849.[75][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[237] and a Tax Information Exchange Agreement.[289] |
 Libya | 1951 | SeeLibya–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Libya on 24 December 1951.[112][failed verification]
The UK governedLibya from 1942 to 1951, when Libya gained full independence. Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement,[292] and have signed an Investment Agreement.[293] |
 Madagascar | 1960 | SeeMadagascar–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Madagascar on 27 June 1960.[128][failed verification]
The UK governedMadagascar from 1942 to 1943, when Madagascar was transferred to France. Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theEastern and Southern Africa–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[239] Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[237] |
 Malawi | 1964 | SeeMalawi–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Malawi on 6 July 1964.[112][failed verification]
The UK governedMalawi from 1893 until 1964, when Malawi gained full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] and a Double Taxation Agreement.[298] |
 Mali | 1961 | SeeForeign relations of Mali The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Mali on 22 March 1961.[112][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. |
 Mauritania | 1960 | SeeForeign relations of Mauritania.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Mauritania on 28 November 1960.[135][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[237] |
 Mauritius | 1968 | SeeMauritius–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Mauritius on 12 March 1968.[112][failed verification]
The UK governedMauritius from 1810 to 1968, when Mauritius achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theEastern and Southern Africa–UK Economic Partnership Agreement. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Tax Convention.[304] |
 Morocco | 1956 | SeeMorocco–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Morocco on 28 June 1956.[112][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have anAssociation Agreement,[307] and an Investment Agreement.[308] |
 Mozambique | 1975 | SeeMozambique–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Mozambique on 27 August 1975.[163]
Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theSouthern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[225] Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] a High Level Prosperity Partnership,[219] and an Investment Agreement.[311] |
 Namibia | 1990 | SeeNamibia–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Namibia in 1990.
Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theSACUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[225] |
 Niger | 1960 | SeeForeign relations of Niger The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Niger on 6 October 1960.[133]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[237] |
 Nigeria | 1960 | SeeNigeria–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Nigeria on 1 October 1960.[132]
The UK governedNigeria from 1862 to 1960, when Nigeria achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] a Double Taxation Agreement,[317] an Enhanced Trade and Investment Partnership,[318] an Investment Agreement,[319] and a Security and Defence Partnership.[320] |
 Republic of the Congo | 1960 | SeeForeign relations of the Republic of the Congo The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the Republic of the Congo on 9 December 1960.[133][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[218] theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[323] |
 Rwanda | 1962 | SeeRwanda–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Rwanda on 1 July 1962.[112][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[237] |
 São Tomé and Príncipe | 1979 | SeeForeign relations of São Tomé and Príncipe The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with São Tomé and Príncipe on 3 December 1979.[162]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[327] and theUnited Nations. |
 Senegal | 1960 | SeeSenegal–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Senegal on 20 June 1960.[112][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Defence Cooperation Agreement,[330] a Double Tax Convention,[331] an Investment Agreement,[332] and a Technical Cooperation Agreement.[333] |
 Seychelles | 1976 | SeeSeychelles–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Seychelles on 29 June 1976.[166]
The UK governedSeychelles from 1811 to 1968, when Seychelles achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theEastern and Southern Africa–UK Economic Partnership Agreement. Bilaterally the two countries have an Economic Security Partnership.[336] |
 Sierra Leone | 1961 | SeeSierra Leone–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Sierra Leone in April 1961.[112]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[338] theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[339] |
 Somalia | 1960 | SeeSomalia–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Somalia on 7 July 1960.[130]
The UK governedSomaliland from 1884 to 1940 and 1941–1960,Somaliland achieved full independence on 26 June 1960. The UK also governed the remaining territory of modernSomalia from 1941 to 1950, until it became an ItalianTrust Territory. Both of these territories unified on the 1 July 1960 to become Somalia. Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] and a Strategic Partnership.[341] |
 Somaliland | N/A | SeeSomaliland–United Kingdom relations The UK has not establisheddiplomatic relations with Somaliland; the UK does not recognise Somaliland to be a sovereign nation.
The UK governedSomaliland from 1884 to 1940 and 1941–1960,Somaliland achieved full independence on 26 June 1960. TheRepublic of Somaliland declared independence from Somalia on 18 May 1991. |
 South Africa | 1931 | SeeSouth Africa–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with South Africa on 10 March 1931.[107][better source needed]
The UK governedSouth Africa from 1806 until 1931, when South Africa gained full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theG20, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theSACUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[225] Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] and a Double Taxation Convention.[344] |
 South Sudan | 2011 | SeeSouth Sudan–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with South Sudan on 9 July 2011.[211][better source needed]
The UK governedSouth Sudan from 1899 to 1956, when Sudan achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[237] |
 Sudan | 1956 | SeeSudan–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Sudan on 3 March 1956.[125]
The UK governedSudan from 1899 to 1956, when Sudan achieved full independence.[349] Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations. |
 Tanzania | 1964 | SeeTanzania–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Tanzania on 22 April 1964.[144]
The UK governedTanganyika from 1916 to 1961, when Tanganyika achieved full independence; the UK governedZanzibar from 1890 to 1963, when Zanzibar achieved full independence. Both countries unified on 26 April 1964 to become Tanzania. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] and a High Level Prosperity Partnership.[219] |
 Togo | 1960 | SeeTogo–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Togo on 27 April 1960.[112][failed verification]
The UK occupiedTogo from 1914 to 1916, whenTogo became a Frenchmandate. Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[218] theCommonwealth, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. |
 Tunisia | 1956 | SeeTunisia–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Tunisia on 19 June 1956.[112][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have anAssociation Agreement,[355] a Double Taxation Convention,[356] and an Investment Agreement.[357] |
 Uganda | 1962 | SeeUganda–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Uganda on 9 October 1962.[140]
The UK governedUganda from 1894 to 1962, when Uganda achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] and an Investment Agreement.[359] |
 Zambia | 1964 | SeeUnited Kingdom–Zambia relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Zambia on 17 October 1964.[112][failed verification]
The UK governedZambia from 1911 to 1964, when Zambia achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] a Double Taxation Agreement,[362] an Energy Africa Partnership Agreement,[363] a Green Growth Compact,[364] and have signed an Investment Agreement.[365] |
 Zimbabwe | 1980 | SeeUnited Kingdom–Zimbabwe relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980.[162][failed verification]
The UK governedZimbabwe from 1923 to 1980, when Zimbabwe achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theEastern and Southern Africa–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[239] Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] a Double Taxation Convention,[368] and have signed an Investment Agreement.[369] |
| Country | Since | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Afghanistan | 1921 | SeeAfghanistan–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Afghanistan on 22 November 1921.[101] The UK currently recognises theIslamic Republic of Afghanistan government, over thede factoIslamic Emirate of Afghanistan government, as the legal administrator of the country.
