In order to avoid competition with theWorld Cup,FIFA have restricted participation of elite players in the men's tournament in various ways: currently, squads for the men's tournament are required to be composed of players under 23 years of age, with three permitted exceptions.[3][4][5]
By comparison, the women's football tournament is a full senior-level international tournament, second in prestige only to theFIFA Women's World Cup.[6][7][8]
Another major difference between the men's and women's tournaments is that the men's tournament is not included in theFIFA International Match Calendar,[9] while the women's tournament is included.[10][11] This in turn means that clubs are not required to release players for the men's tournament, but must release players for the women's event.[12][13]
Football was not included in the program at the first modernOlympic Games inAthens in 1896, as international football was in its infancy at the time. However, sources claim thatan unofficial football tournament was organised during the first competition, with participating teams including Athens andSmyrna (İzmir), then part of theOttoman Empire.[14] However, according toBill Mallon's research, this is an error which has been perpetuated in multiple texts.[15]
Tournaments were played at the1900 and1904 games and theIntercalated Games of1906, but these were contested by various clubs and scratch teams.[14] Although theIOC considers the 1900 and 1904 tournaments to be official Olympic events, they are not recognised byFIFA, and neither recognises the Intercalated Games today. In 1900 the competition was won by the London amateurs of Upton Park FC, representing Great Britain. The 1904 tournament was won by Canada, represented by Galt FC.
In theLondon Games of1908 a proper international tournament was organised bythe Football Association, featuring just six teams. The number of teams rose to eleven in1912, when the competition was organised by theSwedish Football Association. Many of these early matches were unbalanced, as evidenced by high scoring games; two players,Sophus Nielsen in 1908 andGottfried Fuchs in 1912, each scored ten goals in a single match. All players wereamateurs, in accordance with the Olympic rules, which meant that countries could not send their full senior national teams. The National Olympic Committee forGreat Britain and Ireland asked the Football Association to send anEnglish national amateur team. Some of the English members played with professional clubs, most notablyDerby County'sIvan Sharpe, Bradford City F.C. Harold Walden andChelsea'sVivian Woodward. England won the first two official tournaments convincingly, beatingDenmark both times.
During the 1920 final against Belgium, the Czechoslovakia national football team walked off the field to protest the refereeing of John Lewis[16] and the militarised mood within the stadium in Antwerp. This would be the final all-European football competition at the Olympic games, with Egypt, the United States, and Uruguay participating in 1924.[16] With teams from new regions the quality of play increased, as did fan interest.[16] Uruguay dominated the tournament, winning their four games by a combined score of 15-1: the final was a 3–0 victory over Switzerland.[16] In 1928, football was the most popular event at the games[17] and the final was an all-South American affair. Because no other major international tournament existed yet, Uruguay defeated Argentina 2–1 in whatDavid Goldblatt says was "football's first world championship".[18] After these tournaments, FIFA realized that the Olympic movement prevented nations from competing on an equal footing and, given that the Olympics only permitted amateurs to participate, did not represent the true strength of the international game. The popularity of international soccer gave FIFA the incentive to create an international tournament, and FIFA began organising the World Cup.[17]
FollowingJules Rimet's proposal in 1929 to initiate a professionalWorld Championship of Football, the sport was dropped from the1932 Los Angeles Games by FIFA in an attempt to promote the new tournament.[19] Football returned to controversy at the1936 Berlin Games. The German organisers were intent on the return of the game to the Olympic movement since it guaranteed income into the organisation's coffers.[20] The Italian team intimidated a referee.Peru scored a contested victory overAustria in overtime, with a fan invasion of the field at the very end. The Austrian team asked for the result to be annulled, and the game repeated. FIFA agreed, but the Peruvian team refused and left the Olympics.[21][22]
As professionalism spread around the world, the gap in quality between the World Cup and the Olympics widened. The countries that benefited most were theSoviet Bloc countries ofEastern Europe, where top athletes were state-sponsored while retaining their status as amateurs. As a result, young Western amateurs had to face seasoned and veteran Soviet Bloc teams, which put them at a significant disadvantage. All Olympic football tournaments from 1948 to 1980 were dominated by the Soviet Union and its satellites.[23] Between1948 and1980, 23 out of 28 Olympic medals were won by Eastern Europe, with onlySweden (gold in 1948 and bronze in 1952),Denmark (bronze in 1948 and silver in 1960), andJapan (bronze in 1968) breaking their dominance.[24] The next two tournaments saw some changes due to FIFA's changing of the call-up rules, with only Yugoslavia (bronze in 1984) and the Soviet Union (gold in 1988) winning medals for the Eastern Bloc.
