Food safety incidents in China have received increased international media scrutiny following thereform and opening of the country, and its joining theWorld Trade Organization.Urban areas have become more aware offood safety as theirincomes rise.Food safety agencies in China have overlapping duties. The2008 Chinese milk scandal andCOVID-19 pandemic received the most international attention among food safety incidents.
From around 2002 to 2012,chemical brighteners were used by many Chinese farmers to enhance the appearance of their white mushrooms. This illegal use was mostly eliminated by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture.[1]
In 2003, several small producers ofJinhua hams (fromJinhua,Zhejiang) operated out of season and produced hams during warmer months, treating their hams with pesticides to prevent spoilage and insect infestation.[2] The hams were soaked in the pesticidedichlorvos, which is a volatileorganophosphate insecticide used forfumigation.[3]
In April, at least 13 babies inFuyang, Anhui, and 50–60 more in rural areas of Anhui died of malnourishment from ingesting fakepowdered milk. In addition, 100–200 other babies in the province suffered malnutrition but survived. Local officials in Fuyang arrested 47 people who were responsible for making and selling the fake formula and investigators discovered 45 types of substandard formula for sale in Fuyang markets. Over 141 factories were responsible for the production of the formula and Chinese officials seized 2,540 bags of fake formula by mid-April. The State Food and Drug Administration ordered an investigation in May, 2004.
Within three days of ingesting the formula, the babies suffered from what Chinese doctors described as "big head disease", since the babies' heads swelled while their bodies became thinner from malnourishment. The fake formulas were tested to have only 1–6% protein when the national requirement was 10% protein. The government promised to compensate families and help cover medical bills. Most of the victims were rural families.[4][5][6]
In June 2004, the Chengdu Quality Inspection Department released figures that only about 23% of allpickled vegetables produced inChengdu,Sichuan, had an acceptable amount of chemical additives. The labels on the pickled vegetables that were supposed to indicate the chemical content were also found to be inaccurate. In Sichuan, the factories had been using industrial-gradesalt to pickle the vegetables and had been spraying the pesticideDDVP on the pickled vegetables before shipment.[7]
In spring 2004, four men died ofalcohol poisoning inGuangdong and eight other men were hospitalized in the People's Hospital of Guangzhou. Wang Funian and Hou Shangjian, both fromTaihe Town, died in May after drinking liquor bought from the same vendor. Two other men, one a migrant worker, died the previous night inZhongluotan inHunan. Authorities in the local health department suspected that the makers of the fake liquor blended industrial alcohol andrice wine, and closed several unlicensed liquor manufacturers.[8]
Stories began circulating in the press about cheapsoy sauces made from human hair. These sauces were manufactured in China using a chemicalamino acid extraction process similar toartificially hydrolyzed soy sauces and then quietly exported to other countries. An investigative report that aired on Chinese television exposed the unsanitary and potentially contaminated sources of the hair:
When asking how the amino acid syrup (or powder) was generated, the manufacturer replied that the powder was generated from human hair. Because the human hair was gathered from salon[s], barbershop[s] and hospitals around the country, it was unhygienic and mixed with condoms, used hospital cottons, used menstrual cycle pad[s], used syringe[s], etc.[9]
In response, the Chinese government banned production of soy sauces made from hair. Other carcinogens remain; see3-MCPD.
In 1996, China banned food manufacturers from usingSudan I red dye to color their products. China followed a number of other developed nations in banning the dye due to its links to cancer and other negative health effects. However, officials in the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, the State Bureau of Industry and Commerce, and the State Food and Drug Administration discovered in 2005 that Sudan I was being used in food in many major Chinese cities. In Beijing, theHeinz Company added the red dye tochili sauce; inGuangdong,Zhejiang,Hunan, andFujian, the red dye was discovered in vegetables and noodles.Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) used the red dye in its 1,200 restaurants, andmedicine in Shanghai also contained Sudan I.