The UK governedAfghanistan from1879–1919, when Afghanistan achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[237] |
 Armenia | 1992 | SeeArmenia–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Armenia on 20 January 1992.[372]
Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[375] an Investment Agreement,[376] and a Strategic Partnership.[377] |
 Azerbaijan | 1992 | SeeAzerbaijan–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Azerbaijan on 11 March 1992.[194]
Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Health Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement,[379] and an Investment Agreement.[380] |
 Bahrain | 1971 | SeeBahrain–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Bahrain on 21 August 1971.[156]
The UK governedBahrain from 1861 to 1971, when it achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theBahrain–US Comprehensive Security Integration and Prosperity Agreement.[383] Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement.[384] Both countries are negotiating aFree Trade Agreement.[385] |
 Bangladesh | 1972 | SeeBangladesh–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Bangladesh on 4 February 1972.[158]
The UK governedBangladesh from 1699 to 1947, when it achieved independence as part ofPakistan. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] a Double Taxation Convention,[388] an Investment Agreement,[389] and an Illegal Migration Returns Agreement.[390] |
 Bhutan | N/A | SeeForeign relations of Bhutan The UK has not establisheddiplomatic relations with Bhutan; the UK does recognise Bhutan to be a sovereign nation. Relations between Bhutan and the UK date back to the 18th Century[392] Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, and theWorld Health Organization. |
 Brunei | 1984 | SeeBrunei–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Brunei on 1 January 1984.[178]
The UK governed theBrunei from 1888 to 1984, when Brunei achieved full independence.[395] Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth,CPTPP, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement.[396] |
 Cambodia | 1952 | SeeCambodia–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Cambodia on 5 May 1952.[122]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[237] |
 China | 1954 | SeeChina–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China on 17 June 1954.[123]
The UK governed the territories ofHong Kong, from 1841 to 1941 and 1945 to 1997, as well asWeihaiwei from 1898 to 1930. Both countries share common membership of theG20, theUNSCP5, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement,[401] an Investment Agreement,[402] and theSino-British Joint Declaration. |
 Cyprus | 1960 | SeeCyprus–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Cyprus on 1 October 1960.[131] The UK is a "guarantor power" of Cyprus's independence.
The UK governedCyprus from 1878 until 1960, when it achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCommonwealth, theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement.[405] |
 Georgia | 1992 | SeeGeorgia–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Georgia on 27 April 1992.[196]
Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,OSCE, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have and an Investment Agreement,[408] and aStrategic Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.[409] |
 Hong Kong | N/A | SeeHong Kong–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK established moderndiplomatic relations with Hong Kong on 1 July 1997.
The UK governedHong Kong from 1841 to 1941 and 1945 to 1997, when Hong Kong's sovereignty wasceded to thePeople's Republic of China in 1997. Both share common membership of theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two have an Investment Agreement.[411] |
 India | 1947 | SeeIndia–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with India on 14 August 1947.[112][failed verification]
The UK governed theIndia from 1858 to 1947, when it achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theG20, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have aComprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership,[412] and a Development Partnership.[237] |
 Indonesia | 1949 | SeeIndonesia–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Indonesia on 27 December 1949.[118]
The United Kingdom occupiedIndonesia from 1811 to 1816 and 1945 to 1946, on both occasionsIndonesia was transferred to theNetherlands. Both countries share common membership of theG20, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] a Double Taxation Agreement,[416] an Investment Agreement,[417] and a Strategic Partnership.[418] |
 Iran | 1807 | SeeIran–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Iran on 5 June 1807.[53][failed verification]
The UK governed southernIran from 1941 until 1946. Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, and theWorld Health Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Air Transport Agreement.[421] |
 Iraq | 1932 | SeeIraq–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Iraq on 4 October 1932.[108]
The UK governedIraq from 1921 until 1932, when it achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement,[423] and a Strategic Partnership.[424] |
 Israel | 1948 | SeeIsrael–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Israel in 1950.[425]
The UK governedIsrael from 1921 until 1948, when it achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theOECD, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have aTrade and Partnership Agreement,[427] a Reciprocal Healthcare Agreement,[428] and a Strategic Partnership.[429] The two countries are currently negotiating a newFree Trade Agreement.[430] |
 Japan | 1858 | SeeJapan–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Japan on 26 August 1858.[80]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCPTPP, theG7, theG20, theInternational Criminal Court,OECD, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have aComprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, a Double Taxation Convention,[433] and aReciprocal Access Agreement. |
 Jordan | 1946 | SeeJordan–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Jordan on 17 June 1946.[108][failed verification]
The UK governedJordan from 1921 until 1946, when it achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have anAssociation Agreement,[436] a Development Partnership,[237] a Double Taxation Convention,[437] and a Strategic Partnership.[438] |
 Kazakhstan | 1992 | SeeKazakhstan–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Kazakhstan on 19 January 1992.[187]
Both countries share common membership of theOSCE, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] a Double Taxation Convention,[441] an Investment Agreement,[442] and a Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.[443] |
 Kuwait | 1961 | SeeKuwait–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Kuwait on 8 November 1961.[112]
The UK governedKuwait from 1899 to 1961, when it achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have signed an Investment Agreement.[445] The UK and theGulf Cooperation Council, of which Kuwait is a member, are negotiating aFree Trade Agreement. |
 Kyrgyzstan | 1992 | SeeKyrgyzstan–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Kyrgyzstan on 12 June 1992.[197]
Both countries share common membership of theOSCE, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] a Double Taxation Agreement,[448] and an Investment Agreement.[449] |
 Laos | 1955 | SeeLaos–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Laos on 5 September 1955.[124]
Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[452] |
 Lebanon | 1942 | SeeLebanon–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Lebanon on 9 February 1942.[111][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have anAssociation Agreement,[455] and a Development Partnership.[237] |
 Macao | N/A | SeeForeign relations of Macao The UK established moderndiplomatic relations with Macao on 20 December 1999.
