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Foreign relations of Italy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Theforeign relations of the Italian Republic are the Italian government's external relations with the outside world. Located inEurope,Italy has been considered a major Europeanpower since itsunification in 1860.[1] Its main allies are theNATO countries and theEU states, two entities of which Italy is a founding member. Italy was admitted to theUnited Nations in 1955, and it is a member and a strong supporter of a wide number of international organisations, such as theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), theGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade andWorld Trade Organization (GATT and WTO), theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), theCouncil of Europe, and theCentral European Initiative.

Its turns in the rotating presidency of international organisations include theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, theG7 and theEU Council. Italy is also a recurrentnon-permanent member of theUN Security Council. Italy is an important actor in theMediterranean region and has close relations with theRomance-speaking countries in Europe andLatin America. Although it is asecular state,[2] Rome hosts thePope and the headquarters of theCatholic Church, which operates a large diplomatic system of its own. Italy is currently commanding various multinational forces and has significant troops deployed all over the world forpeacekeeping missions, and for combatingorganized crime,illegal drug trade,human trafficking,piracy andterrorism.[3]

History

[edit]
Main article:History of Italy

National unification

[edit]
See also:Unification of Italy andKingdom of Italy
Animated map of theItalian unification from 1829 to 1871
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta was awarded theNobel Peace Prize in 1907 for an understandingbetween France and Italy. He adopted the mottoIn varietate unitas! which later inspiredMotto of the European Union.

TheRisorgimento was the era from 1829 to 1871 that saw the emergence of a national consciousness. The Northern Italy monarchy of theHouse of Savoy in theKingdom of Sardinia, whose government was led byCamillo Benso, Count of Cavour, had ambitions of establishing a united Italian state. In the context of the1848 liberal revolutions that swept through Europe, an unsuccessfulfirst war of independence was declared onAustria. In 1855, the Kingdom of Sardinia became an ally of Britain and France in theCrimean War, giving Cavour's diplomacy legitimacy in the eyes of the great powers.[4][5] The Kingdom of Sardinia again attacked the Austrian Empire in theSecond Italian War of Independence of 1859, with the aid ofFrance, resulting in liberatingLombardy. On the basis of thePlombières Agreement, the Kingdom of Sardinia cededSavoy andNice to France, an event that caused theNiçard exodus, that was the emigration of a quarter of theNiçard Italians to Italy,[6] and theNiçard Vespers.

In 1860–1861,Giuseppe Garibaldi led the drive for unification in Naples and Sicily conquering theKingdom of the Two Sicilies (theExpedition of the Thousand),[7] while the House of Savoy troops occupied the central territories of the Italian peninsula, except Rome and part ofPapal States. This allowed the Sardinian government todeclare a united Italian kingdom on 17 March 1861.[8] In 1866, Italy allied withPrussia during theAustro-Prussian War, waging theThird Italian War of Independence which allowed Italy to annexVenetia.

After the Third Italian War of Independence (1866), when theVeneto andFriuli regions were ceded by theAustrians to the newly formedKingdom Italy, Istria and Dalmatia remained part of theAustro-Hungarian Empire, together with other Italian-speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic. This triggered the gradual rise ofItalian irredentism among many Italians in Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia, who demanded the unification of theJulian March,Kvarner andDalmatia with Italy. The Italians in Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia supported the ItalianRisorgimento: as a consequence, the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favored the Slav communities of Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia.[9] During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, EmperorFranz Joseph I of Austria outlined a wide-ranging project aimed at theGermanization orSlavization of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence:[10]

His Majesty expressed the precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and, appropriately occupying the posts of public, judicial, masters employees as well as with the influence of the press, work inSouth Tyrol,Dalmatia andLittoral for the Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances, with energy and without any regard. His Majesty calls the central offices to the strong duty to proceed in this way to what has been established.

— Franz Joseph I of Austria, Council of the Crown of 12 November 1866[9][11]

Finally, in 1870, as France abandoned its garrisons in Rome during the disastrousFranco-Prussian War to keep the large Prussian Army at bay, the Italians rushed to fill the power gap bytaking over the Papal States. Italian unification was completed and shortly afterwards Italy's capital was moved to Rome. Later Italy formed theTriple Alliance (1882) with Germany and Austria.

World War I

[edit]
See also:Italian entry into World War I andItalian Empire
Territories promised to Italy by theTreaty of London (1915), i.e.Trentino-Alto Adige,Julian March andDalmatia (tan), and theSnežnik Plateau area (green). Dalmatia, after the WWI, however, was not assigned to Italy but toYugoslavia.

Even after 1870, after theunification of Italy, many ethnic Italian-speakers (Italians inTrentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol,Savoyard Italians,Corfiot Italians,Niçard Italians,Swiss Italians,Corsican Italians,Maltese Italians,Istrian Italians, andDalmatian Italians) remained outside the borders of theKingdom of Italy, planting the seeds ofItalian irredentism.

Italyentered into the World War I in 1915 with the aim of completing national unity: for this reason, the Italian intervention in the World War I is also considered theFourth Italian War of Independence,[12] in a historiographical perspective that identifies in the latter the conclusion of the unification of Italy, whose military actions began during therevolutions of 1848 with theFirst Italian War of Independence.[13][14]

Italydefeated the Ottoman Empire in 1911–1912.[15] By 1915, Italy had acquired in Africa a colony on the Red Sea coast (Eritrea), a large protectorate inSomalia and administrative authority in formerly TurkishLibya. Outside of Africa, Italy possessed a smallconcession in Tientsin in China (following theBoxer Rebellion) and theDodecanese Islands off the coast of Turkey.

In 1915,Italy abrogated its alliance and declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire,[16] leading to bloody conflict mainly on theIsonzo andPiave fronts. Britain, France and Russia had been "keen to bring neutral Italy into World War I on their side. However, Italy drove a hard bargain, demanding extensive territorial concessions once the war had been won".[17]In a deal to bring Italy into the war, under theLondon Pact, Italy would be allowed to annex not only Italian-speakingTrentino and Trieste, but also German-speakingSouth Tyrol, Istria (which included large non-Italian communities), and the northern part of Dalmatia including the areas ofZadar (Zara) andŠibenik (Sebenico). Mainly Italian Fiume (present-day Rijeka) was excluded.[17]

Goffredo Mameli
Michele Novaro
On the left, a map of the Kingdom of Italy before the First World War, on the right, a map of the Kingdom of Italy after the First World War.

In November 1918, after the surrender of Austria-Hungary, Italy occupied militarilyTrentino Alto-Adige, theJulian March,Istria, theKvarner Gulf andDalmatia, all Austro-Hungarian territories. On the Dalmatian coast, Italy established the firstGovernorate of Dalmatia, which had the provisional aim of ferrying the territory towards full integration into the Kingdom of Italy, progressively importing national legislation in place of the previous one. The administrative capital wasZara. The Governorate of Dalmatia was evacuated following the Italo-Yugoslav agreements which resulted in theTreaty of Rapallo (1920). After the war, theTreaty of Rapallo between theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and the Kingdom of Italy (12 November 1920), Italy annexedZadar in Dalmatia and some minor islands, almost all of Istria along with Trieste, excluding the island ofKrk, and part ofKastav commune, which mostly went to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. By theTreaty of Rome (27 January 1924), theFree State of Fiume (Rijeka) was divided between Italy and Yugoslavia.[18] Also, Italy occupied southernAlbania and establisheda protectorate over Albania, which remained in place until 1920.[19]

The Allies defeated the Austrian Empire in 1918 and Italy became one of themain winners of the war. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Prime MinisterVittorio Emanuele Orlando focused almost exclusively on territorial gains, but he got far less than he wanted, and Italians were bitterly resentful when they were denied control of the city ofFiume. The conference, under the control of Britain, France and the United States refused to assignDalmatia and Albania to Italy as had been promised in the Treaty of London. Britain, France and Japan divided the German overseas colonies into mandates of their own, excluding Italy. Italy also gained no territory from the breakup of theOttoman Empire.

