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Foreign relations of Egypt

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African UnionMember State of the African Union
Arab LeagueMember State of the Arab League

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TheForeign relations ofEgypt are the Egyptian government's external relations with the outside world. Egypt's foreign policy operates along a non-aligned level. Factors such as population size, historical events, military strength, diplomatic expertise and a strategic geographical position give Egypt extensive political influence in theAfrica,the Mediterranean,Southwest Asia, andwithin the Non-Aligned Movement as a whole.Cairo has been a crossroads of theMediterranean's,Africa's andAsia's commerce and culture formillennia, and its intellectual and religious institutions are at the center of the region's social and cultural landmarks.

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

[edit]

Egypt has been seeking to play a role in the resolution of theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict.

Egypt played an important role in the negotiations leading to theMadrid Conference of 1991, which, under United States andSoviet sponsorship, brought together all parties in the region, including for the first time a Palestinian delegation, to discuss Middle East peace.

This support has continued to the present, with former PresidentHosni Mubarak often intervening personally to promote peace negotiations. In 1996, he hosted the Sharm El-Sheikh "Summit of the Peacemakers" attended by PresidentBill Clinton and other world leaders.

In 2000, he hosted two summits atSharm El-Sheikh and one atTaba in an effort to resume the Camp David negotiations suspended in July 2000, and in June 2003, Mubarak hosted PresidentGeorge W. Bush for another summit on Middle East peace process. Another summit was convened in Sharm El Sheik in early 2005, which was attended by Egypt,Israel, thePalestinian Authority andJordan. The former Egyptian Chief of Intelligence, GeneralOmar Suleiman, played a role in negotiations between the Israeli and Palestinian sides.

List

[edit]