Both share common membership of theWorld Trade Organization. |
 Malaysia | 1957 | SeeMalaysia–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Malaysia on 31 August 1957.[126]
The UK governed theMalaysia from 1826 to 1942 and 1945 to 1957, when it achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth,CPTPP, theFive Power Defence Arrangements, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement,[458] and an Investment Agreement.[459] |
 Maldives | 1965 | SeeMaldives–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the Maldives on 26 July 1965.[146]
The UK governed theMaldives from 1796 to 1965, when the Maldives achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Both countries are currently negotiating aFree Trade Agreement.[462] |
 Mongolia | 1963 | SeeMongolia–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Mongolia on 23 January 1963.[142]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Air Services Agreement,[465] a Development Partnership,[237] a Double Taxation Agreement,[466] and an Investment Agreement.[467] |
 Myanmar | 1947 | SeeMyanmar–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Myanmar on 7 July 1947.[115]
The UK governedMyanmar from 1824 to 1942 and 1945 to 1948, when Myanmar achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] and a Double Taxation Agreement.[470] |
 Nepal | 1816 | SeeNepal–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Nepal on 4 March 1816.[54][55]
Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] and an Investment Agreement.[473] |
 North Korea | 2000 | SeeNorth Korea–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with North Korea on 12 December 2000.[206]
Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations. |
 Oman | 1971 | SeeOman–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Oman on 21 May 1971.[155]
The UK governedOman from 1891 until 1951, when Oman achieved full independence.[478] Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Comprehensive Agreement on Enduring Friendship and Bilateral Cooperation,[479] a Double Taxation Agreement,[480] an Investment Agreement,[481] and a Mutual Defence Agreement.[482] Both countries are negotiating aFree Trade Agreement.[385] |
 Pakistan | 1947 | SeePakistan–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Pakistan on 14 August 1947.[483][failed verification]
The UK governedPakistan from 1824 to 1947, when Pakistan achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] a Double Taxation Convention,[486] and an Investment Agreement.[487] |
 Palestine | N/A | SeePalestine–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK has not establisheddiplomatic relations with Palestine[a]; the UK does recognise Palestine to be a sovereign nation.[489]
The UK governedPalestine from 1921 until 1948, when it achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, and theUnited Nations. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] and aPolitical, Trade and Partnership Agreement. |
 Philippines | 1946 | SeePhilippines–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the Philippines on 4 July 1946.[113]
Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[492] |
 Qatar | 1972 | SeeQatar–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Qatar on 24 May 1972.[159]
The UK governedQatar from 1916 to 1971, when it achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Climate Technology Partnership,[495] a Security Pact,[496] a Strategic Investment Partnership,[497] and have signed an Investment Agreement.[498] The two countries are negotiating aFree Trade Agreement. |
 Saudi Arabia | 1927 | SeeSaudi Arabia–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia on20 May 1927.[499][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Critical Minerals Partnership,[502] a Defence Agreement,[503] a Double Taxation Agreement,[504] and a Strategic Partnership.[505] Both countries are negotiating aFree Trade Agreement.[385] |
 Singapore | 1965 | SeeSingapore–United Kingdom relations_in_Apia%2c_Samoa_on_26_October_2024.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Singapore on 9 August 1965.[147]
The UK governed theSingapore from 1819 to 1942 and 1946 to 1963, when Singapore achieved independence withinMalaysia. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth,CPTPP, theFive Power Defence Arrangements, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have aDigital Economy Agreement,[508] a Double Taxation Agreement,[509] aFree Trade Agreement,[510] and an Investment Agreement.[511] |
 South Korea | 1949 | SeeSouth Korea–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with South Korea on 18 January 1949.[117]
Both countries share common membership of theG20, theInternational Criminal Court, theOECD, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[514] the Downing Street Accord,[515] and aTrade Agreement.[516] The two countries are negotiating a newFree Trade Agreement.[517] |
 Sri Lanka | 1946 | SeeSri Lanka–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Sri Lanka on 22 October 1946.[114]
The UK governedSri Lanka from 1802 to 1948, until it achieved full independence asCeylon. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[519] |
 Syria | 1942 | SeeSyria–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK re-establisheddiplomatic relations with Syria on 5 July 2025.[520]
Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[237] |
 Taiwan | N/A | SeeTaiwan–United Kingdom relations The UK has not established formaldiplomatic relations with Taiwan; the UK does not recognise Taiwan to be a sovereign nation.