Italy did not receive other territories promised by the Treaty of London, so this outcome was denounced as aMutilated victory. The rhetoric ofMutilated victory was adopted byBenito Mussolini and led to therise ofItalian fascism, becoming a key point in thepropaganda of Fascist Italy. Historians regardMutilated victory as a "political myth", used by fascists to fuelItalian imperialism and obscure the successes ofliberal Italy in the aftermath of World War I.[20] Italy also gained a permanent seat in theLeague of Nations's executive council.

Fascism and World War II

[edit]
See also:Fascist Italy (1922–1943) andItalian Civil War
Italian ethnic regions claimed in the 1930s byItalian irredentists: * Green:Nice,Ticino andDalmatia * Red:Malta * Violet:Corsica *Savoy andCorfu were later claimed.

TheFascist government that came to power withBenito Mussolini in 1922 sought to increase the size of the Italian empire and to satisfy the claims ofItalian irredentists. Italian Fascism is based uponItalian nationalism and imperialism, and in particular seeks to complete what it considers as the incomplete project of theunification of Italy by incorporatingItalia Irredenta (unredeemed Italy) into the state of Italy.[21][22] To the east of Italy, the Fascists claimed thatDalmatia was a land of Italian culture whose Italians, including those of ItalianizedSouth Slavic descent, had been driven out of Dalmatia and into exile in Italy, and supported the return of Italians of Dalmatian heritage.[23] Mussolini identified Dalmatia as having strong Italian cultural roots for centuries, similarly toIstria, via theRoman Empire and theRepublic of Venice.[24] To the south of Italy, the Fascists claimedMalta, which belonged to the United Kingdom, andCorfu, which instead belonged to Greece; to the north claimedItalian Switzerland, while to the west claimedCorsica,Nice, andSavoy, which belonged to France.[25][26] The Fascist regime produced literature on Corsica that presented evidence of the island'sitalianità.[27] The Fascist regime produced literature on Nice that justified that Nice was an Italian land based on historic, ethnic, and linguistic grounds.[27]

Areas controlled by theItalian Empire during its existence
  Kingdom of Italy
  Colonies of Italy
  Protectorates and areas occupied during World War II

Mussolini promised to bring Italy back as agreat power in Europe, building a "NewRoman Empire"[28] and holding power over theMediterranean Sea. Inpropaganda, Fascists used the ancient Roman motto "Mare Nostrum" (Latin for "Our Sea") to describe the Mediterranean. For this reason the Fascist regime engaged ininterventionist foreign policy. In 1923, the Greek island ofCorfu wasbriefly occupied by Italy, after the assassination ofGeneral Tellini in Greek territory. In 1925, Italyforced Albania to become ade factoprotectorate. In 1935, Mussoliniinvaded Ethiopia and foundedItalian East Africa, resulting in an international alienation and leading to Italy's withdrawal from theLeague of Nations; Italyallied with Nazi Germany and theEmpire of Japan and strongly supportedFrancisco Franco in theSpanish Civil War. In 1939, Italyformally annexed Albania. Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940. The Italians initially advanced inBritish Somaliland,Egypt, theBalkans (establishing theGovernorate of Dalmatia andMontenegro, theProvince of Ljubljana, and the puppet statesIndependent State of Croatia andHellenic State), and eastern fronts. They were, however, subsequently defeated on theEastern Front as well as in theEast African campaign and theNorth African campaign, losing as a result their territories in Africa and in the Balkans.

AnAllied invasion of Sicily began in July 1943, leading to thecollapse of the Fascist regime and the fall of Mussolini on 25 July. In the north, the Germans set up theItalian Social Republic (RSI), a Nazipuppet state with Mussolini installed as leader after he wasrescued by German paratroopers. Some Italian troops in the south were organised into theItalian Co-belligerent Army, which fought alongside the Allies for the rest of the war, while other Italian troops, loyal to Mussolini and his RSI, continued to fight alongside the Germans in theNational Republican Army. Also, the post-armistice period saw the rise of a large anti-fascist resistance movement, theResistenza.[29] As result, the country descended intocivil war;[30][31] the Italian resistance fought aguerrilla war against theNazi German occupiers andItalian Fascist forces,[29] while clashes between the Fascist RSI Army and the Royalist Italian Co-Belligerent Army were rare.[32] In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north,[33] but was captured andsummarily executed nearLake Como by Italian partisans. His body was then taken toMilan, where it was hung upside down at a service station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise.[34] Hostilities ended on 29 April 1945,when the German forces in Italy surrendered.

Republican era

[edit]
See also:History of the Italian Republic
Alcide De Gasperi,first republicanPrime Minister of Italy and one of theFounding Fathers of the European Union

Italy became a republic after the1946 Italian institutional referendum[35] held on 2 June 1946, a day celebrated since asFesta della Repubblica. This was the first time that Italian women voted at the national level, and the second time overall considering the local elections that were held a few months earlier in some cities.[36][37] Under theTreaty of Peace with Italy, 1947,Istria,Kvarner, most of theJulian March as well as theDalmatian city ofZara was annexed byYugoslavia causing theIstrian-Dalmatian exodus, which led to the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 of local ethnicItalians (Istrian Italians andDalmatian Italians), the others being ethnic Slovenians, ethnic Croatians, and ethnicIstro-Romanians, choosing to maintain Italian citizenship.[38] Later, theFree Territory of Trieste was divided between the two states. Italy also lost all of its colonial possessions, formally ending theItalian Empire. In 1950,Italian Somaliland was made aUnited Nations Trust Territory under Italian administration until 1 July 1960. The Italian border that applies today has existed since 1975, whenTrieste was formally re-annexed to Italy.

Changes to the Italian eastern border from 1920 to 1975.
  TheAustrian Littoral, later renamed theJulian March, which was assigned to Italy in 1920 with theTreaty of Rapallo (with adjustments of its border in 1924 after theTreaty of Rome) and which was then ceded to Yugoslavia in 1947 with theTreaty of Paris
  Areas annexed to Italy in 1920 and remained Italian even after 1947
  Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to theFree Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Italy in 1975 with theTreaty of Osimo
  Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Yugoslavia in 1975 with the Osimo treaty

In 1949 Italy became a member ofNATO. TheMarshall Plan helped to revive the Italian economy which, until the late 1960s, enjoyed a period of sustained economic growth commonly called the "Economic Miracle". In the 1950s, Italy became one of the six founding countries of theEuropean Communities, following the 1952 establishment of theEuropean Coal and Steel Community, and subsequent 1958 creations of theEuropean Economic Community andEuropean Atomic Energy Community. In 1993, the former two of these were incorporated into theEuropean Union.