List of countries which Egypt maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1Romania1 April 1906[1]
2Serbia1 February 1908[2]
3United Kingdom19 December 1914[3][failed verification]
4Finland8 April 1922[4]
5Greece15 April 1922[5]
6United States26 April 1922[6]
7Italy30 April 1922[7]
8Spain9 May 1922[8]
9Belgium10 May 1922[9]
10France31 May 1922[10][11]
11Denmark1 June 1922[12]
12Czech Republic25 November 1922[13]
13Netherlands16 November 1922[14]
14Sweden25 November 1922[15]
—Iran (suspended)1923[16]
15Brazil27 February 1924[17][18]
16Turkey8 May 1925[19]
17Portugal25 June 1925[20]
18Bulgaria5 November 1925[21]
19Ethiopia1927[22]
20Poland1927[23]
21Afghanistan10 March 1928[24]
22Chile5 July 1929[25]
23Austria30 April 1931[26]
24Uruguay25 February 1932[27]
25  Switzerland11 March 1935[28]
26Luxembourg14 November 1935[29]
27Norway25 April 1936[30]
28Saudi Arabia7 May 1936[31]
29Russia26 August 1943[32]
30Lebanon30 November 1944[33]
31Syria1944[34]
32Philippines3 March 1946[35]
33Yemen11 April 1946[36]
34Jordan28 May 1947[37]
35Argentina9 June 1947[38]
36Indonesia10 June 1947[39]
37India18 August 1947[40]
—Holy See23 August 1947[41]
38Pakistan20 October 1947[42]
39Cuba5 September 1949[43]
40Australia23 July 1950[44]
41Venezuela16 November 1950[45]
42Germany16 October 1952[46]
43Cambodia30 March 1953[47]
44Myanmar8 August 1953[48]
45Libya3 September 1953[49]
46Canada28 July 1954[50]
47Japan23 August 1954[51]
48Thailand27 September 1954[52]
49Hungary13 October 1954[53]
50Sudan4 January 1956[54][55]
51Albania14 March 1956[56]
52Morocco2 May 1956[57]
53Tunisia2 May 1956[57]
54China30 May 1956[58]
55Colombia23 January 1957[59]
56   Nepal16 July 1957[60]
57Sri Lanka24 October 1957[61]
58Ghana7 November 1957[62]
59Liberia1957[63]
60Panama21 February 1958[64]
61Mexico31 March 1958[65]
62Iraq2 August 1958[66]
63Malaysia10 November 1959[67]
64Guinea1959[68]
65Paraguay1959[69]
66Senegal4 April 1960[70]
67Democratic Republic of the Congo30 June 1960[71]
68Somalia8 July 1960[72]
69Togo20 September 1960[73]
70Nigeria1 October 1960[74]
71Cyprus25 October 1960[75]
72Ecuador8 November 1960[76]
73Bolivia17 November 1960[77]
74Haiti30 November 1960[78]
75Dominican Republic30 December 1960[79]
76Cameroon7 January 1961[80]
77Mali10 January 1961[81]
78Sierra Leone27 April 1961[82]
79Burkina Faso23 September 1961[83][84]
80Kuwait2 December 1961[85]
81Algeria8 November 1962[86]
82Tanzania14 November 1962[87]
83Mongolia2 April 1963[88]
84Niger7 July 1963[89]
85North Korea24 August 1963[90]
86Vietnam1 September 1963[91]
87Peru7 October 1963[92]
88Kenya7 March 1964[93]
89Trinidad and Tobago22 March 1964[94]
90Uganda27 May 1964[95]
91Jamaica10 June 1964[96]
92Republic of the Congo28 July 1964[97]
93Mauritania21 October 1964[98]
94Malawi25 November 1964[99]
95Burundi8 December 1964[100]
96Benin15 December 1964[101]
97Ivory Coast15 December 1964[101]
98Zambia15 December 1964[101]
99Costa Rica1964[102]
100El Salvador1964[103]
101Gambia31 May 1965[104]
102Malta2 November 1965[105]
103Singapore28 November 1966[106]
104Iceland20 May 1968[107]
105Equatorial Guinea12 October 1968[108]
106Maldives12 February 1969[109]
107Central African Republic2 July 1969[110]
108New Zealand13 February 1970[111]
109Madagascar23 February 1970[112]
110Mauritius26 March 1970[113]
111Guatemala7 September 1970[114]
112ChadSeptember 1970[115]
113Rwanda10 February 1971[116]
114Guyana10 September 1971[117]
115Qatar1 November 1971[118]
116Oman20 March 1972[119]
117Fiji5 May 1972[120]
118Bahrain5 June 1972[121]
119United Arab Emirates26 October 1972[122]
120Botswana7 March 1973[123]
121Gabon9 April 1973[124]
122Lesotho31 May 1973[125]
123Bangladesh15 September 1973[126]
124Eswatini20 November 1973[127]
125Guinea-Bissau11 June 1974[128]
126Ireland12 December 1974[129]
127Mozambique25 June 1975[130]
128Angola18 February 1976[131]
129São Tomé and PríncipeMarch 1976[132]
130Comoros28 June 1976[133]
131Seychelles14 July 1976[134]
132Grenada14 September 1976[135]
133Cape Verde19 October 1976[136]
134LaosNovember 1976[137]
135Suriname23 February 1977[138]
136Djibouti22 July 1977[139]
137Samoa8 September 1978[140]
138Nicaragua11 September 1978[141]
139Israel26 February 1980[142][143]
140Zimbabwe23 April 1980[144]
—Sovereign Military Order of Malta1980[145]
141Brunei2 May 1984[146]
142Honduras5 August 1986[147]
143San Marino27 April 1989[148]
—State of PalestineOctober 1989[149]
144Namibia20 May 1990[150]
145Estonia2 January 1992[151]
146Kyrgyzstan9 January 1992[152]
147Lithuania22 January 1992[153]
148Latvia23 January 1992[154]
149Uzbekistan23 January 1992[155]
150Ukraine25 January 1992[156]
151Belarus1 February 1992[157]
152Moldova13 February 1992[158]
153Kazakhstan6 March 1992[159]
154Armenia9 March 1992[160]
155Azerbaijan27 March 1992[161]
156Slovenia30 April 1992[162]
157Marshall Islands2 May 1992[163]
158Georgia11 May 1992[164]
159Croatia1 October 1992[165]
160Slovakia1 January 1993[166]
161Turkmenistan3 February 1993[167]
162Tajikistan1 April 1993[168]
163Bosnia and Herzegovina17 April 1993[169]
164Eritrea9 August 1993[170]
165South Africa29 April 1994[171]
166Belize6 May 1994[172]
167North Macedonia14 November 1994[173]
168South Korea13 April 1995[174]
169Andorra25 February 1997[172]
170Timor-Leste20 May 2002[175]
171Bahamas11 February 2005[176]
172Liechtenstein17 October 2005[177]
173Montenegro27 September 2006[178]
174Barbados3 November 2006[179]
175Monaco31 May 2007[180]
176Antigua and Barbuda7 July 2010[172]
177Dominica7 July 2010[172]
178Saint Lucia19 July 2010[172]
179Kiribati25 September 2010[181]
180Federated States of Micronesia25 September 2010[182]
181Nauru25 September 2010[183]
182Palau25 September 2010[184]
183Saint Vincent and the Grenadines16 November 2010[185]
184Solomon Islands23 December 2010[186]
185Tuvalu23 December 2010[187]
186South Sudan9 July 2011[188]
187Vanuatu22 September 2011[189]
188Bhutan14 November 2012[172]
189Papua New Guinea19 May 2016[190]
190Saint Kitts and Nevis21 September 2021[191]

Bilateral relations

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Africa

[edit]

In the 21st-century Egypt has encountered a major problem with immigration, as millions of Africans attempt to enter Egypt fleeing poverty and war. Border control methods can be "harsh, sometimes lethal." This has strained relations with Egypt's southern neighbors, and with Israel and the members of the EU as these immigrants attempt to move on to wealthier countries.[192]

The dispute between Egypt andEthiopia over theGrand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam has become a national preoccupation in both countries.[193][194] Egypt sees the dam as an existential threat, fearing that the dam will reduce the amount of water it receives from theNile.[195] Egypt's Foreign MinisterSameh Shoukry said: "Survival is not a question of choice, but an imperative of nature."[196]

CountryFormal relations establishedNotes
AlgeriaSeeAlgeria–Egypt relations
  • Algeria has an embassy inCairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy inAlgiers.
Angola18 February 1976Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 February 1976[131]
  • Angola has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy inLuanda.
Democratic Republic of the Congo30 June 1960Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1960[197]
  • DR Congo has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy inKinshasa.
Djibouti22 July 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 July 1977, when the first Ambassador of Egypt to Djibouti, Mohamed Samy Heiba, presented his credentials to President Hassan Gouled Aptidon.[198]
  • Djibouti has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy inDjibouti City.
EthiopiaSeeEgypt–Ethiopia relations
  • Egypt has an embassy inAddis Ababa.
  • In 2021, Ethiopia closed its embassy in Cairo due to financial reasons.[199] In November 2022, Ethiopia reopened its embassy in Cairo.[200]
Guinea-Bissau11 June 1974Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 June 1974[128]
  • Egypt is accredited to Guinea-Bissau from its embassy in Conakry, Guinea.[201]
  • Guinea-Bissau is accredited to Egypt from its embassy in Algiers, Algeria.
  • Both countries are full member of theAfrican Union.
KenyaSeeEgypt–Kenya relations
  • Egypt has an embassy inNairobi.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Cairo.
Libya3 September 1953SeeEgypt–Libya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 September 1953 when first Libyan Minister to Egypt Ibrahim El-Senoussi present his credentials to General Naguib.[202]