In 1950, the UK switched its recognition from theRepublic of China (ROC) to thePeople's Republic of China (PRC).[523] Both countries share common membership of theWorld Trade Organization. |
 Tajikistan | 1992 | SeeTajikistan–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Tajikistan on 15 January 1992.[185]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] and a Double Taxation Agreement.[527] |
 Thailand | 1855 | SeeThailand–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Thailand on 18 April 1855.[79]
Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. |
 East Timor | 2002 | SeeTimor-Leste–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with East Timor in 2002.[207][better source needed]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. |
 Turkey | 1924 | SeeTurkey–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Turkey on 2 September 1924.[103]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe,G20,NATO,OECD,OSCE, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have aFree Trade Agreement,[533] and an Investment Agreement.[534] |
 Turkmenistan | 1992 | SeeTurkmenistan–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Turkmenistan on 23 January 1992.[189]
Both countries share common membership of theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Health Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] a Double Taxation Convention,[537] and an Investment Agreement.[538] |
 United Arab Emirates | 1971 | SeeUnited Arab Emirates–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Arab Emirates on 6 December 1971.[157][failed verification]
The UK governed theUnited Arab Emirates from 1920 to 1971, when the United Arab Emirates achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Defence Cooperation Accord,[542] an Investment Agreement,[543] and a Partnership for the Future.[544] Both countries are negotiating aFree Trade Agreement.[385] |
 Uzbekistan | 1992 | SeeUnited Kingdom–Uzbekistan relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Uzbekistan on 18 February 1992.[193]
Both countries share common membership of theOSCE, and theUnited Nations. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] a Double Taxation Agreement,[547] and a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.[548] |
 Vietnam | 1973 | SeeUnited Kingdom–Vietnam relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Vietnam on 11 September 1973.[161]
Both countries share common membership ofCPTPP, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have aComprehensive Strategic Partnership,[551] a Double Taxation Agreement,[552] aFree Trade Agreement,[553] and an Investment Agreement.[554] |
 Yemen | 1951 | SeeUnited Kingdom–Yemen relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Yemen on 24 October 1951.[555][failed verification]
The UK governed theYemen from 1837 to 1967, when it achieved full independence asSouth Yemen. Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] and an Investment Agreement.[558] |
| Country | Since | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Albania | 1921 | SeeAlbania–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Albania on 9 November 1921.[100]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO,OSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement,[561] an Investment Agreement,[562] aPartnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement,[563] a Readmission Agreement,[100] and an Agreement on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons.[100] |
 Andorra | 1994 | SeeAndorra–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Andorra on 9 March 1994.[203]
Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,OSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Health Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.[565] |
 Austria | 1799 | SeeAustria–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Austria on 8 November 1919.[98][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.[568] |
 Belarus | 1992 | SeeBelarus–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Belarus on 27 January 1992.[190]
Both countries share common membership of theOSCE, and theUnited Nations. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement,[571] and an Investment Agreement.[572] |
 Belgium | 1830 | SeeBelgium–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Belgium on 1 December 1830.[64][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[575] theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Classified Information Protection Agreement,[576] a Double Taxation Convention,[577] and a Maritime Cooperation Agreement.[578] |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1992 | SeeBosnia and Herzegovina–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina on 13 April 1992.[195]
Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theOSCE. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[581] an Investment Agreement,[582] and a Reciprocal Healthcare Agreement.[428] |
 Bulgaria | 1879 | SeeBulgaria–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Bulgaria on 23 July 1879.[84]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO,OSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement,[584] and a Strategic Partnership.[585] |
 Croatia | 1992 | SeeCroatia–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Croatia on 24 June 1992.[198]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO,OSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement,[587] and an Investment Agreement.[588] |
 Czech Republic | 1918 | SeeCzech Republic–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Czech Republic on 26 October 1918.[96]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.[591] |
 Denmark | 1401 | SeeDenmark–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Denmark on 25 October 1401.[47][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court, theJoint Expeditionary Force,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement,[594] and a Voting Participation Agreement.[595] |
 Estonia | 1991 | SeeEstonia–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK re-establisheddiplomatic relations with Estonia on 5 September 1991.[181]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,Joint Expeditionary Force,NATO,OECD,OSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Defence Cooperation Agreement,[597] and a Double Taxation Agreement.[598] |
 European Union | N/A | SeeEuropean Union–United Kingdom relations The UK was a founding member of the European Union on1 November 1993; it seceded on1 January 2021.[599]
Both the EU and the UK share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theG7, theG20, and theWorld Trade Organization. |
 Faroe Islands | N/A | SeeFaroe Islands–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK maintainsrelations with the Faroe Islands through its relations with Denmark.