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Italy maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1Belgium24 February 1851[39]
2Dominican Republic22 March 1854[40]
3Argentina5 May 1856[39]
4Spain5 May 1856[41]
5Russia25 September 1856[42]
6Brazil6 February 1857[43]
7United Kingdom13 April 1859[44]
8Netherlands15 September 1859[45]
9Sweden23 December 1859[46]
10  Switzerland12 February 1860[47]
11Portugal24 October 1860[42]
12United States11 April 1861[48]
13Greece16 June 1861[45]
14France10 August 1861[44]
15Denmark2 September 1861[49]
16Uruguay13 August 1862[50]
17Bolivia25 February 1864[51]
18Chile25 February 1864[51]
19Costa Rica25 February 1864[44]
20Ecuador25 February 1864[44]
21El Salvador25 February 1864[52]
22Guatemala25 February 1864[45]
23Honduras25 February 1864[45]
24Nicaragua25 February 1864[45]
25Peru25 February 1864[42]
26Colombia13 March 1864[51]
27Venezuela13 March 1864[47]
28Mexico28 December 1864[45]
29Japan25 August 1866[53]
30Paraguay21 July 1867[42]
31Thailand3 October 1868[54]
32Monaco25 April 1875[55]
33Serbia18 January 1879[56]
34Bulgaria25 July 1879[57]
35Romania26 December 1879[58]
36Iran18 February 1886[59]
37Luxembourg7 February 1891[60]
38Ethiopia24 June 1897[61]
39Haiti24 February 1898[62]
40Cuba4 February 1903[63]
41Panama15 January 1904[64]
42Norway22 March 1906[65]
43Albania21 February 1914[66]
44Czech Republic24 October 1918[67]
45Poland27 February 1919[68]
46Finland6 September 1919[69]
47Austria10 September 1919[70]
48Hungary21 November 1920[71]
49Afghanistan3 June 1921[72]
50Egypt30 April 1922[73]
51Turkey1 March 1924[74]
52Yemen2 September 1926[75]
—Holy See24 June 1929[76]
53South Africa31 October 1929[71]
54Iraq1931[77][78]
55Saudi Arabia10 February 1932[79]
56Ireland27 September 1937[80]
57Iceland15 August 1945[81]
58Philippines3 November 1946[82]
59Lebanon20 November 1946[83]
60India2 March 1947[84]
61Canada13 August 1947[85]
62Syria27 September 1947[86]
63Pakistan7 April 1948[87]
64Israel2 July 1949[88]
65Jordan14 August 1949[89]
66Australia24 November 1949[90]
67Indonesia29 December 1949[91]
68Sri Lanka18 April 1950[92]
69New Zealand22 August 1950[93]
70Myanmar24 November 1950[94]
71Cambodia27 July 1951[95]
72Germany4 September 1951[96]
73Liberia5 October 1951[97]
74Libya21 February 1952[98]
—Sovereign Military Order of Malta12 June 1956[99]
75Tunisia20 June 1956[100]
76Morocco5 November 1956[101]
77Sudan31 October 1956[102]
78South Korea24 November 1956[103]
79Malaysia31 August 1957[104]
80   Nepal31 August 1959[105]
81Guinea5 December 1959[106]
82Somalia1 July 1960[107]
83Democratic Republic of the Congo21 July 1960[108]
84Ghana8 November 1960[109]
85Senegal1 March 1961[109]
86Ivory Coast17 May 1961[109]
87Madagascar30 May 1961[110]
88Cyprus12 September 1961[111]
89Niger23 September 1961[112]
90Benin30 November 1961[113]
91Tanzania9 December 1961[114]
92Nigeria1961[115]
93Togo1961[116]
94Cameroon28 February 1962[117]
95Mali27 April 1962[118]
96Burkina Faso16 June 1962[119]
97Algeria1 October 1962[120]
98Sierra Leone1962[121]
99Gabon6 February 1963[109]
100Jamaica14 February 1963[122]
101Mauritania25 February 1963[109]
102Trinidad and Tobago4 January 1964[123]
103Chad13 February 1964[124]
104Central African RepublicJune 1964[125]
105Uganda5 July 1964[126]
106Kenya7 July 1964[127]
107Malta21 September 1964[128]
108Kuwait8 November 1964[129]
109Republic of the Congo20 April 1965[130]
110Rwanda5 May 1965[131]
111Singapore28 October 1965[132]
112Gambia30 October 1965[133]
113Laos7 December 1965[134]
114Zambia10 May 1966[135]
115Malawi20 September 1966[136]
116Maldives1966[137]
117Guyana12 April 1967[138]
118LesothoJune 1967[139]
119Burundi1967[140]
120EswatiniApril 1969[139]
121Mauritius8 April 1970[141]
122Mongolia29 June 1970[142]
123China6 November 1970[143]
124Botswana1970[144]
125United Arab Emirates1971[145]
126Oman26 January 1972[146]
127Fiji13 October 1972[147]
128Bangladesh18 January 1973[148]
129Qatar15 February 1973[149]
130Vietnam23 March 1973[150]
131Bahrain16 December 1973[151]
132San Marino1973[152]
133Mozambique25 June 1975[153]
134Angola4 June 1976[154]
135Seychelles29 June 1976[155]
136Comoros1 November 1976[156]
137Cape Verde18 November 1976[157]
138Barbados23 August 1977[158]
139Djibouti24 November 1977[159]
140Grenada1977[160]
141Suriname7 July 1978[161]
142Bahamas1978[162]
143Papua New Guinea30 April 1979[163]
144TuvaluJuly 1979[164]
145Saint Lucia1979[165]
146Zimbabwe18 April 1980[166]
147Tonga26 November 1981[167]
148Vanuatu23 March 1982[168]
149Belize1 October 1982[169]
150Saint Vincent and the Grenadines30 October 1982[170]
151Guinea-Bissau15 December 1982[171]
152Equatorial Guinea8 March 1985[172]
153Dominica23 March 1985[172]
154Brunei15 April 1985[173]
155Antigua and Barbuda20 August 1985[174]
156Solomon Islands1 March 1987[175]
157Samoa25 May 1987[176]
158São Tomé and Príncipe24 December 1988[177]
159Namibia12 April 1990[178]
160Latvia30 August 1991[179]
161Lithuania30 August 1991[180]
162Estonia31 August 1991[181]
163Croatia17 January 1992[182]
164Slovenia17 January 1992[183]
165Moldova21 February 1992[184]
166Ukraine29 January 1992[185]
167Liechtenstein6 February 1992[186]
168Armenia17 March 1992[187]
169Kyrgyzstan24 March 1992[188]
170Uzbekistan24 March 1992[189]
171Belarus13 April 1992[190]
172Azerbaijan8 May 1992[191]
173Georgia11 May 1992[192]
174Tajikistan19 May 1992[193]
175Turkmenistan9 June 1992[194]
176Kazakhstan21 August 1992[195]
177Federated States of Micronesia27 November 1992[196]
178Slovakia1 January 1993[197]
179Bosnia and Herzegovina1 February 1993[198]
180Eritrea24 May 1993[199]
181Marshall Islands24 September 1993[161]
182North Macedonia16 December 1993[200]
183Andorra1 February 1995[201]
184Kiribati7 December 1995[177]
185Saint Kitts and Nevis7 January 1996[177]
186Nauru27 February 1997[202]
187North Korea4 January 2000[203]
188Palau22 March 2002[204]
189Timor-Leste2002[205]
—Cook Islands9 October 2003[206]
190Montenegro14 June 2006[207]
—Kosovo15 May 2008[208]
191South Sudan23 May 2012[209]
—Niue12 September 2015[210]