Before the year 2005, companies in China had been using Sudan I illegally, and government officials gave two reasons why the 1996 ban had not been adequately enforced. The first reason was that there were too many agencies overseeing food production, creating loopholes and inefficiency. The second reason was that the government agencies were not equipped or trained with the food testing equipment that could have detected the dye earlier. Officials announced that they would begin to reform the food safety system on national and local levels.[10]
The State Food and Drug Administration reported that their officials had resolved 14 cases involving fake drugs and 17 cases involving "health accidents" at drug manufacturing facilities.[11] One of these incidents involved fake Armillarisin A; ten people injected with the fake drug died in May 2006.[12][13] The drug quality inspectors at the factory that produced the Armillarisin A drugs failed to notice that the chemicaldiglycol had been added to drugs. In July, 2006, six people died and 80 more became sick after ingesting anantibiotic withdisinfectant as an ingredient.[14] In 2006, the government also "revoked the business licenses of 160 drug manufacturers and retailers."[14]
On September 1, 2006, more than 300 students at Chongzhou Experimental Primary School inChongzhou,Sichuan, got food poisoning after lunch. Of those, approximately 200 students had to be hospitalized due toheadaches,fevers,vomiting, anddiarrhea. The school was temporarily closed for an investigation.[15] On the same day, middle school students inLiaoning also got food poisoning after eating dinner at school. The Ministry of Education ordered an investigation, and officials suspected that the cause of the food poisoning was unsanitary conditions at the schools. During summer vacation, the schools had not been cleaned or disinfected, and the pupils might have been exposed to unsanitary food or drinking water when they returned in September.[16]
In late 2006, officials inShanghai andBeijing discovered illegal amounts of chemicals inturbot. Shanghai officials from the Shanghai Food and Drug Administration found carcinogenic nitrofuran metabolites in the fish and Beijing found additional drugs, includingmalachite green, in its fish. Other cities, includingHangzhou,Zhejiang, have begun testing turbot fish and banning the turbot shipped fromShandong. Many restaurants in Shanghai, Beijing, and Hong Kong stopped purchasing turbot after officials discovered the high amounts of illegal antibiotics.[17]
In early 2006, Greenpeace tested vegetables in twoHong Kong grocery stores, and discovered that only 30% of their samples contained acceptable amounts ofpesticide residue. Some of the 70 percent failing the tests tested positive for illegal pesticides, such asDDT, HCH andLindane.Greenpeace explained that nearly 80% of vegetables in these grocery stores originated from mainland China. John Chapple, manager of Sinoanalytica, aQingdao-based food analysis laboratory, supplemented Greenpeace's information. He was not surprised by the findings and explained that farmers in China have little knowledge of correct pesticide use.[18]
Although many Chinese farms are converting to organic agriculture, pesticide use in many areas remains high.[19]
In June, July, and August 2006, the Shuguo Yanyi Restaurant in Beijing served raw Amazonian snail meat and, as a result, 70 diners were diagnosed with angiostrongylusmeningitis. The snail meat containedAngiostrongylus cantonensis, "a parasite that harms people's nervous system" causing headaches, vomiting, stiff necks, and fevers.[20] No one died from the meningitis outbreak and the Beijing Municipal Office of Health inspection did not find any more raw snails in 2,000 other restaurants. However, the Beijing Municipal Office of Health prohibited restaurants from serving raw or half-cooked snails and disciplined the Shuguo Yanyi Restaurant. The Beijing Friendship Hospital, where the first meningitis case was treated, began a program to educate doctors on the treatment of angiostrongylus meningitis. The Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention explained that these meningitis cases were the first outbreaks since the 1980s.[21]
In December 2006, sixteen diners were hospitalized after eating a poisonous variety of boletus mushrooms in Beijing at the Dayali Roast Duck Restaurant. The mushrooms caused nausea, vomiting, and dizziness and the ill diners were treated at the Bo'ai Hospital and the 307 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army.[22]
In November 2006, Chinese authorities at the Ministry of Health had warned of the rising number of mushroom poisonings. "From July to September, 31 people were killed and 183 were poisoned by toxic mushrooms."[23] Officials worried that the public could not accurately separate edible mushrooms from poisonous ones.