The UK occupiedFaroe Islands from 1940 until 1945, when the Faroe Islands were returned to Denmark. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement,[602] and aFree Trade Agreement.[603] |
 Finland | 1919 | SeeFinland–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Finland on 28 March 1919.[95]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,Joint Expeditionary Force,NATO,OECD,OSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a mutual defence agreement,[606] and a strategic partnership agreement.[607] |
 France | 1396 | SeeFrance–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with France in 1396.[46][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theG7, theG20, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have theCombined Joint Expeditionary Force, a Double Taxation Convention,[610] theLancaster House Treaties, and Maritime Boundary Agreements in theCaribbean and thePacific. |
 Germany | 1951 | SeeGermany–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the Federal Republic of Germany on 20 June 1951.[121]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theG7, theG20, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[613] and theKensington Treaty.[614] |
 Greece | 1834 | SeeGreece–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Greece on in 1834.[615][better source needed]
The UK governed theIonian Islands from 1815 to 1864, when they were ceded to Greece. Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO,OECD,OSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Defence and Security Agreement,[617] a Double Taxation Agreement,[618] and a Strategic Bilateral Framework.[619] |
 Holy See | 1982 | SeeHoly See–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the Holy See on 16 January 1982.[176]
Both countries share common membership of theOSCE. |
 Hungary | 1921 | SeeHungary–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Hungary on 22 May 1921.[99]
Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.[624] |
 Iceland | 1940 | SeeIceland–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Iceland on 8 May 1940.[110]
The UK occupiedIceland from 10 May 1940 until July 1941, when the United States assumed responsibility of the country.[627] Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theCoalition of the Willing,Council of Europe,European Court of Human Rights,Joint Expeditionary Force, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO,OECD,OSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[628] and aFree Trade Agreement.[629] |
 Ireland | 1922 | SeeIreland–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Ireland on 6 December 1922.[102][failed verification]
The UK governedIreland from the 12th century until1800, when it was incorporated into theUnited Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland achieved full independence on the 6 December 1922.[102] Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[218] theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have aCommon Travel Area, and theGood Friday Agreement. The two countries have a sovereignty dispute over theRockall Bank. |
 Italy | 1859 | SeeItaly–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Italy on 13 April 1859.[82][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights,G7,G20, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Export and Investment Partnership,[634] and a Double Taxation Convention.[635] |
 Kosovo | 2008 | SeeKosovo–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Kosovo on 18 February 2008.[210]
Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement,[638] aPartnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement,[639] and a Reciprocal Healthcare Agreement.[428] |
 Latvia | 1991 | SeeLatvia–United Kingdom relations The UK re-establisheddiplomatic relations with Latvia on 5 September 1991.[182]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court, theJoint Expeditionary Force,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.[642] |
 Liechtenstein | 1992 | SeeLiechtenstein–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Licehtenstein on 6 February 1992.[192][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,OSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[644] aFree Trade Agreement, a Separation Agreement, a Social Security Coordination Convention, and aTrade Agreement.[645] |
 Lithuania | 1991 | SeeLithuania–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK re-establisheddiplomatic relations with Lithuania on 4 September 1991.[180]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court, theJoint Expeditionary Force,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[648] |
 Luxembourg | 1891 | SeeLuxembourg–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Luxembourg on 8 June 1891.[87][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.[651] |
 Malta | 1964 | SeeMalta–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Malta on 7 September 1964.[112][failed verification]
The UK governedMalta from 1800 until 1964, when it achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Bilateral Cooperation Framework,[654] and a Double Taxation Convention.[655] |
 Moldova | 1992 | SeeMoldova–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Moldova on 17 January 1992.[186]
Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[237] a Double Taxation Convention,[658] and aStrategic Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement.[659] |
 Monaco | 2007 | SeeMonaco–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Monaco on 21 September 2007.[209]
Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theOSCE, and theUnited Nations. Bilaterally the two countries have a Tax Information Exchange Agreement.[662] |
 Montenegro | 2006 | SeeMontenegro–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Montenegro on 13 June 2006.[208]
Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO,OSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[664] and a Reciprocal Healthcare Agreement.[428] |
 Netherlands | 1603 | SeeNetherlands–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the Netherlands on 1 April 1603.[51][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court, theJoint Expeditionary Force,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.[667] |
 North Macedonia | 1993 | SeeNorth Macedonia–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with North Macedonia on 16 December 1993.[202]
Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO,OSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have aPartnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement.[670] |
 Norway | 1905 | SeeNorway–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Norway on 6 November 1905.[90]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court, theJoint Expeditionary Force,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have aFree Trade Agreement,[629] a Green Partnership,[673] and a Strategic Partnership Agreement.[674] |
 Poland | 1919 | SeePoland–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Poland on 15 July 1919.[97]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO,OECD,OSCE,Trilateral Security Pact, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Defence and Security Agreement,[676] a Double Tax Convention,[677] and a Strategic Partnership.[678] |
 Portugal | 1386 | SeePortugal–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Portugal on 9 May 1386.[679][irrelevant citation]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, and a Double Taxation Convention.[683] |
 Romania | 1880 | SeeRomania–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Romania on 20 February 1880.[85]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Defence Cooperation Agreement,[686] and a Double Taxation Convention.[687] |
 Russia | 1553 | SeeRussia–United Kingdom relations_03.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Russia on 24 August 1553.[49]
In March 2022, the United Kingdom was added to Russia'sunfriendly countries list.[689] Both countries share common membership of theEuropean Court of Human Rights,G20, theOSCE, theUNSCP5 and theUnited Nations. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[690] |
 San Marino | 1998 | SeeSan Marino–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with San Marino on 18 November 1998.[205]
Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,OSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Health Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention, and a Tax Information Exchange Agreement.[692] |
 Serbia | 1870 | SeeSerbia–United Kingdom relations The UK established fulldiplomatic relations with Serbia on 7 February 1870.[83]
Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,OSCE and theUnited Nations. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[695] an Investment Agreement,[696] aPartnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement,[697] and a Reciprocal Healthcare Agreement.[428] |
 Slovakia | 1993 | SeeSlovakia–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Slovakia on 1 January 1993.[200]
Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.[700] |
 Slovenia | 1992 | SeeSlovenia–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Slovenia on 15 January 1992.[184]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO,OECD,OSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[703] and an Investment Agreement.[704] |
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta | 2024 | SeeForeign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta The UK establishedofficial relations with Sovereign Military Order of Malta on 9 October 2024.[44] |
 Spain | 1505 | SeeSpain–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Spain in 1505.[48][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.[707] |
 Sweden | 1653 | SeeSweden–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Sweden on 23 December 1653.[51][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court, theJoint Expeditionary Force,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[710] a Mutual Defence Agreement,[606] and a Strategic Partnership.[711] |
 Switzerland | 1891 | SeeSwitzerland–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Switzerland in 1891.[88][better source needed]
Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe,European Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,OECD,OSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have the Berne Financial Services Agreement,[88] a Double Taxation Convention,[713] and aTrade Agreement.[714] The two countries are currently negotiating aFree Trade Agreement.[715] |
 Ukraine | 1992 | SeeUkraine–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Ukraine on 10 January 1992.[183]
Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theOSCE, aTrilateral Security Pact, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[717] aDigital Trade Agreement,[718] a Double Tax Convention,[719] a Security Agreement,[720] and aPolitical, Free Trade and Strategic Partnership Agreement.[721] |
| Country | Since | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Antigua and Barbuda | 1981 | SeeAntigua and Barbuda–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Antigua and Barbuda on 1 November 1981.[162] Both countries areCommonwealth Realms.