Bilateral relations by country

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
Group photo at the2024 Italy–Africa Summit
Country
Beginning of formal relations
Notes
Algeria1 October 1962SeeAlgeria–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1962.[211]

Angola4 June 1976[212]SeeAngola–Italy relations
  • Angola has an embassy inRome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Luanda.
Burkina Faso16 June 1962Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 June 1962 when Mr. Renzo Luigi Romanelli, the first Italian Ambassador to Upper Volta, has presented his letters of credence to President Maurice Yameogo.[119]
Comoros1 November 1976Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 November 1976[215]
Democratic Republic of the Congo21 July 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1960 when accredited first Ambassador of Italy to Congo (Leopoldville) Mr. Pietro Franca[108]
Egypt30 April 1922SeeEgypt–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1922 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Egypt Mr Lazzaro Negrotto Cambiaso.[220]

Relations between both countries were established during the period of the Roman Empire. However, inWorld War II, relations were strained as Italy invaded Egypt. However, after the war, relations were re-established and are close. Egypt has representations in Rome and Milan, while Italy has representations inCairo andAlexandria, also the two nations are members of theUnion for the Mediterranean.

Relations deteriorated after the abduction and killing of Italian studentGiulio Regeni. Egypt has been accused by Italian authorities and public opinion of lacking of transparence.

Eritrea24 May 1993SeeEritrea–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 May 1993.[199]

Ethiopia24 June 1897SeeEthiopia–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1897.[61]

Kenya1963SeeItaly–Kenya relations
  • Relations were formally established after Kenya gained its independence from British rule.
  • Italy has an embassy inNairobi and 2 counsulates inMalindi andMombasa.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Rome.
Libya21 February 1952SeeItaly–Libya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1952 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Libya Mr. Mario Conti.[221]

Mauritania25 February 1963Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1963 when first Ambassador of Mauritania to Italy (resident in Paris) Mr. Bakar Ould Ahmedou presented his credentials to President Antonio Segni.[222]
Morocco1 October 1956SeeItaly–Morocco relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1956[225]

Nigeria
  • Italy has an embassy in Nigeria and a consulate in Lagos.
  • Nigeria has an embassy inRome.
Rwanda5 May 1965Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1965 when Ambassador of Rwanda to Italy Mr. Emanuele Kaberuka presented his credentials to President Giuseppe Saragat.[131]
Senegal1 March 1961Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1961.[228]
Somalia1 July 1960SeeItaly–Somalia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1960.[107]

South Africa31 October 1929SeeItaly–South Africa relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 October 1929 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Union of South Africa Natale Labia.[71]

South Sudan23 May 2012Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 May 2012.[209]
Sudan31 October 1956Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 October 1956 when Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Sudan to Italy Mr. Omer Abedel Hanid Adeel has presented his credentials to President Giovanni Gronchi.[102]
Tanzania9 December 1961Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 1961 when open Embassy of Italy in Dar es Salaam with accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Tanganyika Mr. Luciano Falco[114]
Tunisia20 June 1956SeeItaly–Tunisia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 June 1956.[100]

Uganda5 July 1964

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1964[126]

Zimbabwe18 April 1980Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1980.[233]

Americas

[edit]
Country
Beginning of formal relations
Notes
Argentina5 May 1856SeeArgentina–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1856 when has been accredited first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Argentina Marcello Cerruti.[39]

Belize1 October 1982
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1982.[169]
  • Belize has a consulate-general inMilan.[237]
  • Italy is represented in Belize through its embassy inMexico City and an honorary consulate.[238]
Bolivia25 February 1864Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Bolivia Antonio Maria Migliorati.[51]
Brazil6 November 1859SeeBrazil–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 November 1859 when has been appointed first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Brazil Gabriele Galateri di Genola.[51]

Canada13 August 1947SeeCanada–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 August 1947 when has been established Legation of Canada in Italy.[247]

Chile25 February 1864SeeChile–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Chile Antonio Maria Migliorati.[51]

Colombia13 March 1864SeeColombia–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Colombia Antonio Maria Migliorati.[51]

Costa Rica25 February 1864Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Ecuador Antonio Maria Migliorati.[44]
Cuba4 February 1903Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1903.[63]
Dominican Republic24 February 1898SeeDominican Republic-Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1898 when has been accredited Minister Resident of Italy to Dominican Republic Chicco Enrico.[260]

Ecuador25 February 1864Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Ecuador Antonio Maria Migliorati.[44]
El Salvador25 February 1864Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to El Salvador Antonio Maria Migliorati.[52]
Grenada
  • Italy is accredited to Grenada from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.[261]
  • Grenada has an honorary consulate inFlorence.[213]
Guatemala25 February 1864Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Guatemala Antonio Maria Migliorati.[45]
Haiti24 February 1898Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1898 when has been accredited Minister Resident of Italy to Haiti Chicco Enrico.[262]
Honduras25 February 1864Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Honduras Antonio Maria Migliorati.[45]
Jamaica14 February 1963Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 February 1963.[122]
Mexico28 December 1864SeeItaly–Mexico relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 December 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Mexico Vittorio Sallier de la Tour.[45]

Nicaragua25 February 1864Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Nicaragua Antonio Maria Migliorati.[45]
Panama15 January 1904Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 January 1904[266]
Paraguay21 July 1867Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1867 when has been appointed first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Paraguay Luigi Joannini Ceva di San Michele.[42]
Peru25 February 1864Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Peru Giovanni Antonio Migliorati.[42]
Trinidad and Tobago4 January 1964Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 January 1964.[123]
United States11 April 1861SeeItaly–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 April 1861.[271]

TheUnited States enjoys a peculiar and friendly relation with Italy, as the latter, defeated in WWII, has been a secret battlefield of the Cold War. Italy and the US are NATO allies and cooperate in the United Nations, in various regional organizations, and bilaterally. Italy has worked closely with the United States and with other nations on such issues as NATO and UN operations as well as with assistance to Russia and the New Independent States; the Middle East peace process; multilateral talks.

Under longstanding bilateral agreements flowing from NATO membership, Italy hosts important U.S. military forces atVicenza andPisa (army);Aviano (air force); and Sigonella, Gaeta, andNaples- home port for the U.S. NavySixth Fleet. The United States still has about 16,000 military personnel stationed in Italy. The NATO War College is situated at Cecchignola, a neighborhood of Rome.