According to John Newton ofInterpol,Chinese organized crime is involved in working across national boundaries and faking drugs on an industrial scale, now appearing throughout Africa.[24]China Central Television cited an official saying those making the falsealbumin were making a 300% profit, assisted by shortages of the genuine product.[25]
In March 2007, the Guangzhou-basedInformation Times reported thatKentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) restaurants in several cities inShaanxi utilizedmagnesium trisilicate to extract impurities from frying oil, allowing it to be reused repeatedly for up to ten days. It was alleged that such repeated reuse of cooking oil could lead to a buildup of potentially carcinogenic byproducts such asacrylamide. KFC defended their practices as compliant with national food safety standards, and pointed out that the additive is considered safe by United States and international standards. Nonetheless, health officials inXianyang,Yulin, andXi'an, inspected local KFC outlets and confiscated stocks of the chemical, and the Shaanxi provincial health administration requested that the Ministry of Health step in. Officials inGuangzhou also began an investigation into the frying oils.[26][27]
The Ministry of Health conducted tests at six KFC outlets, which showed that their use of magnesium trisilicate in filters used to purify cooking oil had no apparent impact on health.[28]
Magnesium trisilicate is commonly used in medicines such as antacids, and is widely considered to be safe for human consumption with no known connections to cancer.[citation needed]
In May 2007, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine (AQSIQ) confirmed that two domestic companies had exportedmelamine-contaminatedwheat gluten andrice protein blamed for the deaths of dogs and cats in the United States.[29] In August 2007, AQSIQ introduced recall systems for unsafe food products and toys and on December 3, 2007, China ordered 69 categories of products to be bar-coded at factories amid efforts to improve product safety, in response to several recent incidents, including: "scares rang[ing] from ducks and hens that were fed cancer-causing Sudan Red dye to make their egg yolks red, to pet food made of melamine-tainted wheat protein that killed scores of dogs and cats in the United States."[30][31] See also2007 pet food crisis.
Close to a hundred manufacturers ofstinky tofu inGuangdong were found to use a combination ofsewage,slop, andiron(II) sulfate to accelerate production and improve appearance of theirfermented product.[32]
The waste water produced by the tofu industries also has effects on the environment.[33]
The cardboard bun hoax was a falsified news report broadcast in July 2007 onBeijing Television's BTV-7 (the Lifestyle Channel). In the report, footage implied that local vendors were sellingpork buns, a common breakfast food, filled with a composite of 60% caustic soda-soakedcardboard and 40% fattypork.[34] Coming after several real and highly publicized food safety incidents in China, the report was widely believed and sparked public outrage.
In January 2008, several Japanese people in theHyōgo andChiba prefectures fell ill after consuming Chinese-producedjiaozi (dumplings) tainted with the insecticidemethamidophos.[35][36][37][38][39][40] The dumplings had been produced by the Tianyang Food Plant inHebei[41] and sold by JT Foods and theJapanese Consumers' Co-operative Union.Kyodo News reported that about 500 people complained of symptoms such as nausea and stomach pain.[42] On February 5, 2008, Hyōgo and Chiba prefectural police departments announced that they were treating these cases as attempted murder,[43] establishing a joint investigation team.
When Japanese police and other prefectural authorities inspected the recalled dumplings, they found pesticides other than methamidophos, includingdichlorvos andparathion.[44][45][46][47] The JapaneseNational Police Agency found these toxins in packages that were completely sealed,[48][49] concluding that it would have been nearly impossible to insert such toxins into the packages from the outside.[50] They provided the test results to theMinistry of Public Security of China (MPS).[51]
Investigations jointly held by both the Chinese and Japanese governments cleared the Chinese company of responsibility after finding no traces of any poison in the raw material used nor in the factory.[52][53]Officials are now treating this incident as a deliberate poisoning, and an investigation is underway.[54]On February 28, 2008, the MPS criminal investigation bureau announced that there was little chance that methamidophos had been put into the dumplings in China, and declared that the Japanese police had rejected the requirement by the MPS to check the scene, relative material evidences, and test reports, thus information on the evidence was not fully provided to the MPS.[55] On the same day, Hiroto Yoshimura, the Commissioner-General of Japan'sNational Police Agency, argued against the Chinese authorities that the Japanese had already offered test results and photographic evidence and claimed that some part of China's assertion "cannot be overlooked".[56][57] They asked Chinese authorities to offer evidence.[58]