The UK governedAntigua and Barbuda from 1632 to 1981, when Antigua and Barbuda achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCaribbean Development Bank, theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theCARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[724] |
 The Bahamas | 1973 | SeeThe Bahamas–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the Bahamas on 10 July 1973.[160] Both countries areCommonwealth Realms.
The UK governed theBahamas from 1648 to 1973, when the Bahamas achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCaribbean Development Bank, theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theCARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[724] Bilaterally the two countries have a Tax Information Exchange Agreement.[727] |
 Barbados | 1966 | SeeBarbados–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Barbados on 30 November 1966.[149]
The UK governedBarbados from 1625 to 1966, when Barbados achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCaribbean Development Bank, theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theCARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[724] Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[730] |
 Belize | 1981 | SeeBelize–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Belize on 21 September 1981.[175] Both countries areCommonwealth Realms.
The UK governedBelize from 1783 to 1981, when Belize achieved fullindependence. Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[733]Caribbean Development Bank, theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theCARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[724] Bilaterally the two countries have a Defence Cooperation Agreement,[734] and an Investment Agreement.[735] |
 Canada | 1926 | SeeCanada–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Canada on 1 July 1926.[104][failed verification] Both countries areCommonwealth Realms.
The UK governedCanada from 1783 to 1931, when Canada achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theCoalition of the Willing, theCommonwealth,CPTPP,Five Eyes, theG7, theG20, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUKUSA Agreement, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[738] and aTrade Continuity Agreement.[739] |
 Costa Rica | 1848 | SeeCosta Rica–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Costa Rica on 28 February 1848.[72]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theInternational Criminal Court, theOECD, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theCentral America–UK Association Agreement.[742] Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[743] |
 Cuba | 1902 | SeeCuba–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Cuba on 20 May 1902.[89]
Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement,[746] and a Political Dialogue and Co-operation Agreement.[747] |
 Dominica | 1978 | SeeDominica–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Dominica on 13 December 1978.[171][failed verification]
The UK governedDominica from 1763 to 1978, when Dominica achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218]Caribbean Development Bank, theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theCARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[724] Bilaterally the two countries have a Tax Information Exchange Agreement,[750] an Investment Agreement.[751] |
 Dominican Republic | 1850 | SeeDominican Republic–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the Domican Republic on 6 March 1850.[76]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theCARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[724] Bilaterally the two countries have aMaritime Boundary Agreement. |
 El Salvador | 1883 | SeeEl Salvador–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with El Salvador in 1883.[86][better source needed]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theCentral America–UK Association Agreement.[742] Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[756] |
 Greenland | N/A | SeeGreenland–United Kingdom relations The UK maintainsrelations with Greenland through its relations with Denmark.
Bilaterally the two countries are negotiating a Free Trade Agreement.[758] |
 Grenada | 1974 | SeeGrenada–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations Grenada on 7 February 1974.[162][failed verification] Both countries areCommonwealth Realms.
The UK governedGrenada from 1762 until 1974, when Grenada achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCaribbean Development Bank, theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theCARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[724] |
 Guatemala | 1837 | SeeGuatemala–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Guatemala on 12 July 1837.[69]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theCentral America–UK Association Agreement.[742] |
 Haiti | 1859 | SeeHaiti–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Haiti on 13 May 1859.[763]
Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[765] |
 Honduras | 1849 | SeeHonduras–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Honduras on 16 June 1849.[74][failed verification]
The UK governed theMosquito Coast from 1638 to 1787 and 1816 to 1819. Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theCentral America–UK Association Agreement.[742] |
 Jamaica | 1962 | SeeJamaica–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Jamaica on 2 August 1962.[138] Both countries areCommonwealth Realms.
The UK governedJamaica from 1655 to 1962, when Jamaica achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCaribbean Development Bank, theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theCARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[724] Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[770] |
 Mexico | 1826 | SeeMexico–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Mexico on 26 December 1826.[62]
Both countries share common membership ofCPTPP, theG20, theInternational Criminal Court, theOECD, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[773] an Investment Agreement,[774] and aTrade Continuity Agreement.[775] Additionally the two countries are negotiating aFree Trade Agreement.[776] |
 Nicaragua | 1859 | SeeNicaragua–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Nicaragua on 18 January 1859.[81][failed verification]
The UK governed theMosquito Coast from 1638 to 1787 and 1816 to 1819. Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theCentral America–UK Association Agreement. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[779] |
 Panama | 1908 | SeePanama–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Panama on 9 April 1908.[91]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theCentral America–United Kingdom Association Agreement.[742] Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[782] and an Investment Agreement.[783] |
 Puerto Rico | N/A | SeeForeign and intergovernmental relations of Puerto Rico The UK maintainsrelations with Puerto Rico through its relations with the United States. |
 Saint Kitts and Nevis | 1983 | SeeSaint Kitts and Nevis–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Saint Kitts and Nevis on 19 September 1983.[177] Both countries areCommonwealth Realms.
The UK governedSaint Kitts and Nevis from the 17th century to 1983, when Saint Kitts and Nevis achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCaribbean Development Bank, theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theCARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[724] |
 Saint Lucia | 1979 | SeeSaint Lucia–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Saint Lucia in 1979.[172] Both countries areCommonwealth Realms.
The UK governedSaint Lucia from 1803 to 1979, when Saint Lucia achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCaribbean Development Bank,Commonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Trade Organization, and theCARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[724] Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[788] |
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1979 | SeeSaint Vincent and the Grenadines–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Saint Vincent and the Grenadines on 27 October 1979.[173] Both countries areCommonwealth Realms.