Uruguay5 May 1856SeeItaly–Uruguay relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1856 when has been appointed first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Uruguay Marcello Cerruti.[47]

Venezuela13 March 1864SeeItaly–Venezuela relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 March 1864 when has been appointed first Minister Resident of Italy to Venezuela Antonio Maria Migliorati.[47]

Asia

[edit]
Country
Beginning of formal relations
Notes
Afghanistan3 June 1921SeeAfghanistan–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1921.[72]

  • Afghanistan has an embassy inRome,[273] which was established as a legation in 1921, and was upgraded to embassy in 1960.[274] Italy has an embassy in Kabul.[275]
  • Italy was among the first nations to recognise Afghanistan's sovereignty, following the 1919 recognition by the Soviet Union.[276]
  • Following Germany's 1935 closening with Afghanistan, Italy also established close relations. Afghanistan resisted calls from Moscow and London to expel the Italian and German diplomatic corps for most of World War II.[277]
  • Italy has served as a place of exile for two former Afghan kings,Amanullah Khan (deposed 1929) andMohammed Zahir Shah (deposed 1973).
Armenia17 March 1992SeeArmenia–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 March 1992.[278]

Azerbaijan8 May 1992SeeAzerbaijan–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 May 1992.[191]

Bahrain16 December 1973Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1973.[151]
Bangladesh18 January 1973

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 January 1973 when first Ambassador of Bangladesh to Italy Mr.Ikbal Athar presented his credentials to President Giovanni Leone.[148]

Bangladesh is a huge import market for Italy. Italy has an embassy in Dhaka. Bangladesh has an embassy in Rome.

China6 November 1970SeePeople's Republic of China – Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 November 1970.[143]In 2005, Italy and thePeople's Republic of China have celebrated the 35th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two nations. However, China's massive exports of textile and footwear into Italy are said to be a rising concern toItaly's economy and productivity.[283]

Georgia11 May 1992SeeGeorgia–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 May 1992.[192]

India25 March 1948SeeIndia–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March 1948.[286]

In 2012, relations deteriorated following theEnrica Lexie Case

Indonesia25 June 1950SeeIndonesia–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1950.[4]

  • Both nations have shown strong desire to improve their relations, especially in intercultural understanding and trade.[290]
  • Indonesia recognizes Italy's strategic location and important role in the middle ofMediterranean region, while Italy has favoured relations with Indonesia, and sees Indonesia as the leader inSoutheast Asia.[291]
  • The relations between two countries not only important to bridge the two regional communities;European Union andASEAN, but also vital as intercultural and interfaith dialog.[292]
  • Indonesia has an embassy inRome, that also accredited toMalta,Cyprus,San Marino, while Italy has an embassy inJakarta.
Iran18 February 1886SeeIran–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 February 1886 when has been appointed first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Persia Alessandro De Rege Di Donato.[59]

In 2005, Italy was the third largest trading partner of Iran with 7.5% of all exports to Iran.[293] Italy was the top trading partner of Iran in the European Union in early 2006.[294] Commercial exchanges hit 6 billion euros in 2008.[295]

IraqSeeIraq–Italy relations

Iraq has an embassy inRome and Italy has an embassy inBaghdad and a consulate-general inBasra.

Israel13 July 1949SeeIsrael–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 1949 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Israel to Italy Mr. Shlomo Ginossar.[296]

Japan25 August 1866SeeItaly–Japan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 August 1866.[53]

Jordan7 March 1950Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 March 1950 when has been accredited first Chargé d'Affaires of Jordan to Italy Mr. Edmond Roch Bey.[304]
Kazakhstan21 August 1992SeeItaly-Kazakhstan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 August 1992.[195]

  • In 2017, the trade between Kazakhstan and Italy amounted to $9.6 billion, which is an increase of 13.5% compared to 2016.[305]
  • Italy has an embassy inAstana.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Rome.
Kyrgyzstan24 March 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 March 1992.[188]
Lebanon20 November 1946SeeItaly–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1946 when has been accredited first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Lebanon Mr. Adolfo Alessandrini.[306]

 Maldives1966Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966.[310]
  • Italy has an embassy inColombo which also functed as non-resident ambassador to Maldives.
  • Maldives is represented in Italy through its permanent mission to UN inGeneva since 2012.
Malaysia31 August 1957SeeItaly–Malaysia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1957.[104]

Myanmar24 November 1950Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 November 1950.[94]
  Nepal31 August 1959Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1959.[105]
North Korea4 January 2000[313]SeeItaly–North Korea relations
Oman26 January 1972Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 January 1972[146]
Pakistan7 April 1948Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 1948.[314]
  • Pakistan and Italy enjoy close relationship in all fields. Both countries formally have friendly foreign relations.[315] There are over 100,000 Pakistanis living in Italy, mainly living inMilan andBrescia.[316]
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan for representation
  • Italy maintains an embassy inIslamabad, a consulate-general inKarachi and an honorary consulate inLahore.
Philippines3 November 1946SeeItaly–Philippines relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 November 1946 when has been accredited first interim Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Philippines Mr. Vittorio Strigari.[317]

  • A Treaty of Friendship which was signed in Rome and ratified in December 1948. Italy has an embassy in Manila and the Philippines has an embassy in Rome.
Qatar15 February 1973SeeItaly–Qatar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 February 1973[149]

Saudi Arabia10 February 1932SeeItaly–Saudi Arabia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1932.[79]

  • Italy has an embassy inRiyadh and general consulate inJeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Rome.
Singapore28 October 1965Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 October 1965.[319]
South Korea24 November 1956SeeItaly–South Korea relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between the kingdom of Italy and the kingdom of Korea began on 26 June 1884 and the Re establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Italian republic the Republic of Korea was on November 24, 1956.[103]

  • Italy has aWorking Holiday Program Agreement with South Korea.
  • During theKorean War Italy sent medical staff to help the South Korea.[320]
  • Bilateral Trade in 2014
    • Exports 3,473,000,000 US dollars
    • Imports 6,260,000,000 US dollars
  • Bilateral Investments in 2014
    • South Korea's Investment in Italy 654,000,000 US
    • Italy's Investment in South Korea US$539,000,000
  • The number of the South Koreans living in Italy in 2012 was about 4,054.
  • The Italian Prime MinisterMario Monti visited Seoul in March 2012. (To attend the Seoul Nuclear Security Summit)
  • The President of the Republic of KoreaPark Geun-hye visitedRome in October 2014.
  • From 20 to 24 November 2011, 54 participating Italian companies, 8 trade associations and chambers of commerce and 7 banks, held over 300 meetings with 139 Korean companies. The events were promoted by Confindustria (the Italian employers' federation), the Italian Banking Association (ABI), the Ministry for Economic Development (MiSE) and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs (MFA). It took the form of seminars, workshops, B2B meetings and institutional events, as well as visits to representations of Korean industry. This was the first structured initiative, with a broad-ranging business representation in Korea, by the Italian economic system since the EU-Korea Free Trade Agreement (FTA) entered into force.[325]
Sri Lanka18 April 1950

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1950.[92]

Italy and Sri Lanka maintain a strong relationship dated back from 1st century.[326]

  • Italy aided Sri Lanka with almost 50 million Euros when a tsunami struck Sri Lanka in 2004.
  • Italy has an embassy inColombo.
  • Sri Lanka has an embassy inRome.
  • The estimated trade value between these countries were US$604.49 million in 2009.
Tajikistan19 May 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 May 1992.[193]
Thailand3 October 1868Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1868.[54]
Timor Leste2002Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2002.[205]
Turkey25 September 1856SeeItaly–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 1856 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Turkey Giacomo Durando.[47]

Turkmenistan9 June 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1992.[194]
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan24 March 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 March 1992.[189]
Vietnam23 March 1973SeeItaly–Vietnam relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 March 1973.[150]

