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Foreign relations of Hungary

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Recentelections

Hungary wields considerable influence inCentral and Eastern Europe and is amiddle power in international affairs.[1][2] Theforeign policy of Hungary includes commitments tointernational development,international law,European integration,Atlantic co-operation and increased co-operation within theGlobal East.[3] TheHungarian economy is fairly open and relies strongly oninternational trade.

Hungary has been a member of theUnited Nations since December 1955 and holds current membership with theEuropean Union,NATO, theOECD, theVisegrád Group, theWTO, theWorld Bank, theAIIB and theIMF. Hungary took on the presidency of theCouncil of the European Union for half a year in 2011 and the next will be in 2024. In 2015, Hungary was the fifth largestOECD Non-DAC donor ofdevelopment aid in the world, which represents0.13% of its Gross National Income. In this regard, Hungary stands beforeSpain,Israel orRussia.

Hungary's capital city,Budapest is home to more than 100embassies and foreign representative bodies.[4] Hungary hosts the main and regional headquarters of many international organizations as well, includingEuropean Institute of Innovation and Technology,European Police College,United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,International Centre for Democratic Transition,Institute of International Education,International Labour Organization,International Organization for Migration,International Red Cross, Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe,Danube Commission and even others.[5]

From 1989, Hungary's top foreign policy goal was achieving integration into Western economic and security organizations. It joined thePartnership for Peace program in 1994 and has actively supported theIFOR andSFOR missions in Bosnia. It also improved its often frosty neighborly relations by signing basic treaties withUkraine,Slovakia, andRomania. These renounce all outstanding territorial claims and lay the foundation for constructive relations. However, the issue ofethnic Hungarian minority rights in Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine periodically causes bilateral tensions to flare up. Hungary since 1989 has signed all of theOSCE documents, and served as the OSCE's Chairman-in-Office in 1997. Hungary's record of implementingCSCEHelsinki Final Act provisions, including those on the reunification of divided families, remains among the best in Central and Eastern Europe.

Except for the short-livedneutrality declared by theanti-Soviet leaderImre Nagy in November 1956,Hungary's foreign policy generally followed theSoviet lead from 1947 to 1989. During theCommunist period, Hungary maintained treaties of friendship, cooperation, and mutual assistance with theSoviet Union,Poland,Czechoslovakia, theGerman Democratic Republic,Romania, andBulgaria. It was one of the founding members of the Soviet-ledWarsaw Pact andComecon, and it was the first country to withdraw from those organizations. After 1989, it began to orient more towards the West, joiningNATO in 1999 and theEuropean Union in 2004. In 2010, Hungary initiated its Eastern Opening Policy, marking a commitment to enhancing its relations with other nations within the Global East.[3]

Meeting ofVisegrád Group leaders, plus Germany and France in 2013
United Nations conference in the assembly hall ofHouse of Magnates in theHungarian Parliament

Overview

[edit]

As with any country, Hungarian security attitudes are shaped largely by history and geography. For Hungary, this is a history of more than 400 years of domination by great powers—theOttomans, theHabsburg dynasty, theGermans duringWorld War II, and the Soviets during theCold War—and a geography of regional instability and separation from Hungarian minorities living in neighboring countries. Hungary's foreign policy priorities, largely consistent since 1990, represent a direct response to these factors. From 1990, Hungary's top foreign policy goal was achieving integration into Western economic and security organizations. Hungary joined thePartnership for Peace program in 1994 and has actively supported theIFOR andSFOR missions inBosnia. TheHorn government achieved Hungary's most important foreign policy successes of the post-communist era by securing invitations to join bothNATO and theEuropean Union in 1997. Hungary became a member of NATO in 1999,[6] and a member of theEU in 2004.[7]

Hungary also has improved its often frosty neighborly relations by signing basic treaties withRomania,Slovakia, andUkraine. These renounce all outstanding territorial claims and lay the foundation for constructive relations. However, the issue of ethnic Hungarian minority rights in Slovakia and Romania periodically causes bilateral tensions to flare up. Hungary was a signatory to theHelsinki Final Act in 1975, has signed all of the CSCE/OSCE follow-on documents since 1989, and served as the OSCE's Chairman-in-Office in 1997. Hungary's record of implementing CSCEHelsinki Final Act provisions, including those on the reunification of divided families, remains among the best in eastern Europe. Hungary has been a member of theUnited Nations since December 1955.