  • Egypt has an embassy inTripoli and a consulate-general inBenghazi.
  • Libya has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
Mauritania21 October 1964Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 October 1964 when UAR (Egypt) officially recognized the Islamic Republic of Mauritania.[98]
MoroccoSeeEgypt–Morocco relations
  • Egypt has an embassy inRabat.
  • Morocco has an embassy in Cairo.
Nigeria
Rwanda10 February 1971Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1971[203]
  • Egypt has an embassy inKigali.
  • Rwanda has an embassy in Cairo.
Senegal
  • Egypt has an embassy inDakar.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Cairo.
SomaliaSeeEgypt–Somalia relations
  • Egypt has an embassy inMogadishu.
  • Somalia has an embassy in Cairo.
South Africa1942SeeEgypt–South Africa relations
Sudan4 January 1956SeeEgypt–Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 January 1956 when first ambassador of Egypt to Sudan general Mahmoud Seif El-Yazal Khalifa presented his letters of credentials.[54][55]

South Sudan9 July 2011SeeEgypt–South Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 2011[205]

  • Egypt has an embassy inJuba.
  • South Sudan has an embassy in Cairo.
Tanzania14 November 1962Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1962 when Mr. Mustafa F. El-Essawi has been accredited as Ambassador of United Arab Republic (Egypt) to Tanganyika with residence in Dar es Salaam.[87]
  • Egypt has an embassy inDar-es-Salaam.
  • Tanzania has an embassy in Cairo.
Tunisia
  • Egypt has an embassy inTunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Cairo.
Zimbabwe23 April 1980Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 April 1980.[144]
  • Egypt has an embassy inHarare.
  • Zimbabwe has an embassy in Cairo.

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal relations establishedNotes
Argentina9 June 1947SeeArgentina–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1947[38]

Brazil27 February 1924SeeBrazil–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 1924.[208]

Canada28 July 1954SeeCanada–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 July 1954[210]

Both countries established embassies in their respective capitals in 1954.

Chile1929Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1929[213]
  • Chile has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy inSantiago.
Colombia23 January 1957SeeColombia–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 1957[59]

  • Colombia has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy inBogotá.
Cuba5 September 1949Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 1949[43]
  • Cuba has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy inHavana.
Mexico31 March 1958SeeEgypt–Mexico relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 March 1958[214]

Peru7 October 1963Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1963.[216]
  • Egypt has an embassy inLima.
  • Peru has an embassy in Cairo.
United States26 April 1922SeeEgypt–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 April 1922[217]

After theYom Kippur War,Egyptian foreign policy began to shift as a result of the change in Egypt's leadership from PresidentGamal Abdel-Nasser toAnwar Sadat and the emerging peace process between Egypt andIsrael. Sadat realized that reaching a settlement of theArab–Israeli conflict is a precondition for Egyptian development. To achieve this goal, Sadat ventured to enhance US–Egyptian relations to foster a peace process with Israel. After a seven-year hiatus, both countries reestablished normal diplomatic relations on February 28, 1974.

Military cooperation

[edit]

Following thepeace treaty with Israel, between 1979 and 2003, the US has provided Egypt with about $19 billion in military aid, making Egypt the second largest non-NATO recipient of US military aid after Israel. Also, Egypt received about $30 billion in economic aid within the same time frame. In 2009, the US provided a military assistance of US$1.3 billion (inflation adjusted US$ 1.91 billion in 2024), and an economic assistance of US$250 million (inflation adjusted US$ 366.4 million in 2024).In 1989 both Egypt and Israel became aMajor non-NATO ally of the United States.[citation needed]

Military cooperation between the US and Egypt is probably the strongest aspect of their strategic partnership. GeneralAnthony Zinni, the former Commandant of theUS Central Command (CENTCOM), once said, "Egypt is the most important country in my area of responsibility because of the access it gives me to the region." Egypt was also described during theClinton Administration as the most prominent player in the Arab world and a key US ally in the Middle East. US military assistance to Egypt was considered part of the administration's strategy to maintaining continued availability of Persian Gulf energy resources and to secure the Suez Canal, which serves both as an important international oil route and as critical route for US warships transiting between theMediterranean and either theIndian Ocean or thePersian Gulf.[citation needed]

War on Terror

[edit]

Despite differences and periods of friction in relations between the two countries, the US-Egyptian relations under Mubarak have evolved moving beyond the Middle East peace process towards an independent bilateral friendship. It was in the US interest that Egypt was able to present moderate voice in Arab councils and persuade other Arab states to join the peace process and to normalize their relations with the US.

However lately Egyptian-American relations have become a little tense. This is due to a great extent to the Egyptian unwillingness to send troops to Afghanistan and Iraq in peace stabilization missions. Egypt strongly backed the US in its war against international terrorism after the September 11 attacks, but refused to send troops to Afghanistan during the war and after it. Egypt also opposed US military intervention of March 2003 in Iraq, continued to oppose US occupation of the country after the war and further refused to comply with US requests to send troops to the country even under a UN umbrella.