On August 5, 2008, Japanese media revealed that some Chinese people who had eaten the recalled Chinese dumplings made by Tianyang Food had also become sick after the incident in Japan, in mid-June 2008; the cause was again found to have been methamidophos contamination.[59][60][61][62][63] TheChinese government alerted theJapanese government to this fact just before the34th G8 summit in July 2008. TheYomiuri Shimbun reported that this incident has increased the suspicion of foods produced in China.[64]
In July 2008, it was announced that theWhole Foods supermarket chain in the United States had been selling powderedginger produced in China, which was labeled asorganic food, but when tested was found to contain the bannedpesticidealdicarb.[65][66][67] The ginger had been mistakenly certified organic byQuality Assurance International, who relied on two Chinese certifiers because, underChinese law, foreigners may not inspect Chinese farms.[68]
In September 2008, a fresh outbreak ofkidney disease occurred, due to baby formula contaminated bymelamine. Melamine was deliberately added to fool quality testing intended to measure protein content, which was implemented after the 2004 incident where babies died ofmalnutrition due to baby formula being watered down too much. Six babies died and 54,000 were made sick by the melamine-tainted formula with 51,900 requiring hospitalization.[69][70] The supplier of the milk,Sanlu Group, is a name brand and is a major player in the industry in China. The company is said to have known of the problem for months, but claims the contaminant came from milk suppliers.[71][72]
In October 2008 news emerged that certain egg products produced byHanwei Group were also contaminated withmelamine.[73]
Tapioca pearls used forbubble tea were adulterated with macromolecularpolymers to improve their texture.[74]
To improve the chewiness and texture ofmantou (steamed buns) thepesticidedichlorvos was added.[75]
Businesses inQingdao,Shandong, have been caught marinatingduck meat in goat or sheepurine to give the duck the smell and taste oflamb. The duck is then sold as lamb to customers.[76]
Inspectors inWuhan,Hubei, discovered that most of theporkblood pudding in Chinese markets contained little actual blood, but rather, was manufactured withformaldehyde,corn starch, industrial gradesalt, artificialfood colourings, and a variety of other additives.[77]
![[icon]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg) | This section is empty. You can help byadding to it.(August 2023) |
Hunan police shut down various underground workshops that produced fake green beans by mixingsoybeans with various chemical additives.[78][79]
Seventeen noodle makers inDongguan city,Guangdong province, alleged to have included ink, industrial dyes, andparaffin wax in the manufacture of noodles normally made fromsweet potatoes in order to lower costs.[80]
In October 2012, frozen Chinese strawberries contaminated withnorovirus infected over 11,000 children inGermany.[81]
In the city ofGuangzhou, authorities conducted health tests on over 610 batches of infant formula. Six samples failed the inspection. In response to this, Hunan Ava Dairy Company recalled five of the products.[82]
In the end of the year, a comprehensive report uses 12 food safety incidents, in which one was only deemed to be an actual food safety incident.[83] One problem in understanding China's food safety problem is an inaccurate understanding to food safety and how much information is actually disclosed. The report explains that news is often confused with food safety. News reports do not determine how good food safety is and does not determine what the truth is. What the study finds lacking about food safety is that it is not consistent in maintaining food safety in China. In regards to information, there is a serious discrepancy with how information is shared and how much is requested by the public. Of the 43 largest cities in China, only 23% of information regarding food safety is actually reported.[83]
By March 2013, over 15,000 dead pigs had been found drifting downHuangpu River,[84] caused by a crack-down on illicit pig-trade inZhejiang. As reported byShanghaiist, local pork dealers would buy up dead meat unfit for sale, process it in illegal workshops, and then re-introduce the products into the legal market.[85]
In May 2013, the Ministry of Public Security released a press statement[86] warning Shanghai consumers oflamb meat that inadvertently may have been, or contained,rat,fox ormink meat.[87] According to some sources,[88] respective fake lamb meat also reached Yum-owned "Little Sheep" hot pot chain restaurants, though Yum itself declined these rumours.[89]
In June 2013, Wenzhou police shut down 10 underground mills in Zhejiang'sCangnan County, and additionally seized large amounts of chemical additives and coloring agents, which were used to clean expired chicken drumsticks and wings, ducks' heads, and duck meat prior to re-selling them to the public.[90]
In September 2013, according to JRJ[91] and Shanghaiist[92] six workshops nearXi'an, Shaanxi, have been shut down that produced fake beef by mixing pork with chemicals, such as paraffin wax and industrial salts.