TheGabčíkovo - Nagymaros Dams project

This involves Hungary and Czechoslovakia, and was agreed on September 16, 1977 ("Budapest Treaty"). The treaty envisioned across-border barrage system between the towns Gabčíkovo,Czechoslovakia and Nagymaros, Hungary. After an intensive campaign, the project became widely hated as a symbol of the oldcommunist regime. In 1989 theHungarian government decided to suspend it. In its sentence from September 1997, theInternational Court of Justice stated that both sides breached their obligation and that the 1977 Budapest Treaty is still valid. In 1998 the Slovak government turned to the International Court, demanding the Nagymaros part to be built. The international dispute was partially solved in 2017.

On March 19, 2008, Hungary recognizedKosovo as an independent country.[8]

Relations between Hungary and its Western partners have strained, because Orban's government has maintained relations with Russia despitesanctions against Russia after the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[9]

Illicit drugs:Major trans-shipment point forSouthwest Asianheroin andcannabis and transit point forSouth Americancocaine destined forWestern Europe; limited producer of precursorchemicals, particularly foramphetamines andmethamphetamines

Refugee protection:TheHungarian border barrier was built in 2015, and Hungary was criticized by other European countries for using tear gas and water cannons onrefugees of the Syrian Civil War as they were trying to pass the country.[10][11]

Since 2017,Hungary–Ukraine relations have rapidly deteriorated over the issue of theHungarian minority in Ukraine.[12][13]

The U.S. election on 5 November 2024 resulted in a landslide Republican victory. Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán loudly and consistently proclaimed that he not only expected Trump to take back the presidency but heartfully wished him to do so. Thanks to Orbán's unwavering support towards Trump, the personal relationship between the two statesmen has become impeccable, especially during the Biden administration when U.S.-Hungarian relations hit rock bottom.[14]

Hungary and Central Asia

[edit]
Viktor Orbán at the 8th Summit of the Organization of Turkic States

A number of Hungarian anthropologists and linguists have long had an interest in theTurkic peoples, fueled by the eastern origin of the Hungarians' ancestors.[15] The Hungarian ethnomusicologistBence Szabolcsi explained this motivation as follows: "Hungarians are the outermost branch leaning this way from age-old tree of the great Asian musical culture rooted in the souls of a variety of peoples living from China through Central Asia to the Black Sea".[16]

Since the political transformation in 1990, Hungary has prioritized its diplomatic engagements with the Turkic world.[17] in 2018, Hungary became an observer within theOrganisation of Turkic States, underscoring a deepened engagement in regional cooperation.[18]