For the1984 Los Angeles Games, theIOC decided to admit professional players, however,FIFA still did not want the Olympics – or any other men’s soccer competitions to rival the World Cup.
A compromise was struck that allowed teams from countries outside ofUEFA andCONMEBOL to field their strongest sides, while restricting UEFA and CONMEBOL (the strongest confederations whose teams had played all finals and won every single World Cup title) countries to players who had not played in a World Cup.[25][26][27]
The 1984 rules were maintained also for the 1988 edition, but with an additional rider: any European and South American footballers who had previously played less than 90 minutes in one single match of the World Cup, were eligible.[28]
Because of the unusual format and the separation from the main national teams that play the World Cup andtop continental tournaments, historically strong men's national teams have unimpressive Olympic records.Uruguay, who won the two tournaments prior to the World Cup's creation, only qualified again in2012, after an 84-year absence.[36] Argentina won silver twice (1928 and 1996) before the 2004 tournament, but its appearance inAthens 2004, in which it won the first gold medal, was only their seventh overall.[37][38]Brazil's silver medals in the 1984,1988 and 2012 editions were the best they had achieved until back-to-back golds in 2016 and 2020, the former on home soil.[39][40][41][42][43][44]Italy has only won the Olympic title once, in1936, although along with the two bronzes, the team has the highest number of appearances in the tournament, with 15, the last in 2008.[45]France won the Olympic title in1984, but only qualified twice ever since. A team fromGermany won the gold medal only once, in1976 (East Germany), and the reunified team did not make an Olympic appearance until2016, when they won silver. Spain has won gold in 1992 and 2024, the former as hosts, and followed it with two silver medals (in 2000 and2020, having also won a third in1920), along with a few failures to qualify.
In 1950, the FA abolished the distinction between "amateur" and "professional" football, and ceased to enter the Olympics. Even though FIFA has allowed professionals at the Olympics since 1984, the FA did not re-enter, as the Home Nations were concerned that a united British Olympic team would set a precedent that might cause FIFA to question their separate status in other FIFA competitions, and even their status on or the existence of theInternational Football Association Board.[46][47]
WhenLondon was selected to host the2012 Games, there was pressure on the English FA to exercise the host nation's automatic right to field a team.[48] In 2009 the plan agreed by the FA with theWelsh FA,Scottish FA andIrish FA was only to field English players;[49] however the BOA overruled this,[50] and ultimately there were Welsh players in the men's squad and Scots players in the women's squad.[51] After the 2012 games, the FA decided that no team would be entered in subsequent men's tournaments, but was open to fielding a women's team again. The distinction recognised the importance and status of Olympic football in the women's international game.[52]
For the2020 tournament, FIFA stated that the women's UK team (not applied to the men's UK team) may enter the Olympics after the four FAs agreed, depending on the performance ofwomen's English team in2019 FIFA Women's World Cup (which serves as the European qualification for the Olympics). This brought women's football under the BOA jurisdiction in line with the long-standing qualification rules infield hockey andrugby sevens, although the home nation's sevens teams were subsumed into a standing Great Britain team in 2022.[53][54]
Due to the number of large stadia required for the Olympic tournament, venues in distant cities – often more than 200 km (120 mi) away from the main host – are typically used for the football tournament. In an extreme example, two early-round venues for the1984 Games were on the East Coast of the United States, well over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from the host city ofLos Angeles. The next Games held in the United States, the1996 Games, were unique in that no matches were held in the host city ofAtlanta; the nearest venue andthe site of the finals was 65 miles (105 km) away on theUniversity of Georgia campus inAthens. Counting the2016 and2020 Summer Olympics, there are 127 venues that have hosted Olympic football, the most of any sport.