The issue of participation in the post-war construction efforts in Iraq has been controversial in Egypt and in the Arab world as a whole. Opponents say that the war was illegal and it is necessary to wait until Iraq has legal representative government to deal with it. On the other hand, supporters of participation argued that the responsibility to protect Iraqis and to help them in time of crisis should prevail and guide the Egyptian action inIraq, despite the fact that the Iraqis do not agree.

Post-Mubarak relations with U.S.

[edit]
This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(December 2018)

On January 21, 2012, theU.S. Secretary of TransportationRay LaHood's son, Sam, was detained by the Egyptian government and not allowed to leave the country as part of a politically charged criminal investigation by the Egyptian government into the activities ofnon-governmental organizations (NGOs) monitoring local elections in Egypt. LaHood's son is the Egypt director of theInternational Republican Institute. The Egyptian government has detained twelve NGO representatives from leaving Egypt.[218]

On February 5, 2012, Egyptian authorities charged LaHood's son and 42 other individuals with "spending money from organizations that were operating in Egypt without a license." Nineteen Americans are part of the 42 charged. The U.S. government has made it clear that $1.5 billion in U.S. aid to Egypt could be withheld if the investigation is not finished quickly. Faiza Abu Naga,Egypt's Minister of International Cooperation, is seen as the person pushing the investigation forward, straining U.S. and Egypt relations.[219]

On 7 October 2020, in line withEgypt's Vision 2030,US Agency for International Development (USAID) andEgypt's Ministry of International Cooperation signed an agreement to add $22.8 million to the five-year Inclusive Economic Governance bilateral assistance agreement. The funding was intended to improve the investment environment and empower women to join the labor force.[220]

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
 Afghanistan10 May 1928Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1928 when has been signed Treaty of Friendship between Afghanistan and Egypt.[24]
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy inKabul.
Armenia9 March 1992SeeArmenia–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 March 1992[223]

  • Egypt was one of the first countries in the Arab world which recognized the independent Armenia in 1991.
  • In May 1992, the first diplomatic mission of Armenia in the Arab East was inaugurated inCairo.[224]
  • Egypt has an embassy inYerevan.
  • Egypt had a sizable Armenian community since the 19th century. Many ethnic Armenian Egyptians remain in Egypt to this day.
Azerbaijan27 March 1992
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 March 1992.[161]
  • On December 26, 1991, the Arab Republic of Egypt recognized the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan.[225]
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy inBaku.
Bahrain5 June 1972Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 June 1972.[226]
  • Bahrain has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy inManama.
Bangladesh15 September 1973SeeBangladesh-Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1973.[126]

  • Egypt has an embassy inDhaka, Bangladesh.
  • Bangladesh has an embassy in Cairo, Egypt.

Egypt was one of the first Arab states to recognize Bangladesh's independence.[227] PresidentAnwar Al Sadat enjoyed a close rapport with Bangladesh's founderSheikh Mujibur Rahman. In 1973, Egypt gifted 30 tanks to the Bangladesh Army.

Both nations are members of theOIC and theDeveloping 8 Countries, and identified among theNext Eleven economies. Present-day relations are characterized by a growing trade and economic relationship.

China30 May 1956SeeChina–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 May 1956[58]

  • China has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
  • Egypt has an embassy inBeijing and consulates-general inHong Kong andShanghai.
Georgia11 May 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 May 1992[228]
India18 August 1947SeeEgypt–India relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 August 1947[230]

Modern Egypt-India relations go back to the contacts betweenSaad Zaghloul andMohandas Gandhi on the common goals of their respective movements of independence. In 1955, Egypt underGamal Abdul Nasser and India underJawaharlal Nehru became the founders of theNon-Aligned Movement. During the 1956 War, Nehru stood supporting Egypt to the point of threatening to withdraw his country from theCommonwealth of Nations. In 1967, following theSix-Day War, India supported Egypt and the Arabs. In 1977, New Delhi described the visit of PresidentAnwar al-Sadat to Jerusalem as a "brave" move and considered the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel a primary step on the path of a just settlement of the Middle East problem. Major Egyptian exports to India include raw cotton, raw and manufactured fertilizers, oil and oil products, organic and non-organic chemicals, leather and iron products. Major imports into Egypt from India are cotton yarn, sesame, coffee, herbs, tobacco and lentils. The Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum is also currently negotiating the establishment of a natural gas-operated fertilizer plant with another Indian company. In 2004 theGas Authority of India Limited, bought 15% of Egypt Nat Gas distribution and marketing company.