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Hungary maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1Austria20 November 1918[19]
2  SwitzerlandFebruary 1919[20]
3France8 January 1920[21]
4Norway12 February 1920[22]
5Bulgaria9 August 1920[23]
—Holy See10 August 1920[24][25]
6Romania21 August 1920[26]
7Sweden12 November 1920[27]
8Japan9 February 1921[28]
9Netherlands14 January 1921[29]
10United Kingdom22 May 1921[30]
11Denmark13 June 1921[31]
12SerbiaJune 1921[32]
13Poland17 November 1921[33]
14United States17 December 1921[34]
15Czech Republic6 February 1922[35]
16Belgium20 February 1922[36]
17Finland12 April 1922[37]
18Albania23 May 1922[38]
19Luxembourg17 July 1923[39]
20Turkey7 May 1924[40]
21Argentina25 June 1924[41]
22Spain12 July 1924[42]
23Iran1925[43]
24Mexico13 January 1926[44]
25Italy15 April 1927[45]
26Brazil1927[46]
27Chile14 November 1930[47]
28Russia6 February 1934[48]
29EcuadorSeptember 1946[49]
30North Korea11 November 1948[50]
31India18 November 1948[51]
32Israel6 February 1949[52]
33China6 October 1949[53]
34Vietnam3 February 1950[54]
35Mongolia28 April 1950[55]
36Bolivia17 October 1952[56]
37Syria13 May 1954[57]
38Egypt13 October 1954[58]
39Indonesia26 June 1955[59]
40Iceland17 July 1955[60]
41Myanmar5 March 1956[61]
42Sudan7 March 1956[62]
43Afghanistan18 May 1956[63]
44Uruguay14 June 1956[64]
45Greece23 July 1956[65]
46Tunisia31 August 1956[58]
47Iraq30 August 1958[66]
48Sri Lanka15 February 1959[67]
49Guinea26 February 1959[68]
50Yemen21 March 1959[69]
51Morocco23 October 1959[70]
52Ethiopia17 November 1959[71]
53Cuba15 September 1960[72]
54Somalia14 October 1960[73]
55Cyprus18 October 1960[74]
56   Nepal15 January 1961[75]
57Mali12 March 1961[76]
58Ghana29 July 1961[77]
59Algeria7 April 1962[78]
60Benin18 June 1962[79]
61Laos12 September 1962[80]
62Tanzania23 November 1962[81]
63Cambodia22 July 1963[82]
64Kenya21 March 1964[83]
65Nigeria4 April 1964[84]
66Kuwait7 May 1964[85]
67Jordan16 May 1964[86]
68Canada11 June 1964[87]
69Pakistan26 February 1965[88]
70Uganda23 August 1965[89]
71Lebanon1 December 1965[76]
72Mauritania1 December 1965[90]
73Zambia13 August 1966[91]
74Libya2 July 1967[92]
75Senegal24 January 1968[93]
76Ivory Coast22 February 1968[94]
77Burundi29 May 1968[95]
78Burkina Faso8 June 1968[96]
79New Zealand30 March 1969[97]
80Peru16 April 1969[98]
81Venezuela30 April 1969[99]
82Sierra Leone10 November 1969[100]
83Malaysia29 December 1969[101]
84Central African Republic10 February 1970[102]
85Republic of the Congo14 February 1970[103]
86Equatorial Guinea18 February 1970[104]
87Costa Rica14 May 1970[56]
88Togo20 June 1970[105]
89Singapore24 August 1970[106]
90Malta12 December 1970[107]
91Bangladesh29 February 1972[108]
92Australia6 April 1972[109]
93Gambia14 June 1972[110]
94Rwanda31 July 1972[111]
95Chad1 November 1972[112]
96Niger3 February 1973[113]
97Colombia28 March 1973[114]
98Guinea-Bissau15 June 1973[115]
99Democratic Republic of the Congo16 June 1973[115]
100Honduras2 July 1973[56]
101Philippines28 September 1973[116]
102Thailand24 October 1973[117]
103Germany21 December 1973[118]
104Portugal1 July 1974[119]
105Jamaica8 February 1975[120]
106Maldives25 May 1975[120]
107Trinidad and Tobago7 June 1975[120]
108Mozambique25 June 1975[120]
109Guyana9 July 1975[120]
110Cape Verde16 July 1975[120]
111Panama4 September 1975[120]
112Madagascar1 December 1975[120]
113Angola23 December 1975[120]
114Liberia15 July 1976[121]
115Fiji12 August 1976[121]
116Ireland1 October 1976[121]
117São Tomé and Príncipe2 November 1976[121]
118Papua New Guinea15 January 1977[122]
119Djibouti28 June 1977[122]
120Suriname14 July 1977[122]
121Grenada30 July 1977[122]
122Seychelles30 November 1977[122]
123Comoros30 November 1977[122]
124Barbados8 March 1978[123]
125Nicaragua1 October 1979[124]
126Botswana30 April 1980[125]
127Zimbabwe22 December 1980[126]
128Lesotho29 March 1983[127]
129Cameroon21 January 1987[128]
130Gabon24 October 1988[129]
—State of Palestine23 November 1988[130]
131South Korea1 February 1989[131]
132United Arab Emirates2 August 1989[132]
133Bahrain3 March 1990[133]
134Namibia23 March 1990[134]
135Mauritius24 April 1990[93]
136Eswatini9 May 1990[129]
—Sovereign Military Order of Malta15 June 1990[135]
137Oman20 June 1990[136]
138Guatemala11 October 1990[129]
139Qatar18 October 1990[137]
140Malawi26 December 1990[93]
141Paraguay2 May 1991[129]
142San Marino24 May 1991[138]
143South Africa24 July 1991[139]
144Estonia2 September 1991[140]
145Latvia2 September 1991[141]
146Lithuania2 September 1991[142]
147El Salvador26 September 1991[129]
148Ukraine3 December 1991[143]
149Moldova16 January 1992[144]
150Slovenia16 January 1992[145]
151Croatia18 January 1992[146]
152Brunei21 January 1992[129]
153Belarus12 February 1992[147]
154Armenia26 February 1992[148]
155Uzbekistan3 March 1992[149]
156Kazakhstan23 March 1992[150]
157Bosnia and Herzegovina10 April 1992[151]
158Kyrgyzstan16 April 1992[152]
159Azerbaijan27 April 1992[153]
160Turkmenistan11 May 1992[154]
161Georgia14 May 1992[155]
162Tajikistan2 July 1992[156]
163Slovakia1 January 1993[157]
164Liechtenstein14 June 1993[158]
165Eritrea24 August 1993[159]
166North Macedonia29 August 1994[160]
167Andorra1 March 1995[161]
168Saudi Arabia4 April 1995[162]
169Dominican Republic7 March 2003[163]
170Timor-Leste24 January 2003[164]
171Bahamas29 April 2005[129]
172Antigua and Barbuda16 May 2005[129]
173Saint Vincent and the Grenadines23 May 2005[165]
174Belize10 June 2005[129]
175Haiti11 July 2005[129]
176Saint Lucia7 October 2005[129]
177Montenegro14 June 2006[166]
178Dominica2 June 2008[129]
—Kosovo27 June 2008[167]
179Saint Kitts and Nevis11 May 2011[129]
180Vanuatu6 June 2011[168]
181Solomon Islands21 June 2011[169]
182Tuvalu11 July 2011[170]
183Nauru12 July 2011[129]
184Samoa7 September 2011[129]
185South Sudan23 September 2011[129]
186Tonga23 September 2011[129]
187Federated States of Micronesia7 September 2012[129]
188Monaco2 May 2016[171]
189Kiribati17 June 2016[129]
190Palau18 September 2017[172]
—Cook Islands20 September 2018[173]
191Marshall Islands27 September 2019[129]