From the1992 Summer Olympics Football games always start before the opening ceremony because of the event's calendar which needs to be longer than other sports. Since 1996, football starts two days before the games opening ceremonies and since then it is a common condition for some sports.
For both the men's and women's tournaments, the competition consists of a round-robin group stage followed by a knockout stage. Teams are placed into groups of 4 teams, with each team playing each other team in its group once. Teams earn 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, and 0 points for a loss. The top two teams in each group (as well as the top two third-place finishers, in the women's tournament) advance to the knockout rounds. The knockout rounds are a single-elimination tournament consisting of quarterfinals, semifinals, and the gold and bronze medal matches.
Matches consist of two halves of 45 minutes each. Since 2004, during the knockout rounds, if the match is tied after 90 minutes, two 15-minute halves of extra time are played (extra time is skipped in favour of immediate penalty kicks in the bronze medal match if it is played on the same day in the same stadium as the gold medal match). If the score remains tied, penalty kicks, which is 5 rounds, plus extra rounds if tied, are used to determine the winner.[55]
The qualifying tournament, like that for the World Cup, is organised along continental lines. Most continental confederations organise a special Under-23 qualifying tournament, although the European qualifiers are drawn from the finalists of theUEFA Under-21 Championship. Teams participating in the preliminary and final competitions must be composed of U-23 players, with up to three players who are at least 23. For Paris 2024, U-23 players were born after 1 January 2001.[56]
For the2024 Games, the number of places allocated to each continent is:
1952–1980: Nationalamateur teams (countries from Eastern Europe competed with essentially professional players nominally employed by organs of the state such as armed forces.)[57]
^This tournament was part of the unofficial programme, or a demonstration sport, during the 1896 Olympic Games
^abThis tournament was originally a pair of demonstration matches between the three teams, but has subsequently been upgraded to official status by theIOC with medals attributed to the teams based upon the match results.
^abThe 1920 final between Belgium and Czechoslovakia was abandoned in the 39th minute with Belgium leading 2–0 after Czechoslovakia walked off to protest the officiating; they were ejected from the competition, and a second tournament to determine the other medalists was held, with Spain beating the Netherlands for second place 3–1.
The women's tournament is contested between the full senior national teams, with no restrictions.[62] One place is reserved for the host country. Of the remaining teams, as in World Cup contests, a specific number of places are reserved for teams from each continental region; the European (UEFA) teams until 2020 are chosen from the most successful European teams in the previous year'sWorld Cup; theUEFA Women's Nations League which its finals is held in the same year as the Olympics was used from 2024, while the other continental regions host their own qualifying tournaments in the build-up to the Olympics.
The first women's tournament was at the1996 Atlanta Games. The United States won the gold medal.Norway defeated the U.S. in 2000 by agolden goal that was highly controversial and seemed like a handball, but was allowed to stand.[63] The finals of the next two tournaments, in2004 and2008, also went to extra time, with the U.S. defeatingBrazil both times. In2012 the U.S. won their fourth gold medal defeating Japan 2–1 in the final. In 2016Germany won its first gold, defeating in the finalSweden, who upset in the succession the U.S. and hosts Brazil. In 2020,Canada won gold on penalties over Sweden, having previously also beaten Brazil and the U.S.
Allocation of places for each continent in the2024 Games was:
^abCity of Coventry Stadium and St. James Park were normally calledRicoh Arena andSports Direct Arena respectively, but because of theIOC rules disallowing corporate sponsorship for event sites, they were renamed for the duration of the Games.
^Arena Fonte Nova was normally calledItaipava Arena Fonte Nova, but because of the IOC rules disallowing corporate sponsorship for event sites, the venue was renamed for the duration of the Games.
^abTokyo Stadium and International Stadium Yokohama were normally calledAjinomoto Stadium andNissan Stadium respectively, but because of the IOC rules disallowing corporate sponsorship for event sites, the venue was renamed for the duration of the Games.
^The 1900 and 1904 tournaments are not recognized by FIFA. The competition has been held regularly, except 1932. Since 1992, only the U23 national teams are allowed to participate.
^The East German team represented theUnited Team of Germany in 1964, winning the bronze medal.
Teams indicated initalics are associate/full members of their respective regional bodies but not members of FIFA. See also:List of women's football teams