In 2008 Egyptian investment in India was worth some 750 million dollars, according to the Egyptian ambassador.[231]

PresidentMubarak of Egypt visited India in 2008. During the visit he met Prime MinisterManmohan Singh.[232]

In 2023 India has invited Egyptian President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi as the chief guest of the 74th Republic Day parade.[233] Also Representing the main branches of the Egyptian armed forces, 144 soldiers participated in the parade.[234]

Indonesia10 June 1947SeeEgypt–Indonesia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1947.[235]

Iran1939

(Diplomatic relations severed 1980)

SeeEgypt–Iran relations

In 1939, diplomatic relations between Egypt andIran were upgraded to ambassadorial level, andYoussef Zulficar Pasha was appointed as Egypt's first ambassador inTehran. In the same year,Princess Fawzia of Egypt, the sister ofKing Farouk I, marriedMohammad Reza Pahlavi, the then crown prince (later shah) of Iran. However, since the1979 Islamic Revolution, Egypt's relations with Iran have been mostly strained. Egypt is the only Arab country not to have an embassy in Iran.[236] Contentious issues include Egypt's signing of theCamp David Accords withIsrael in 1979, its support forIraq inIran's eight-year conflict, the Islamic Republic's hailing ofKhalid Islambouli, the latePresidentAnwar Sadat's assassin as a religious hero, seeing as there was both a street and mural named after him (however, the honorer was changed toMuhammad al-Durrah, the 12-year-oldPalestinian boy shot and killed during the outset of the Second Intifada), and close Egyptian relations with theUnited States, and most of theWestern European countries. In 2007, relations between the two have thawed in the fields of diplomacy and economic trade, only to collapse during theGaza War (2008–09) when the Iranian and Egyptian politicians exchanged blames over inaction towards the escalation. Despite wavering tensions betweenTehran andCairo, the two countries are members of theOIC and theDeveloping 8

In 2010, leaked diplomatic cables revealed that Mubarak expressed animosity toward Iran in private meetings, saying the Iranian leaders are "big, fat liars", and that Iran's backing of terrorism is "well-known".[237] According to one American report, Mubarak views Iran as the primary long-term challenge facing Egypt, and an Egyptian official said that Iran is running agents inside Egypt in an effort to subvert the Egyptian regime. he also stated that if Iran will reach a nuclear weapons, Egypt will also consider reaching such weapons.[238]

IraqSeeEgypt-Iraq relations

Since 1983, Iraq has repeatedly called for restoration of Egypt's "natural role" among Arab countries. In January 1984, Iraq successfully led Arab efforts within the OIC to restore Egypt's membership. However, Iraqi-Egyptian relations were broken in 1990 after Egypt joined the UN coalition that forced Iraq out of Kuwait. Relations have steadily improved in recent years, and Egypt is now one of Iraq's main trade partners (formerly under theOil-for-Food Programme).

Israel26 January 1980SeeEgypt–Israel relations

The state of war between both countries which dated back from the1948 Arab–Israeli War ended in 1973 with theEgypt–Israel peace treaty a year after theCamp David Accords. Since then, relations have improved.

Being a pioneer of peace making in the region and driven from its belief that a peaceful Middle East is the best solution for the development of Egypt, the third Egyptian presidentAnwar Sadat's groundbreaking trip to Jerusalem in 1977, the 1978Camp David Accords, and the 1979Egypt–Israel peace treaty represented a fundamental shift in the politics of the region; from a strategy of confrontation to one of peace as a strategic choice. Egypt was subsequently ostracized by other Arab states and ejected from theArab League from 1979 to 1989.

However, due to circumstances of today'sIsraeli–Palestinian conflict, full normalization of relations between these two countries is still halted and sometimes fought against in both countries. The Egyptian ambassador to Tel Aviv is often withdrawn, and the peace has been called a cool peace due to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

  • Egypt has an embassy inTel Aviv and a consulate-general inEilat.
  • Israel has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
Japan1922SeeEgypt-Japan relations

Egypt-Japan relations are described by the Egyptian ambassador to Japan as a "very strong friendship",[239] with embassies mutually established.[240] At present, the two nations maintain a cordial relationship with strong economic and trade relations.[241]

  • Egypt has an embassy inTokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Cairo.
Jordan28 May 1947SeeEgypt-Jordan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 1947 when Mohamed Bey Yassin, Egyptian Minister in Transjordan with residence in Baghdad presented his credentials.[242]

On April 6, 1972, the Egyptian government severed relations in protest for a Jordanian plan for federation with the West Bank, which didn't take PLO interests unto consideration. These relations were restored on September 11, 1973.[243] They were severed again in 1979, this time by the Jordanian government, in protest of the Egypt–Israel peace treaty. Following the outbreak of the Lebanon War of 1982, the US government put pressure on both governments to reach accommodation for the purpose of formulating a joint peace strategy vis-a-vis the Israeli government,[244] and relations were restored on September 25, 1984.

  • Egypt has an embassy inAmman.
  • Jordan has an embassy in Cairo.
Kazakhstan6 March 1992Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1992.[245]
  • Egypt has an embassy inAlmaty, Kazakhstan.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy inCairo, Egypt.

In 2006,President Mubarak of Egypt visited Kazakhstan on the third leg of a three-country tour. During the visit he met with Kazakh PresidentNazarbayev. Mubarak stated that 30 trade and economic cooperation agreements had been concluded between the two countries.[246]

Kuwait2 December 1961Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 December 1961[85]
  • Egypt has an embassy inKuwait City.
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Cairo.
Lebanon30 November 1944Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1944 when was opened Legation of Lebanon in Cairo.[247]
  • Egypt has an embassy inBeirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
Malaysia1957[248]SeeEgypt–Malaysia relations
Mongolia2 April 1963SeeEgypt–Mongolia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1963[249]

Cairo currently hosts Mongolia's only embassy on the African continent.[250][251]

Oman
  • Egypt has an embassy inMuscat.
  • Oman has an embassy in Cairo.
Pakistan20 October 1947SeeEgypt–Pakistan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1947 when the Egyptian Government has agreed to the establishment of a Pakistan Embassy in Cairo and to the appointment Mr. J. A. Rahim as Chargé d'Affaires.[252]