Relations by region and country

[edit]

Multilateral

[edit]
OrganizationFormal Relations BeganNotes
European Union(SeeHungary in the European Union)
NATO(SeeHungary in NATO)
  • Hungary joinedNATO as a full member on 12 March 1999.

Africa

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Cape Verde
  • Cape Verde is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Hungary is accredited to Cape Verde from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal[174][175] and maintains an honorary consulate inPraia.[176]
Ethiopia
  • Ethiopia is accredited to Hungary from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations inGeneva, Switzerland.
  • Hungary has an embassy inAddis Ababa.
Ghana(SeeGhana–Hungary relations)
  • Ghana is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Prague, Czech Republic.
  • Hungary has an embassy inAccra.
Guinea-Bissau
  • Guinea-Bissau is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Hungary is accredited to Guinea-Bissau from its embassy in Lisbon, Portugal.[176]
Mauritania
  • Hungary is accredited to Mauritania from its embassy in Rabat, Morocco.[177][178]
Morocco
  • Hungary has an embassy inRabat.
  • Morocco has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Latifa Akharbach, Morocco's under-secretary of Minister of Foreign Affairs visited Hungary in 2007.
Uganda
  • Hungary is represented in Uganda by its embassy inNairobi,Kenya[177] and an honorary consulate inKampala.[177]
  • Hungary is realizing the largest foreign development program in its history in Uganda.[179]