Europe

[edit]
Country
Beginning of formal relations
Notes
Albania21 February 1914SeeAlbania–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1914 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Albania Carlo Aliotti.[66]

TheKingdom of Italy supportedAlbanian Declaration of Independence in 1912.
Arbëreshë people
Italian expeditionary corps in Albania
Treaties of Tirana
Italian invasion of Albania
Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)
Italian colonists in Albania

  • Albania has an embassy inRome and a consulate general inBari andMilan.
  • Italy has an embassy inTirana and consulates inGjirokastër,Shkodra,Vlora.
  • Italy and Albania share similar historical, political and cultural backgrounds.[332]
  • Albania is home to 20,000 Italian migrants and has a 5,000 Italian indigenous community.[333]
  • Italy is home to indigenousArbereshe community, including up to 900,000 Albanian immigrants.
  • Italian is the third most spoken language of Albania, after Albanian and Greek.[334]
  • Italy is considered one of Albania's strongest allies especially within the European Union.
  • Albanian is a prominent language in Italy with Albanian immigrants speaking Albanian in large numbers on top of the over 800,000 Italians who speak the Arbereshe dialect of Albanian (seeAlbanians in Italy andArbëreshë people).[334]
Andorra1 February 1995

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1995.[335]

Italy is represented in Andorra through its embassy inMadrid (Spain) and an honorary consulate inAndorra La Vella.

Austria27 January 1867SeeAustria–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 January 1867 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Austro-Hungary Giulio Camillo De Barral De Monteauvrard.[39]

Belarus13 April 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 April 1992.[190]
  • Belarus has an embassy in Rome and 2 honorary consulates (inNaples andTurin).[336]
  • Italy has an embassy in Minsk.[337]
Belgium24 February 1851Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1851 when has been appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Belgium Alberto Lupi Di Montalto.[39]
Bosnia and Herzegovina1 February 1993Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1993.[198]
Bulgaria25 July 1879SeeBulgaria–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 July 1879.[344][57]

Croatia17 January 1992SeeCroatia–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 January 1992.[182]

  • Croatia has an embassy in Rome, 2 general consulates (in Milan and Trieste), and 5 honorary consulates (in Bari, Florence, Montemitro, Naples, and Padua).
  • Italy has an embassy inZagreb, a general consulate inRijeka, a consulate in Split and 2 honorary consulates (inBuje andPula).
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union, NATO, Council of Europe and of the Union for the Mediterranean.
  • There are around 19,500 local ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians andDalmatian Italians) living in Croatia, whose number decreased following theIstrian–Dalmatian exodus.
  • There are 21,360 Croats, some of which are local ethnic, living in Italy (seeCroats of Italy andMolise Croats).
Cyprus12 September 1961Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 September 1961 when the first Ambassador of Italy to Cyprus, Pietro Solari presentation of credentials.[348]
Czech Republic24 October 1918SeeCzech Republic–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1918.[350]

Denmark23 December 1859SeeDenmark–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1859 when has been appointed first interim chargé d'affaires Giovanni Antonio Migliorati.[44]

Estonia31 August 1991SeeEstonia–Italy relations
Finland6 September 1919SeeFinland–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 September 1919.[69]

France25 July 1861SeeFrance–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 July 1861 when has been appointed Envoy Extraordinary and minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to France Costantino Nigra.[44]

Germany20 April 1871SeeGermany–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 April 1871 when has been appointed first Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Germany Edoardo De Launay.[359]

Greece16 June 1861SeeGreece–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 June 1861 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Greece Terenzio Mamiani della Rovere.[45]

Holy See24 June 1929SeeHoly See – Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1929.[361]

Due to the size of theVatican City State, embassies accredited to the Holy See are based on Italian territory. Treaties signed betweenItaly and the Vatican City State permit such embassages. The Embassy of Italy to the Holy See is unique amongst foreign embassages in that it is the only embassy based on its home territory.

The Holy See maintains formal diplomatic relations with 176 sovereign states, theEuropean Union, and theOrder of Malta; 69 of the diplomatic missions accredited to the Holy See are situated inRome, though those countries than have two embassies in the same city, since, by agreement between the Holy See and Italy, the same person cannot be accredited simultaneously to both. This is shown clearly by the fact that Italy recognizes thePeople's Republic of China, and as such, the Chinese Embassy is in Rome. However, the Vatican City State recognizes theTaiwan, and as such, Taiwan's embassy to the Holy See is also in Rome. As Italy was the first country to recognize the Holy See as a sovereign nation, their embassy was the first one established.

Hungary21 November 1920Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1920 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Hungary Gaetano Caracciolo Di Castagneto.[71]
Iceland15 August 1945Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1945.[81]
Ireland27 September 1937Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1937 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Ireland Mr. Romano Lodi Fe.[367]
Kosovo15 May 2008SeeItaly–Kosovo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 2008.[208]

Italyrecognized Kosovo on 21 February 2008.[370][371] Italy has an embassy inPristina since 15 May 2008.[372] Kosovo will open an embassy inRome.

  • There are upwards to 900,000 ethnic Albanians in Italy, many also from Kosovo.
Latvia30 August 1991Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 30 August 1991.[179]
Liechtenstein11 December 1995Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 December 1995 when has been appointed Ambassador of Italy to Liechtenstein with residence in Berne Mr. Arduino Fornara.[177]
  • Italy is represented in Liechtenstein through its embassy inBern (Switzerland)
Lithuania30 August 1991Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 30 August 1991.[180]
Luxembourg7 February 1891Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 February 1891.[60]
Malta21 September 1964SeeItaly–Malta relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 1964.[379]

Moldova21 February 1992SeeItaly-Moldova relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1992.[184]

Monaco25 April 1875

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1875.[380]

  • Italy has an embassy inMonaco.
  • Monaco has an embassy in Rome and an honorary consulate in Venice.
Montenegro14 June 2006SeeItaly–Montenegro relations
Netherlands15 September 1859SeeItaly–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1859 when has been appointed first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to the Netherlands Andrea Taliacarne.[45]

North Macedonia16 December 1993Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1993.[200]
  • Italy has an embassy inSkopje
  • North Macedonia has an embassy in Rome.
  • Both countries are full members of theCouncil of Europe and ofNATO.
Norway22 March 1906Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 March 1906.[386]
Poland27 February 1919SeeItaly–Poland relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 1919.[68]

Portugal24 October 1860SeeItaly–Portugal relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1860 when has been appointed first Chargé d'Affaires of Italy to Portugal Minerva Domenico Pes Di San Vittorio.[42]

Romania26 December 1879SeeItaly–Romania relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 December 1879.[390]

Russia25 September 1856SeeItaly–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 1856 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Russia Francesco Maria Sauli.[42]

Russia has an embassy inRome andconsulates inGenoa,Milan andPalermo, and Italy has anembassy in Moscow, aconsulate inSaint Petersburg, two consulte generals (inEkaterinburg andKaliningrad), and two embassy branches in (Samara andVolgograd). Both countries are full members of theCouncil of Europe and theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

In 2006, Russia and Italy have signed a protocol of cooperation for fighting crime and defending civil liberties.