Pakistan and Egypt have diplomatic and trade relations. Both countries are members of the OIC (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation), "theNext Eleven" and the "D8". Relations between the two countries were established after Pakistan was established. Pakistan President General Muhammad Ayub Khan, visited Egypt in 1959 and Egyptian PresidentGamal Abdul Nasser visited Pakistan in 1960.[citation needed]

  • Egypt has an embassy inIslamabad.
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Cairo.
PalestineSeeEgypt–Palestine relations
  • Egypt has representative offices inRamallah and inGaza City.
  • Palestine has an embassy in Cairo.
Philippines1955-01-18SeeEgypt–Philippines relations
  • Egypt has an embassy inManila.
  • Philippines has an embassy in Cairo.
Qatar1 November 1971SeeEgypt-Qatar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 November 1971[118]

Lately, relations have not been at its best. SheikhTamim bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of the State of Qatar, has described the 2013 political transition in Egypt as a "military coup".[253] It is worth mentioning that the main problem between the two governments is the Qatari support to the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.[253]

The Egyptian government, along with those of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates, broke off diplomatic relations with Qatar on 5 June 2017. The Egyptian Foreign Ministry announced it was closing its air and sea ports to Qatari transportation. The Egyptian, Saudi, Bahraini, and Emirati governments cited Qatar's continuing support for "terrorism", such as theMuslim Brotherhood.[254] Islam Hassan argues "Egypt has had troubled relations with Qatar for many years, except of Mohamed Morsi's period in power. The Egyptian government has seen Qatar as a source of instability. TheEgyptian regime also sees that Qatar challenges its rule by financing the Muslim Brotherhood, and other organizations, which the regime has outlawed and consider terrorist organizations. Thus, the Egyptian regime has been trying to push back on Qatar by any means. The current issue between the Saudi bloc and Qatar seemed to be an opportunity to put pressure on Qatar to stop financing the Muslim Brotherhood, its affiliates, and supporters, and to support the Sisi regime."[255][256]

Saudi Arabia7 May 1936SeeEgypt–Saudi Arabia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1936 when was signed a Treaty by Egypt and Saudi Arabia in Cairo which included Egypt's recognition of Saudi Arabia as an independent and sovereign state.[257]

  • Egypt has an embassy inRiyadh and a consulate-general inJeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
South Korea13 April 1995SeeEgypt–South Korea relations
Thailand27 September 1954Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1954[52]
  • Egypt has an embassy inBangkok.
  • Thailand has an embassy inCairo.
Turkey8 May 1925See alsoEgypt–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 May 1925.[19]

  • Egypt has an embassy inAnkara and a Consulate General inIstanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy inCairo[262] and a Consulate General inAlexandria.[263]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$5.25 billion in 2018 (Egyptian exports/imports: 2.19/3.06 billion USD).[264]
  • 100,971 Egyptian tourists visited Turkey in 2017.[264]
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters inCairo since 2010.[265]
  • Egypt was part of the Ottoman Empire from 1517 until leaving in 1805.
  • There is a free trade agreement in force between the two countries.
United Arab Emirates10 January 1972SeeEgypt-United Arab Emirates relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1972.[266]

  • Egypt has an embassy inAbu Dhabi and a consulate-general inDubai.
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Cairo.
Vietnam1 September 1963
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 September 1963.[267]
  • Vietnam first opened its commercial representative office in Egypt in 1958, and opened an embassy in Cairo in 1963.
  • Egypt's embassy inHanoi was opened in 1964.
Yemen11 April 1946Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 April 1946[36]

Europe

[edit]
See also:Egypt–European Union relations

European Union relations with Egypt are based on a partnership relation within the Euro – Mediterranean and Middle East area, which is of vital strategic importance and a key external relations priority for the EU.

TheEuro-Mediterranean Partnership launched at the 1995 Barcelona Conference between the European Union and its originally 12Mediterranean Partners:Algeria,Cyprus,Egypt,Israel,Jordan,Lebanon,Malta,Morocco,Syria,Tunisia,Turkey, and thePalestinian Authority.Libya currently has observer status at certain meetings. Since the enlargement, in May 2004 and January 2007, the co-operation and needs covers 35 countries, the EU of 27, includingCyprus andMalta and the 10 Mediterranean Partners.

Egypt has also taken an active role regarding Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, such as its participation in the technical meeting of which it was the speaker for the Arab group. Additionally, the first meeting of the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary assembly was co-chaired by an Egyptian.

Egypt has been one of the leading recipients among the Mediterranean partners in terms of total funds received from theMEDA programme, the principal financial instrument of the European Union for the implementation of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. It is focused on policy-led, national structural reform and liberalisation programmes with a sector-wide approach.

The EU is Egypt's biggest trading partner currently accounting for 42% of Egyptian exports and 37% of imports, with thebalance of trade still in the EU's favour. Trade between the EU and Egypt has risen by more than 5% in the last five years to reach around 11.6 billion euro in 2004. Egypt's main exports to the EU in 2004 were energy (39%), textiles and clothing (15%), agricultural products (9%), and chemicals (5%). Major imports from the EU were power generating machinery (21%), chemicals (16%), transport equipment (16%), and food and agricultural products (10%). Egypt has a serious but improving trade deficit that has put considerable pressure on theEgyptian pound.