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Argentina(SeeArgentina–Hungary relations)
  • Argentina has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy inBuenos Aires.
Belize
  • Belize does not have an accreditation to Hungary.
  • Hungary does not have an accreditation to Belize.
Brazil1927(SeeBrazil–Hungary relations)
  • Brazil has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy inBrasília and a consulate-general inSão Paulo.
Canada1964(SeeCanada–Hungary relations)
Colombia28 March 1973(SeeColombia–Hungary relations)
  • Colombia has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy inBogotá.
Dominica
  • Hungary is accredited to Dominica from its embassy in Havana, Cuba.[182][177]
Mexico1925(SeeHungary–Mexico relations)

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1864, during the time of theAustro-Hungarian Empire. Diplomatic relations were established between Hungary and Mexico in 1925 and were suspended in 1941. They were re-established on 14 May 1974.

United States1922(SeeHungary–United States relations)

Normal bilateral relations between Hungary and the U.S. were resumed in December 1945 when a U.S. ambassador was appointed and the embassy was re-opened.

Uruguay(SeeHungary–Uruguay relations)
  • Hungary is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina and has an embassy office inMontevideo.
  • Uruguay is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Armenia2022-12-02(SeeArmenia–Hungary relations)

On 31 August 2012, Armenia severed relations with Hungary following the extradition ofRamil Safarov.[187] On 2 December 2022, Armenia and Hungary restored diplomatic relations.[188]

Azerbaijan(SeeAzerbaijan–Hungary relations)
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy inBaku.
China1949-10-04(SeeHungary-China relations)
  • China has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy inBeijing and consulates-general inHong Kong andShanghai.
  • Officials from Hungary regularly visit China on trade missions, a factor that helped enable the buyout of distressed Hungarian chemical maker Borsodchem by the Chinese companyWanhua Industrial Group.[189]
Georgia
  • Georgia has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy inTbilisi.
India(SeeHungary–India relations)
  • Hungary has an embassy inNew Delhi.
  • India has an embassy in Budapest.
Indonesia1955(SeeHungary–Indonesia relations)
Iran1939(SeeHungary–Iran relations)
  • Since 1951, Hungary has an embassy inTehran.[192]
  • Iran has an embassy in Budapest.[193]
  • Hungary is committed to expand cooperation with the Islamic Republic of Iran.[194]
Iraq(SeeHungary–Kurdistan Region relations)
  • Hungary has an embassy inBaghdad.
  • Iraq has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Between August 2003 and March 2005, Hungary had contributed to more than 300 soldiers to theMultinational force in Iraq.
Israel(SeeHungary–Israel relations)
Japan(SeeHungary–Japan relations)
Kazakhstan(SeeHungary–Kazakhstan relations)
  • Hungary has an embassy inAstana and a consulate-general inAlmaty.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Budapest.
Malaysia1969(SeeHungary–Malaysia relations)
Mongolia1959-05-29
North Korea(SeeHungary–North Korea relations)
  • Relations between the two countries existed since theKorean War, but however have evolved into conflicts.
Pakistan1965-11-26(SeeHungary–Pakistan relations)
Palestine1988-11-23(SeeHungary–Palestine relations)
  • Hungary has a representative office inRamallah.
  • Palestine has an embassy in Budapest.
Qatar18 October 1990[137]
Saudi Arabia
  • Hungary has an embassy inRiyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Budapest.
South Korea1 February 1989[206](SeeHungary–South Korea relations)

The establishment of diplomatic relations between Hungary and the Republic of Korea began on 1 February 1989.