The relationship between Russia and Italy goes back a long way. Already in the 1960s, Italy's FIAT built a car-assembling plant in the Soviet city ofTolyatti (a city named after the Italian Communist Party's secretaryPalmiro Togliatti). In the past, Russians visited Italy in great numbers. Many Russian students came to Italy each year to study in Italian universities.[395] TheSilvio Berlusconi Government (2001–2006) strengthened Italy's ties with Russia, due to his personal friendship with PresidentVladimir Putin. Cooperation extended also to the aviation sector, between Italy's Alenia and Russia's Sukhoi. Finally, for a long time Italy had the largest communist party in the Western world, with over 2 million members. .[396] Good relations ended in 2022 after the invasion of Russia in Ukraine.

San MarinoSeeItaly–San Marino relations
  • Italy has an embassy inSan Marino.
  • San Marino has an embassy in Rome.
Serbia18 January 1879SeeItaly–Serbia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 January 1879.[56]

Slovakia1 January 1993Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1993.[197]
Slovenia17 January 1992SeeItaly–Slovenia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 January 1992.[183]

Spain5 May 1856SeeItaly–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1856 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Spain barone Romualdo Tecco.[41]

Both countries established diplomatic relations after the unification of Italy. Relations between Italy Spain have remained strong and affable for centuries owing to various political, cultural, and historical connections between the two nations.

Sweden23 December 1859SeeItaly–Sweden relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1859 when has been appointed first interim Chargé d'Affaires Giov. Antonio Migliorati.[46]

 Switzerland12 February 1860SeeItaly–Switzerland relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 1860 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Switzerland Alessandro Jocteau.[47]

Ukraine29 January 1992SeeItaly–Ukraine relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 January 1992.[185]

United Kingdom13 April 1859SeeItaly–United Kingdom relations

Italy establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 13 April 1859.[44][failed verification]

Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights,G7,G20, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Export and Investment Partnership,[405] and a Double Taxation Convention.[406]

Oceania

[edit]
Country
Beginning of formal relations
Notes
Australia4 February 1949SeeAustralia–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1949.[6]

Fiji13 October 1972Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1972.[411]
New Zealand22 August 1950Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 August 1950.[2]
Vanuatu

Italy has an honorary consulate inPort Vila.[414]

International institutions

[edit]

Italy is part of theUN,EU,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theDAC, theWTO, theG7, theG20, theUnion for the Mediterranean, theLatin Union, theCouncil of Europe, theCentral European Initiative, theASEM, theMEF, theISA, theUniting for Consensus and severalContact Groups.

Nobel Prizes

[edit]
Main article:List of Italian Nobel laureates
Swiss Nobel laureates
1907Portrait of Ernesto Teodoro MonetaErnesto Teodoro Moneta20 September 1833 inMilan,Austrian Empire10 February 1918 inMilanPeace"for his work in the press and in peace meetings, both public and private, for an understandingbetween France and Italy"[415]
prize shared withLouis Renault

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^française, La Documentation."L'Italie : un destin européen".www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr.Archived from the original on 2013-05-09. Retrieved2014-10-25.
  2. ^abArticles 3, 7, 8, 19, 20 of theConstitution of Italy; Constitutional Court's Decision n. 203/1989
  3. ^(in Italian)Documento programmatico pluriennale per la Difesa per il triennio 2014-2016Archived 2016-03-04 at theWayback Machine.Italian Ministry of Defence, August 2014.
  4. ^abEnrico Dal Lago, "Lincoln, Cavour, and National Unification: American Republicanism and Italian Liberal Nationalism in Comparative Perspective."The Journal of the Civil War Era 3#1 (2013): 85–113.
  5. ^William L. Langer, ed.,An Encyclopedia of World Cup History. 4th ed. 1968. pp 704–7.
  6. ^ab""Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi" (in Italian). 28 August 2017.Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved14 May 2021.
  7. ^Mack Smith, Denis (1997).Modern Italy; A Political History. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.ISBN 0-472-10895-6
  8. ^"Everything you need to know about March 17th, Italy's Unity Day". 17 March 2017.Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved17 July 2017.
  9. ^abDie Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi, Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971
  10. ^Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi, Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971, vol. 2, p. 297. Citazione completa della fonte e traduzione in Luciano Monzali,Italiani di Dalmazia. Dal Risorgimento alla Grande Guerra, Le Lettere, Firenze 2004, p. 69.)
  11. ^Jürgen Baurmann, Hartmut Gunther and Ulrich Knoop (1993).Homo scribens : Perspektiven der Schriftlichkeitsforschung (in German). Walter de Gruyter. p. 279.ISBN 3484311347.
  12. ^"Il 1861 e le quattro Guerre per l'Indipendenza (1848–1918)" (in Italian). 6 March 2015. Archived fromthe original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved12 March 2021.
  13. ^"La Grande Guerra nei manifesti italiani dell'epoca" (in Italian). Archived fromthe original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved12 March 2021.
  14. ^Genovesi, Piergiovanni (11 June 2009).Il Manuale di Storia in Italia, di Piergiovanni Genovesi (in Italian). FrancoAngeli.ISBN 978-8856818680. Retrieved12 March 2021.
  15. ^Charles Stevenson,A Box of Sand: The Italo-Ottoman War 1911–1912: The First Land, Sea and Air War (2014)
  16. ^"First World War.com – Primary Documents – Italian Entry into the War, 23 May 1915".Firstworldwar.com. Retrieved9 June 2016.
  17. ^ab"First World War.com – Primary Documents – Treaty of London, 26 April 1915".Firstworldwar.com. Retrieved9 June 2016.
  18. ^"Lo Stato libero di Fiume:un convegno ne rievoca la vicenda" (in Italian). 15 November 2020. Retrieved10 May 2021.
  19. ^Nigel Thomas. Armies in the Balkans 1914–18. Osprey Publishing, 2001, p. 17.
  20. ^G.Sabbatucci,La vittoria mutilata, in AA.VV.,Miti e storia dell'Italia unita, Il Mulino, Bologna 1999, pp.101–106
  21. ^Aristotle A. Kallis.Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945. London, England, UK; New York City, USA: Routledge, 2000, pp. 41.
  22. ^Terence Ball, Richard Bellamy. The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. Pp. 133
  23. ^Jozo Tomasevich. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press, 2001. P. 131.
  24. ^Larry Wolff. Venice And the Slavs: The Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press, P. 355.
  25. ^Aristotle A. Kallis.Fascist Ideology: Expansionism in Italy and Germany 1922–1945. London, England; UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2000. P. 118.
  26. ^Mussolini Unleashed, 1939–1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986, 1999. P. 38.
  27. ^abDavide Rodogno.Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation during the Second World War. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006. P. 88.
  28. ^Stephen J. Lee (2008).European Dictatorships, 1918–1945. Routledge. pp. 157–58.ISBN 978-0-415-45484-1.Archived from the original on 2024-02-11. Retrieved2023-07-06.
  29. ^abG. Bianchi,La Resistenza, in: AA.VV.,Storia d'Italia, vol. 8, pp. 368-369.
  30. ^"Storia della guerra civile in Italia"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on 2022-10-13. Retrieved2023-07-06.
  31. ^See the books from Italian historianGiorgio PisanòStoria della guerra civile in Italia, 1943–1945, 3 voll., Milano, FPE, 1965 and the bookL'Italia della guerra civile ("Italy of civil war"), published in 1983 by the Italian writer and journalistIndro Montanelli as the fifteen volume of theStoria d'Italia ("History of Italy") by the same author.
  32. ^Pavone, Claudio (1991).Una guerra civile. Saggio storico sulla moralità della Resistenza (in Italian). Torino: Bollati Boringhieri. p. 238.ISBN 88-339-0629-9.
  33. ^Viganò, Marino (2001), "Un'analisi accurata della presunta fuga in Svizzera",Nuova Storia Contemporanea (in Italian),3
  34. ^"1945: Italian partisans kill Mussolini".BBC News. 28 April 1945.Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved17 October 2011.
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Further reading