The UK governed Saint Vincent and the Grenadines as part of theWindward Islands colony from 1833 to 1979, when Saint Vincent and the Grenadines achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCaribbean Development Bank,Commonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Trade Organization, and theCARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[724] |
 Trinidad and Tobago | 1962 | SeeTrinidad and Tobago–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Trinidad and Tobago on 31 August 1962.[139]
The UK governedTrinidad and Tobago from 1797 to 1962, when Trinidad and Tobago achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCaribbean Development Bank, theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Trade Organization, and theCARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement.[724] Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[793] |
 United States | 1785 | SeeUnited Kingdom–United States relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the United States on 1 June 1785.[52] UK–US diplomatic relations is commonly described as the "Special Relationship".
The UK governed theUnited States from 1585 to 1783, when the United States achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218]AUKUS,Five Eyes, theG7, theG20,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUKUSA Agreement, theUNSCP5, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilateral the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[795] an Economic Prosperity Deal,[796] and aMutual Defence Agreement. |
| Country | Since | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Australia | 1936 | SeeAustralia–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Australia in March 1936.[109][failed verification] Both countries areCommonwealth Realms.
The UK governedAustralia from the late 18th century until1942, when Australia achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership ofAUKUS, theCoalition of the Willing, theCommonwealth,CPTPP,Five Eyes, theFive Power Defence Arrangements, theG20, theInternational Criminal Court,OECD, theUKUSA Agreement, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Climate and Energy Partnership,[798] Defence Agreement,[799] a Double Taxation Agreement,[800] aFree Trade Agreement,[801] and a Reciprocal Healthcare Agreement.[428] |
 Cook Islands | N/A | SeeCook Islands–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK has not establisheddiplomatic relations with the Cook Islands; the UK does not recognise the Cook Islands to be a sovereign nation.
The UK governed theCook Islands from 1888 until 1901, when the Cook Islands were transferred to New Zealand.[803] Both countries share common membership of theWorld Health Organization. |
 Federated States of Micronesia | 1992 | SeeForeign relations of the Federated States of Micronesia The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the Federated States of Micronesia on 31 August 1992.[199]
Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, and theWorld Health Organization. |
 Fiji | 1970 | SeeFiji–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Fiji on 10 October 1970.[154]
The UK governedFiji from 1874 until 1970, when Fiji achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as thePacific States–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement.[807] Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.[808] |
 Kiribati | 1979 | SeeKiribati–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Kiribati on 12 July 1979.[162][failed verification]
The UK governedKiribati from 1892 until 1979, when Kiribati achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court theUnited Nations, and theWorld Health Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement.[810] |
 Marshall Islands | 1992 | SeeMarshall Islands–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the Marshall Islands on 2 February 1992.[191]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Health Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Tax Information Exchange Agreement.[812] |
 Nauru | 1977 | SeeNauru–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Nauru on 1 December 1977.[162][failed verification]
The UK officially governedNauru jointly with Australia and New Zealand from 1914 until 1968, when Nauru achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Health Organization. |
 New Zealand | 1939 | SeeNew Zealand–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with New Zealand in March 1939.[109] Both countries areCommonwealth Realms.
The UK governedNew Zealand from 1840 until1947, when New Zealand achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCoalition of the Willing, theCommonwealth,CPTPP,Five Eyes, theFive Power Defence Arrangements, theInternational Criminal Court,OECD, theUKUSA Agreement, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries haveFree Trade Agreement, and a Reciprocal Healthcare Agreement.[428] |
 Niue | N/A | SeeNiue–United Kingdom relations The UK has not establisheddiplomatic relations with Niue; the UK does not recognise Niue to be a sovereign nation.
The UK governedNiue from 1900 until 1901, when Niue was transferred to New Zealand. Both countries share common membership of theWorld Health Organization. |
 Palau | 1996 | SeeForeign relations of Palau The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Palau on 16 August 1996.[204]
Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, and theWorld Health Organization. |
 Papua New Guinea | 1975 | SeePapua New Guinea–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Papua New Guinea on 16 September 1975.[164] Both countries areCommonwealth Realms.
The UK governedPapua New Guinea from 1884 until 1906, when the territory was transferred to Australia. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as thePacific States–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement.[807] Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[817] an Investment Agreement,[818] and a Security Agreement.[819] |
 Samoa | 1970 | SeeSamoa–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Samoa in September 1970.[153]
Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as thePacific States–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement.[807] |
 Solomon Islands | 1978 | SeeSolomon Islands–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with the Solomon Islands on 7 July 1978.[170] Both countries areCommonwealth Realms.