Sri Lanka(SeeHungary–Sri Lanka relations)

Sri Lanka has an embassy in Vienna, Austria that is accredited to Hungary[209] and has an honorary consulate in Budapest[210] Hungary maintains an honorary consulate inColombo, Sri Lanka.[211] Hungary contributed to relief after the2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, and has since stepped up aid to Sri Lanka.[212]

Thailand1973-10-24
Turkey(SeeHungary–Turkey relations)
Memorial to Hungarianfreedom fighters of 1848–1849 at Protestant Cemetery inŞişli,Istanbul.
United Arab Emirates
  • Hungary has an embassy inAbu Dhabi.
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Budapest.
Vietnam1950-02-03(SeeHungary–Vietnam relations)

Europe

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Albania(SeeAlbania–Hungary relations)

Austria-Hungary supportedAlbanian Declaration of Independence in 1912.

  • Albania has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy inTirana.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
  • Albania is ancandidate and Hungary is anEUmember.
Austria(SeeAustria–Hungary relations)

Austrian-Hungarian relations are the neighborly relations between Austria and Hungary, two member states of the European Union. Both countries have a long common history since the ruling dynasty of Austria, the Habsburgs, inherited the Hungarian throne in the 16th century. Both have been part of the now-defunct Austro-Hungarian Monarchy from 1867 to 1918. The two countries established diplomatic relations in 1921, after their separation.

  • Austria has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy inVienna and a consulate-general inInnsbruck.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union.
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina1992-04-10
  • Hungary recognized Bosnia and Herzegovina's independence on April 9, 1992.
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy inSarajevo.[222]
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina is ancandidate and Hungary is anEUmember.
Bulgaria1920(SeeBulgaria–Hungary relations)
Croatia(SeeCroatia–Hungary relations)
  • Croatia has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy inZagreb.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Cyprus
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy inNicosia.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union.
Czech Republic(SeeCzech Republic–Hungary relations)
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy inPrague.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Denmark(SeeDenmark–Hungary relations)
Estonia1924-02-24(SeeEstonia–Hungary relations)
  • Estonia has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy inTallinn and two honorary consulates (in Tallinn andTartu).[225]
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Finland20 May 1947(SeeFinland–Hungary relations)
  • Hungary recognised Finland on August 23, 1920. Finland recognised Hungary on September 10, 1920.
  • Finland broke off diplomatic relations on September 20, 1944.
  • Diplomatic relations were re-established on May 20, 1947.
  • Both national languages,Finnish andHungarian, areUralic languages, which has led to cultural exchange albeit at a much smaller scale compared to the third major Uralic-speaking country, Estonia.
  • Finland has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate inPécs.[226]
  • Hungary has an embassy inHelsinki and four honorary consulates (inTurku,Mariehamn,Tampere andJoensuu).[227]
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
France(SeeFrance–Hungary relations)
  • France has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy inParis.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Germany(SeeGermany–Hungary relations)
  • Germany has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy inBerlin.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Greece(SeeGreece–Hungary relations)
  • Greece has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy inAthens.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Ireland1976
Italy
Kosovo(SeeHungary–Kosovo relations)

Hungaryrecognized Kosovo on 19 March 2008.[234]

  • Hungary has an embassy inPristina.[235]
  • Kosovo has an embassy in Budapest.
Latvia1921-07-21
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta1964
Montenegro

Hungary recognized Montenegro shortly after their declaration of independence.

Netherlands(SeeHungary–Netherlands relations)
North Macedonia
Norway1920
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1920, but diplomatic representations were set up only in 1947–1948.
  • Hungary has an embassy inOslo and 2 honorary consulates (inStavanger andSarpsborg).[242]
  • Norway has an embassy in Budapest.[243]
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
Poland(SeeHungary-Poland relations)
Portugal1974-07-01
Romania1920(SeeHungary–Romania relations)
Russia(SeeHungary–Russia relations)
Serbia1882-11-21(SeeHungary–Serbia relations)
Slovakia1993(SeeHungary–Slovakia relations)
Slovenia(SeeHungary–Slovenia relations)
Spain1938-01-13(SeeHungary–Spain relations)
Sweden1945-12-28(SeeHungary–Sweden relations)
 Switzerland
  • Hungary has an embassy inBern and consulate inGeneva.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Both countries are full members of theCouncil of Europe.
Ukraine(SeeHungary–Ukraine relations)
United Kingdom22 May 1921(SeeHungary–United Kingdom relations)
British Foreign SecretaryJeremy Hunt withHungarian Foreign MinisterPéter Szijjártó at aNATO summit inChevening, October 2018.