Trade relations with the EU are good although there are several outstanding trade and phyto-sanitary issues. These range from specific market access issues and difficulties for businesses facing a highly regulated and complex system through to restrictions in the export of agricultural goods (potatoes) and fishery products because they do not conform with EU quality norms.

Egypt is included in the European Union'sEuropean Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.

Some time after the starting of theArab Spring, in March 2011 theEuropean Union adopted the joint declaration ' A partnership for democracy and shared prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean', aimed at making a number of initiatives in the field of civic society support, financial assistance and further access to the EU market dependent upon advancement in the democratization process.[268]

As far as Egypt was concerned this declaration envisioned the further deepening of the previous Free Trade Agreement stipulated in 2004, geared towards the inclusion of areas such as trade in services, government procurement, competition, intellectual property rights, and investment protection. To the 2011 declaration, a preliminary phase of the negotiations followed in June 2013, when the EU andEgypt began an exploratory dialogue on how to deepen trade and investment relations, in particular through the possible negotiation of a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA).[269]

In August 2014, theEuropean Union discussed the possibility of revising provision of aid toEgypt.[270] However, divisions over the appropriate stance to adopt among European diplomats persisted, coupled by the fear that the vacuum might be soon filled by other actors, following a Saudi Foreign Minister's declaration that the Kingdom was ready to step in[271] and those of Prime Minister Hazem al Beblawi about the possibility to appeal to Russia for foreign aid.[272] Therefore, the only measure upon which the Foreign Ministers agreed was to suspend the sale of arms and materials that could be used for repression,[271] but fell short to halt aid program which could damage civil society.

Earlier in July 2013, EU High RepresentativeCatherine Ashton had visited Egypt in an attempt to promote reconciliation among the parties involved. She is credited for being the only foreign diplomat to get access to deposed president Mohamed Morsi.[273]In an official statement released at the end of a following visit held in April 2014, the Representative raised the issue of the death penalties and incarceration of journalists and activists.[274] At the same time, her later declarations about el-Sisi's bid for presidential candidacy as "difficult" but "brave"[275] sparked harsh criticism among supporters of theMuslim Brotherhood, who claimed the Representative, who advanced logistical reasons, did not make any efforts to get in touch with them and members of their Anti-Coup Alliance.[276]

In April 2014, the European Union agreed to conduct electoral monitoring, for the first time, in occasion of the Presidential elections scheduled for 26/27 May 2014. Other organizations declined to join, as in their opinion this would legitimize what they called an unlawful take on power.[277]

A contract for the sale of 30Rafale fighter jets was signed between the defense ministries of Egypt and France in May 2021. The official value of the contract was not disclosed at first and was later exposed to be worth 3.75 billion euro or $4.5 billion, by an investigative website called Disclose. In December 2020, French PresidentEmmanuel Macron received criticism for not controlling the sale of weapons to Egypt on its poorhuman rights record, stating counter-terrorism concerns. The Egyptian defense ministry cited that the deal would be supported via a 10-year loan without disclosing its value or any further details. Rights organizations have denounced the deal and accused the French president of overlooking the increasing violation of freedom in Egypt under the regime of President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi. France's armed forces, finance, and foreign ministries were unavailable for comment. However, French officials claim thatParis, under one of its policies, is avoiding criticism of countries on their human rights records to work with them effectively in private.[278]

On 3 February 2022, around 175 Members of European Parliament wrote a joint letter to foreign ministers and ambassadors to theUN Human Rights Council and requested them to secure the establishment of a UN human rights monitoring and reporting mechanism on Egypt. The MEPs were concerned that despite devastating human rights crisis in Egypt, the international communities persistently failed to take any meaningful action to address the situation. The Egyptian authorities, under PresidentAbdel Fattah Al-Sisi, have "brutally and systematically" repressed all forms of dissent and severely curtailed civic space.[279]

CountryFormal relations establishedNotes
Albania14 March 1956SeeAlbania–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 March 1956[56]

Austria
  • Austria has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy inVienna.
Belgium
  • Belgium has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy inBrussels.
Bulgaria5 November 1925SeeBulgaria–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1925[282]

Croatia1 October 1992SeeCroatia–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1992[284]

  • Croatia has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy inZagreb.
CyprusSeeCyprus–Egypt relations

Diplomatic relations between both countries were established soon after Cyprus gained its independence in 1960.

  • Cyprus has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy inNicosia.

During an April 2009 meeting at ministerial level, the countries explored ways to develop closer ties, with plans for increased collaboration both on tourism and energy related activities. There has been talk of Cyprus increasing her imports of natural gas, Egypt using Cyprus as a bridge for exports to Europe and on prospects for the training of Cypriot engineers by their Egyptian counterparts on techniques for the extraction of oil and natural gas.[285]

Czech Republic
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy inPrague.
Denmark1 June 1922SeeDenmark–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 1922 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Denmark to Egypt Mr. G. H. Ryan de Treschow.[12]

Finland15 February 1947
France31 May 1922SeeEgypt–France relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 May 1922 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of France to Egypt Henri Gaillard and open Legation (Embassy) of France in Egypt.[10][11]

Germany1957-12[289]SeeEgypt–Germany relations
GreeceAugust 1833[290]SeeEgypt-Greece relations

Both countries share relations since the yearsBC Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece Since the creation ofAlexandria byAlexander the Great, Egypt has had a sizable Greek community, mostly centered around Alexandria, which is today Egypt's second largest city and also the seat of the Greek OrthodoxPatriarchate of Alexandria. In the modern era, both countries enjoy very good and warm diplomatic relations since 1833 and especially after the Greek War Independence, and both countries have signed several defense cooperation agreements, with the heads of states visiting each other in a regular basis.