The UK governed theSolomon Islands from 1893 until 1978, when the Solomon Islands achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as thePacific States–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement.[823] Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement.[824] |
 Tonga | 1970 | SeeTonga–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Tonga on 4 June 1970.[152]
The UK governedTonga from 1900 until 1970, when Tonga achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[827] |
 Tuvalu | 1978 | SeeTuvalu–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Tuvalu on 1 October 1978.[162][failed verification]
The UK governedTuvalu from 1892 until 1978, when Tuvalu achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Health Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Arrangement.[830] |
 Vanuatu | 1980 | SeeUnited Kingdom–Vanuatu relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Vanuatu on 30 July 1980.[174]
The UK governedVanuatu from 1887 until 1980, when Vanuatu achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of theCommonwealth, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have signed an Investment Agreement.[832] |
| Country | Since | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Argentina | 1825 | SeeArgentina–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Argentina on 2 February 1825.[58]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[835] and an Investment Agreement.[836] |
 Bolivia | 1840 | SeeBolivia–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Bolivia on 29 September 1840.[837][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.[840] |
 Brazil | 1827 | SeeBrazil–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Brazil on 17 August 1827.[841][better source needed]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[218] theG20, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. |
 Chile | 1823 | SeeChile–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Chile on 14 September 1823.[56]
Both countries share common membership ofCPTPP, theInternational Criminal Court,OECD, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have anAssociation Agreement,[846] and a Double Taxation Convention.[847] |
 Colombia | 1825 | SeeColombia–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Colombia on 18 April 1825.[59]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theOECD, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theAndean Countries–UK Free Trade Agreement.[849] Bilaterally the two countries havea Cultural Agreement,[59] a Double Taxation Agreement,[59] an Investment Agreement,[850] a Partnership for Sustainable Growth,[851] and a Security Agreement.[852] |
 Ecuador | 1853 | SeeEcuador–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Ecuador on 29 January 1853.[77][failed verification]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theAndean Countries–UK Trade Agreement.[849] Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement.[855] |
 Guyana | 1966 | SeeGuyana–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Guyana on the 26 May 1966.[148]
The UK governedGuyana from 1803 to 1966, when Guyana achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theCaribbean Development Bank, theCommonwealth, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theCARIFORUM–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement.[724] Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[857] and an Investment Agreement.[858] |
 Paraguay | 1853 | SeeParaguay–United Kingdom relations.jpg) The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Paraguay on 4 March 1853.[78]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[860] |
 Peru | 1823 | SeePeru–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Peru on 10 October 1823.[57]
Both countries are members ofCPTPP, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theAndean Countries–UK Free Trade Agreement.[849] Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[862] |
 Suriname | 1976 | SeeSuriname–United Kingdom relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Suriname on 31 March 1976.[165]
England governedSuriname from 1650 to1667, when Suriname was ceded to the Netherlands. The UK occupiedSuriname from 1799 until 1816.[864] Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[865] theCaribbean Development Bank, theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization, as well as theCARIFORUM–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement.[866] |
 Uruguay | 1833 | SeeUnited Kingdom–Uruguay relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Uruguay on 21 February 1833.[65][66]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[218] theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,[868] and an Investment Agreement.[869] |
 Venezuela | 1834 | SeeUnited Kingdom–Venezuela relations The UK establisheddiplomatic relations with Venezuela on 29 October 1834.[citation needed]
Both countries share common membership of theInternational Criminal Court, theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[872] |
_(2).jpg)
List of territorial disputes involving the United Kingdom:
| Territory | Claimants | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Antarctica |  United Kingdom•  British Antarctic Territory Argentina•  Argentine Antarctica Chile•  Chilean Antarctic Territory | SeeTerritorial claims in Antarctica The United Kingdom claims the area between20°W and80°W as a British Overseas Territory. The area between25°W and53°W overlaps Argentina's claim. The area between74°W and80°W overlaps Chile's claim. The area between53°W and74°W overlaps the claims of both Argentina and Chile.[873] |
| Chagos Archipelago | United Kingdom •  British Indian Ocean Territory Mauritius | SeeChagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute The United Kingdomde facto administers the archipelago as theBritish Indian Ocean Territory. Mauritiusclaims the islands. On 22 May 2025, Mauritius and the United Kingdom signed a deal to hand sovereignty over to Mauritius; the dispute will end once the deal is ratified by both parties.[874] |
| Rock of Gibraltar | United Kingdom •  Gibraltar Spain | SeeStatus of Gibraltar The United Kingdomde facto governs Gibraltar as aBritish Overseas Territory. Spain claims Gibraltar, disputing the interpretation of theTreaty of Utrecht, as well as the location of theborder.Gibraltarians voted overwhelmingly to remain under British sovereigntyin 1967 and2002. |
| Falkland Islands | United Kingdom •  Falkland Islands Argentina | SeeFalkland Islands sovereignty dispute The United Kingdomde facto governs the Falkland Islands as a British Overseas Territory. Argentina claims the Islands as part of itsProvince of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands province. In 1982, the dispute escalated when Argentinainvaded the islands during theFalklands War. In 2013, theFalkland Islandersvoted overwhelmingly to remain a British Overseas Territory. |
| Rockall Bank | United Kingdom Iceland Ireland Denmark • Faroe Islands | SeeRockall Bank dispute Rockall is an uninhabitedislet located within theexclusive economic zone of the UK. Ireland, Denmark, Iceland, and the UK have all made submissions to the commission set up under theUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).[875] |
| South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands | United Kingdom •  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Argentina | SeeSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute The United Kingdomde facto governs South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands as a British Overseas Territory. Argentina claims the Islands as part of itsProvince of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands province. In 1982, the dispute escalated when Argentinainvaded South Georgia during theFalklands War. |
The UK has varied relationships with the countries that make up the Commonwealth of Nations which originated from theBritish Empire.Charles III of the United Kingdom isHead of the Commonwealth and isKing of 15 of its 56 member states. Those that retain the King as head of state are calledCommonwealth realms. Over time several countries have been suspended from the Commonwealth for various reasons.Zimbabwe was suspended because of theauthoritarian rule of itsPresident.[876]
The United Kingdom is a member of the following international organisations:[877]
The British solution: spread the right norms and sustain NATO ... The new rules placed humanitarian intervention above the principle of sovereignty. Blair stated that this 'would become the basis of an approach to future conflict'.
Defence Review would be foreign policy led
A modern state needs domestic policing and homeland protection. It needs air and sea coastguards and a reserve for emergencies in cooperation with its neighbours, EU or no EU.
A aproximação à Inglaterra foi encarada como a única alternativa face à pressão da Coroa castelhana, sendo celebrado em 1386 a primeira ligação diplomática extra-ibérica do Reino português, com otratado de Windsor...
...the Treaty of Segauli established formal relations between the UK and Nepal. It was ratified in March 1816...
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)A fresh agreement between the Yemen and the United Kingdom came into force on 20 Jan., 1951: the establishment of diplomatic relations...
Tonga has been a member of the Commonwealth of Nations on 4 June 1970 the same date that the United Kingdom... established formal diplomatic relations...
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. Worden, Robert L (1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.).Bhutan: A Country Study.Federal Research Division. British Intrusion, 1772–1907.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