[edit]

Pre 1945

[edit]
  • Abbondanza, Gabriele. "The Odd Axis: Germany, Italy, and Japan as Awkward Great Powers." inAwkward Powers: Escaping Traditional Great and Middle Power Theory (2022): 43–71.onlineArchived 2023-05-29 at theWayback Machine
  • Azzi, Stephen Corrado. "The Historiography of Fascist Foreign Policy,"Historical Journal (1993) 36#1 pp. 187–203in JSTORArchived 2019-07-25 at theWayback Machine
  • Bosworth, Richard.Italy and the wider world 1860-1960 (2013)excerpt
  • Bosworth, Richard.Italy: The Least of the Great Powers: Italian Foreign Policy Before the First World War (1979)
  • Bosworth, Richard.Mussolini (2002)excerpt and text searchArchived 2022-01-27 at theWayback Machine
  • Burgwyn, H. James.The legend of the mutilated victory: Italy, the Great War, and the Paris Peace Conference, 1915-1919 (1993).
  • Burgwyn, H. James.Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918-1940 (1997)excerpt and text searchArchived 2016-04-22 at theWayback Machine
  • Cassels, Alan.Italian Foreign Policy, 1918-1945: A Guide to Research and Research Materials (1997)
  • Chabod, Federico.Italian Foreign Policy: The Statecraft of the Founders, 1870-1896 (1996)excerpt and text searchArchived 2016-03-09 at theWayback Machine
  • Gooch, John.Mussolini and his Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922-1940 (2007)excerpt and text searchArchived 2017-05-15 at theWayback Machine
  • Knox, MacGregor.Common Destiny: Dictatorship, Foreign Policy, and War in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany (2000)
  • Lowe, C. J. and F. Marzari.Italian Foreign Policy, 1870-1940 (2001)online
  • Maurizio Marinelli, Giovanni Andornino.Italy's Encounter with Modern China: Imperial dreams, strategic ambitions (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
  • Maurizio Marinelli, "The Genesis of the Italian Concession in Tianjin: A Combination of Wishful Thinking and Realpolitik".Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 15 (4), 2010: 536–556.
  • Sette, Alessandro. "L'Albania nella strategia diplomatica italiana (1871-1915)",Nuova Rivista Storica, Vol. CII, n. 1 (2018), 321–378.
  • Mack Smith, Denis.Modern Italy: A Political History (1997)
  • Taylor, A.J.P.The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (1954), covers all European diplomacy

Since 1945

[edit]
  • Barberini, Pierluigi. "What strategy for Italy in the Mediterranean basin: rethinking the Italian approach to foreign, security and defense policy." (2020).onlineArchived 2022-09-30 at theWayback Machine
  • Baraggia, Antonia. "The Italian regions in the European Union." inFederalism and Constitutional Law: The Italian Contribution to Comparative Regionalism (2021).
  • Cladi, Lorenzo, and Mark Webber. "Italian foreign policy in the post-cold war period: a neoclassical realist approach."European security 20.2 (2011): 205–219.
  • Cladi, Lorenzo, and Andrea Locatelli. "Explaining Italian foreign policy adjustment after Brexit: a Neoclassical realist account."Journal of European Integration 43.4 (2021): 459–473.
  • Collina, Cristian. "A bridge in times of confrontation: Italy and Russia in the context of EU and NATO enlargements."Journal of Modern Italian Studies 13.1 (2008): 25–40.
  • Coticchia, Fabrizio, and Jason W. Davidson.Italian Foreign Policy During Matteo Renzi's Government: A Domestically Focused Outsider and the World (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019).
  • Coticchia, Fabrizio, and Valerio Vignoli. "Italian Foreign Policy: Still the Days Seem the Same?." inForeign policy change in Europe Since 1991 (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021) pp. 179–204.
  • Coticchia, Fabrizio, and Francesco Niccolò Moro. "From enthusiasm to retreat: Italy and military missions abroad after the Cold War."Italian Political Science 15.1 (2020): 114–131.
  • Coticchia, Fabrizio. "A sovereignist revolution? Italy's foreign policy under the "Yellow–Green" government."Comparative European Politics 19.6 (2021): 739-759.onlineArchived 2022-02-25 at theWayback Machine
  • Coticchia, Fabrizio, and Jason W. Davidson. "The limits of radical parties in coalition foreign policy: Italy, hijacking, and the extremity hypothesis."Foreign Policy Analysis 14.2 (2018): 149–168.
  • Croci, Osvaldo. "The 'Americanization' of Italian foreign policy?"Journal of Modern Italian Studies 10.1 (2005): 10–26.
  • Cusumano, Eugenio, and Kristof Gombeer. "In deep waters: The legal, humanitarian and political implications of closing Italian ports to migrant rescuers."Mediterranean Politics 25.2 (2020): 245–253.onlineArchived 2022-02-25 at theWayback Machine
  • Dentice, Giuseppe, and Federico Donelli. "Reasserting (middle) power by looking southwards: Italy's policy towards Africa."Contemporary Italian Politics 13.3 (2021): 331–351.
  • Diodato, Emidio, and Federico Niglia.Berlusconi 'The Diplomat': Populism and Foreign Policy in Italy (Springer, 2018).
  • Faherty, Douglas M.Italian Foreign Policy: Trends for the Twenty-First Century (2012)excerptArchived 2016-03-13 at theWayback Machine
  • Giuntini, Federico Mariano. "Italian 'Yellow-Green Government' and the European Union: a complicated relationship."Journal of Governance and Politics 2 (2019): 19+
  • Giurlando, Philip. "Populist foreign policy: the case of Italy."Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 27.2 (2021): 251–267.
  • Lupo, Nicola, and Giovanni Piccirilli, eds.The Italian Parliament in the European Union (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2017)
  • Monteleone, Carla.Italy in Uncertain Times: Europeanizing Foreign Policy in the Declining Process of the American Hegemony (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019).onlineArchived 2023-09-02 at theWayback Machine
  • Natalizia, Gabriele, and Mara Morini. "Sleeping with the enemy: The not-so-constant Italian stance towards Russia."Italian Political Science 15.1 (2020): 42–59.onlineArchived 2021-08-14 at theWayback Machine
  • Prontera, Andrea. "Italy, Russia and the Great Reconfiguration in East–West Energy Relations."Europe-Asia Studies 73.4 (2021): 647–672.
  • Ratti, Luca. "Italy and NATO in the 21st century: Still a formidable partnership?" inNATO and Transatlantic Relations in the 21st Century (Routledge, 2020) pp. 188–206.
  • Siddi, Marco. "Italy-Russia relations: Politics, energy and other businesses." inEurasian Challenges. Partnerships with Russia and Other Issues of the Post-Soviet Area (2012).onlineArchived 2022-02-25 at theWayback Machine
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