Hungary establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 22 May 1921.[30]

Both countries share common membership of theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention.[254]

Oceania

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Australia1972
New Zealand
  • Hungary has an embassy inWellington.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Rome, Italy and maintains an honorary consulate in Budapest.

Foreign criticism

[edit]

In December 2010, theFidesz government adopted a press and media law which threatens fines on media that engage in "unbalanced coverage".[256] The law aroused criticism in theEuropean Union as possibly "a direct threat to democracy".[256]

In 2013, the government adopted anew constitution that modified several aspects of the institutional and legal framework in Hungary. These changes have been criticized by theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Union andHuman Rights Watch as possibly undermining the rule of law and human rights protection.[257]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Solomon S (1997)South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power LeadershipArchived at theWayback Machine (archived 26 April 2015),ISS
  2. ^Higgott, Richard A.; Cooper, Andrew Fenton (1990). "Middle power leadership and coalition building: Canada, the Cairns Group, and the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations".International Organization.44 (4):589–632.doi:10.1017/S0020818300035414.JSTOR 2706854.S2CID 153563278.
  3. ^abPéter, Dániel (2015)."The Eastern Opening - An Element of Hungary's Trade Policy". Retrieved20 December 2023.
  4. ^"Embassies in Budapest". 123embassy.com. 2014. Retrieved20 November 2016.
  5. ^"International organizations in Hungary". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived fromthe original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved20 November 2016.
  6. ^"THE ACCESSION OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC, HUNGARY AND POLAND"(PDF).nato.int.
  7. ^"Hungary".europa.eu.
  8. ^"Croatia and Hungary recognize Kosovo".The Associated Press. International Herald Tribune. 2008-03-19. Retrieved2008-09-21.
  9. ^"Hungary's loyalties tested as Russia's war in Ukraine grinds on".aljazeera.com. Retrieved14 Apr 2023.
  10. ^Hungary border crackdown, The Guardian 16 September 2015
  11. ^Hungarian police spray tear gas water cannons at migrants, CBS News 16 September 2015
  12. ^"Ukraine defends education reform as Hungary promises 'pain'".The Irish Times. 27 September 2017.
  13. ^"Hungary-Ukraine relations hit new low over troop deploymentArchived 2019-03-31 at theWayback Machine".New Europe. 26 March 2018.
  14. ^Szitás, Péter (2024)."Hungary, Trump, and the Rule of Law".Danube Institute. Retrieved2025-07-22.
  15. ^Róna-Tas, András (1999).Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history. Central European University Press. pp. 409–410.ISBN 978-963-9116-48-1.
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Further reading

[edit]
  • Borhi, László, "In the Power Arena: U.S.-Hungarian Relations, 1942–1989,"The Hungarian Quarterly (Budapest), 51 (Summer 2010), pp 67–81.
  • Glant, Tibor, "Ninety Years of United States-Hungarian Relations,"Eger Journal of American Studies, 13 (2012), pp 163–83.
  • Hornyak, Arpad.Hungarian-Yugoslav Diplomatic Relations, 1918–1927 (East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press; 2013) 426 pages.
  • Niklasson, Tomas. "Regime stability and foreign policy change: interaction between domestic and foreign policy in Hungary 1956-1994" (PhD dissertation Lund University, 2006)online.
  • Váli, Ferenc A, "The Foreign Policy of Hungary" in Kuhlman, James A (ed.),The Foreign Policies of Eastern Europe: Domestic and International Determinants (Sijthoff, Leyden, 1978).
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