TheFord Model A (also colloquially called theA-Model Ford or theA, andA-bone among hot rodders andcustomizers)[6]is theFord Motor Company's second market success, replacing the venerableModel T which had been produced for 18 years. It was first produced on October 20, 1927, but not introduced until December 2.[7] This new Model A (a previous model had used the name in 1903–04) was designated a 1928 model and was available in four standard colors.
By February 4, 1929, one million Model A's had been sold, and by July 24, two million.[8] The range of body styles ran from the Tudor at US$500 (in grey, green, or black) ($9,156 in 2024 dollars)[9][8] to the town car with a dual cowl at US$1,200 ($21,974 in 2024 dollars).[9][10] In March 1930, Model A sales hit three million, and there were nine body styles available.[8]
Model A production ended in March 1932, after 4,858,644 had been made in all body styles.[11] Its successor was theModel B, which featured an updatedinline four-cylinder engine, as well as theModel 18, which introduced Ford's newflathead (sidevalve) V8 engine.
Prices for the Model A ranged from US$385 for a roadster to US$1,400 for the town car. The engine was a water-cooledL-head inline four with a displacement of 201 cu in (3.3 L).[12] This engine provided 40 hp (30 kW; 41 PS).[12]Top speed was around 65 mph (105 km/h). The Model A had a 103.5 in (2,630 mm) wheelbase with a final drive ratio of 3.77:1. The transmission was a conventional unsynchronized three-speed sliding-gearmanual[12] with a single speed reverse. The Model A had four-wheel mechanicaldrum brakes.[12]
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The Model A came in a wide variety of styles includingcoupes (standard and deluxe), business coupe, sports coupe, roadster coupes (standard and deluxe), convertiblecabriolet, convertiblesedan, phaetons (standard and deluxe), Tudor sedans (standard and deluxe), town car, Fordors (five-window standard, three-window deluxe), Victoria, town sedan, station wagon, taxicab, truck, and commercial. The very rare special coupe started production around March 1928 and ended in mid-1929.[citation needed]
The Model A was the first Ford to use the standard set of driver controls with conventional clutch and brake pedals, throttle, and gearshift. Previous Fords used controls that had become uncommon to drivers of other makes. The Model A's fuel was situated in the cowl, between the engine compartment's fire wall and the dash panel. It had a visual fuel gauge, and the fuel flowed to the carburetor by gravity. A rear-view mirror was optional.[5] In cooler climates, owners could purchase anaftermarket cast iron unit to place over the exhaust manifold to provide heat to the cab. A small door provided adjustment of the amount of hot air entering the cab. The Model A was one of the first production cars to havesafety glass in the windshield.[13][14]
TheSoviet companyGAZ, which started as ajoint venture between Ford and the Soviet Union, made a licensed version from 1932–1936.[15]
In Europe, where in some countries cars were taxed according to engine size,Ford in the UK manufactured the Model A with a smaller displacement engine of 2,043 cc (124.7 cu in), providing a claimed output of 28 hp (21 kW; 28 PS).[16] However, this equated to a Britishfiscal horsepower of 14.9 hp (11.1 kW; 15.1 PS)[17] (compared to the 24 hp (18 kW; 24 PS) of the larger engine) and attracted a punitive annual car tax levy of £1 per fiscal hp in the UK. It, therefore, was expensive to own and too heavy and uneconomical to achieve volume sales, so it was unable to compete in the newly developing mass market while also too crude to compete as a luxury product. European manufactured Model As failed to achieve the sales success in Europe that would greet theirsmaller successor in Britain and Germany.[18]
From the mid-1910s through the early 1920s, Ford dominated the automotive market with its Model T. However, during the mid-1920s, this dominance eroded as competitors, especially the various General Motors divisions, caught up with Ford's mass production system and began to better Ford in some areas, especially by offering more powerful engines, new convenience features, or cosmetic customization.[19][20][21]
Edsel Ford and Ford's sales force recognized the threat and advised Henry to respond to it. Initially, he resisted, but the T's sagging market share finally forced him to admit a replacement was needed. When he finally agreed to begin development of this new model, he focused on the mechanical aspects and on what today is calleddesign for manufacturability (DFM), which he had always strongly embraced and for which the Model T production system was famous. Although ultimately successful, the development of the Model A included many problems that had to be resolved.[22] For example, thedie stamping of parts from sheet steel, which the Ford company had led to new heights of development with the Model T production system, was something Henry had always been ambivalent about; it had brought success, but he felt that it was not the best choice for durability. He was determined that the Model A would rely more ondrop forgings than the Model T, but his ideas to improve the DFM of forging did not prove practical. Eventually, Ford's engineers persuaded him to relent, lest the Model A's production cost force up its retail price too much.[23]
It was during the period from the mid-1920s to the early 1930s that the limits of the first generation ofmass production, epitomized by the Model T production system's rigidity, became apparent. The era of "flexible mass production" had begun.[24][25]
The Model A was well-represented in the media of the era since it was one of the most common cars.Model kits remain available from hobby shops as stock cars orhot rods. High-quality die-cast Model A's are represented in 1/24 scale by the Danbury Mint 1931 roadster and the Franklin Mint 1930 Tudor sedan.[citation needed]
Several models have obtained particular fame. TheMean Green Machine, a green 1929 Ford Model A Tudor sedan built in 1931, has been a staple ofUniversity of North Texas football games and special events since 1974, maintained by the spirit organization Talons since the 1980s.[26] TheRamblin' Wreck, a 1930 sports coupe, is the official mascot of the student body at theGeorgia Institute of Technology and appears at sporting events and student body functions.Ala Kart, acustomized 1929roadster pickup built byGeorge Barris, won two straight "America's Most Beautiful Roadster" awards at theOakland Roadster Show before making numerous film and television appearances. Between October 1992 and December 1994, Hector Quevedo, along with his son Hugo, drove a 1928 Model A 22,000 mi (35,406 km) from his home inPunta Arenas, Chile to Ford headquarters inDearborn, Michigan. The car required minimal service, including a flat tire and transmission work in Nicaragua, and is now housed in theHenry Ford Museum.[27] A 1930 Model A, used by the gangsterJohn Dillinger to escape federal agents in 1934, was sold at auction in 2010 for $165,000.[28]
Among the last Model A variants produced, the 1931 roadster attracted hot rod enthusiasts with its open cockpit, reduced weight compared to closed body styles, and straightforward but dependable chassis engineering.[29][30]
TheWest Side Lumber Company of California converted several Model As intorailcars which could carry 12 people. A few still see regular service on theYosemite Mountain Sugar Pine Railroad, also in California, alongside Shays Nos. 10 and 15.[31]
![1928 Model A Fordor with a 1941 Kaiser wood gas generator[32]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aFord_Model_A_1928_Wood_Gas_01.jpg)
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![Hot rod with 1931 roadster body and chassis,[citation needed] Deuce grille shell, chrome-hatted carburetors,[33] drilled I-beam dropped front axle, finned drum brakes, and zoomie pipes](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3a%252731_Ford_Model_A_(Auto_classique).JPG)
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