Hungary
  • Egypt has an embassy inBudapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Cairo.
Ireland12 December 1974Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 December 1974.[129]
Italy30 April 1922SeeEgypt–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1922 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Egypt Mr Lazzaro Negrotto Cambiaso.[293]Relations were established during the period of the Roman Empire and Ancient Egypt. However, duringWorld War II, relations were strained as the Italian and German Troops launched a campaign on Egypt but were defeated by Egyptian and British Forces in the battle ofEl Alamein. However, after the war, relations were re-established and are close.

See alsoItalian Egyptian

 KosovoSeeEgypt–Kosovo relations

Egypt recognised the Republic of Kosovo as an independent state on 26 June 2013.[294]

  • Kosovo has a liaison office inCairo.
Lithuania
  • Egypt is accredited to Lithuania from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • Lithuania has an embassy in Cairo.
Malta2 November 1965Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1965[295]
Netherlands16 November 1922Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1922 when Mr. J. P. graaf van Limburg Stirum has been accredited as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Netherlands to Egypt.[298]
  • Egypt has an embassy inThe Hague.
  • The Netherlands has an embassy in Cairo.
North Macedonia14 November 1994

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1994[299]

North Macedonia has an embassy inCairo.[300]

Norway
  • Egypt has an embassy inOslo.
  • Norway has an embassy in Cairo.
Poland1927SeeEgypt–Poland relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1927.[301]

  • Egypt has an embassy inWarsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Cairo.
Portugal25 June 1925Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1925[302]
  • Portugal has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy inLisbon.
Romania3 April 1926Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1926 when the diplomatic representations from Romania and Egypt were raised to the level of Legation.[303]
  • Egypt has an embassy inBucharest.[304]
  • Romania has an embassy in Cairo.
Russia26 August 1943SeeEgypt–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1943[305]

SerbiaSeeEgypt-Serbia relations
Slovenia30 April 1992SeeEgypt–Slovenia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1992[307]

Spain9 May 1922SeeEgypt–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 May 1922 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Spain to Egypt Mr. Silvio F. Vallin.[8]

  • Egypt has an embassy inMadrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Cairo.
Sweden25 November 1922Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1922 when Harald Bildt take up the post of first Swedish Minister to Egypt.[308]
  • Egypt has an embassy inStockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Cairo.
 Switzerland11 March 1935

SeeEgypt-Switzerland relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1935 when Mr. Henri Martin, first Minister of Switzerland to Egypt, presented his letters of credentials.[309]

Ukraine25 January 1992SeeEgypt–Ukraine relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 January 1992[156]

United Kingdom1914SeeEgypt–United Kingdom relations
British Prime MinisterRishi Sunak withEgyptian PresidentAbdel Fattah el-Sisi atCOP27 inSharm El Sheikh, October 2023.

Egypt establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 19 December 1914.[3][failed verification]

  • Egypt maintains anembassy in London.[313]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Egypt through its embassy inCairo.[314]

The UK governedEgypt from 1882 to 1956, when it achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of theUnited Nations, theWorld Health Organization, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have anAssociation Agreement,[315] a Development Partnership,[316] and a Double Taxation Convention.[317]

Oceania

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Australia1950SeeAustralia–Egypt relations
New Zealand1974SeeEgypt–New Zealand relations

International involvement

[edit]

Egypt played a key role during the 1990-91Persian Gulf crisis. President Mubarak helped assemble the international coalition and deployed 35,000 Egyptian troops against Iraq to liberateKuwait. The Egyptian contingent was one of the largest in the coalition forces, along with the U.S.,U.K. and Saudi Arabia.

In the aftermath of the Gulf War, Egypt signed theDamascus Declaration withSyria and the Persian Gulf states to strengthen Persian Gulf security. Egypt continues to contribute regularly toUnited Nationspeacekeeping missions, most recently inEast Timor,Sierra Leone, andLiberia.

Following the September 11, 2001terrorist attacks on the United States, Egypt, which has itself been the target of terrorist attacks, has been a key supporter of the U.S. war against terrorists and terrorist organizations such asOsama bin Laden andal-Qaeda, and has supported the Iraqi Governing Council.

On December 25, 2006, the Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmed Abul Gheit called for end to "nuclear double standards" where sanctions are imposed onIran for enriching uranium, but theIsraeli nuclear program is not subject to any control by theInternational Atomic Energy Agency.[323]

Egypt is member ofABEDA,ACC,ACCT (associate),AfDB,AFESD,AL,AMF,AU,BSEC (observer),CAEU,CTBT,EBRD,ECA,ESCWA,FAO,G-15, G-19,G-24,G-77,IAEA,IBRD,ICAO,ICC,ICRM,IDA,IDB,IFAD,IFC,IFRCS,IHO,ILO,IMF,IMO,Inmarsat,Intelsat,Interpol,IOC,IOM,ISO,ITU,MINURSO,MONUC,NAM,OAPEC,OAS(observer),OAU,OIC,OSCE (partner),PCA,UN,UNAMSIL,UNCTAD,UNESCO,UNIDO,UNITAR,UNMIBH,UNMIK,UNMOP,UNOMIG,UNRWA,UNTAET,UPU,WCO,EFTU,WHO,WIPO,WMO,WToO, andWTrO. Egypt is one of only seven U.N. members which is not a member of theOrganisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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