In October 2013, cat meat, slaughtered at a "black" slaughterhouse inHuai'an City near Shanghai, was sold to butchers and local markets under the guise of "rabbit". Some of the cats were kept alive and shipped to the southern provinces ofGuangdong andGuangxi where they were sold for around 10yuan (£1) per animal.[93][94]
Gutter oil is a term used in China to describe illicit cooking oil that has already been used and is then processed by cleaning and filtering to be resold as a cheaper alternative to normal cooking oil. The sources of this oil are restaurant fryers, sewers and leftover or used oil that is sold by restaurants. A newer version of gutter oil uses discarded animal parts, animal fat, internal organs, and expired or otherwise low quality meat which is then cooked in large vats in order to extract the oil.
In January 2014,Zhu Chuanfeng was sentenced to death, and his brothersZhu Chuanqing andZhu Chuanbo were sentenced to life in prison for selling gutter oil.[95]
Shanghai Husi Food Co. Ltd. supplied products containing expired meat toMcDonald's,KFC,Pizza Hut,Starbucks, andBurger King. The products were sold in numerous countries including Japan.[96]
Pizza Hut's and KFC's parentYum! Brands, Inc. apologized to Chinese customers after the scandal was exposed. Shanghai Husi Food Co Ltd based in China was a subsidiary of U.S.-basedOSI Group LLC.[96]
The company was forced in July 2014 to shut down after local television stationDragon TV ran footage of the company's factory workers picking meat such as hamburger patties from off the factory floor and throwing them directly into meat mixers, and handling poultry and beef on the assembly line with their bare hands. The footage also showed sewage and trash spread all over the floor of the plant. In addition, the expired meat, which workers described as "stinky", was concealed mostly by mixing it with non-expired meat.[citation needed]
A video about the top 10 most common toxic substances in Chinese food and snacks looked into the use of the carcinogen,sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate (CH3NaO3S), to bleach food. According to the video, this practice has been widely adopted by the largely unregulated Chinese food industry. In the video, all 12 samples taken from mianjing snack stalls in Beijing were found to contain CH3NaO3S. Mushrooms,[97] tofu, mianjing (a Chinese starch product),mixian (mainly rice made noodles), vermicelli, and flour were among the food that contained contaminated substances. Bean and starch products were also found contaminated with CH3NaO3S.
 | This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
A video made by a Chinese dietitian has become popular on Internet showing a commonly adopted way to turn boiled water into "high quality pork soup" forhot pot. By addingethyl maltol,capsicum oleoresin, anddisodium5'-ribonucleotide into boiled water, fake pork hot pot soup becomes ready to serve in 20 seconds. As investigators dug deeper, it was revealed to the public that many cooks of hot pot restaurants took training programs in China that approved the fraud to reduce cost. Investigators also found antimalarial drugs in the soup to cover the side effects of rotten meat.
In the same video, the dietitian also showed a common method to make "beef balls" from bean powder by addingsodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7·10H2O) andsodium tripolyphosphate (Na5P3O10).
In a massive crackdown, Chinese police seized 20 million RMB.[98] 22 people were arrested after they sold industrial salt as "Beijing salt with iodine". After testing the salt, it was found that there was noiodine in it. There was however,nitrite in the salt packets. Police conducted raids in cities and provinces such asBeijing,Tianjin,Hubei,Hunan,Shandong,Jiangsu, andAnhui. Investigations later revealed that the industrial salt had originated in Beijing and was transported to other provinces by long-distance truck drivers.[99] Criminals bought large quantities of industrial salt, which they broken them down into very small portions, selling little baggies for 2 yuan. Since industrial salt is not iodized, consuming it leads to an iodine deficiency as well as nervous system damage. The police believed that over 22,000 tonnes of salt was sold by this group.
During a routine inspection, Chinese authorities discovered that seven batches of goat milk failed safety standards.[100] The authorities discovered nitrate and selenium in the milk. The three companies that failed the inspection were Shaanxi Feihe Guanshan Dairy Company Limited, Xi'an Feihe Guanshan Dairy Company Limited, and Shaanxi Shengtang Qunlong Dairy Company Limited. One sample contained 10 times more nitrate than the national safety standard set by the China's Food and Drug Administration. In response to the failed test, the Chinese Food and Drug Administration ordered the three companies to cease production and to recall any milk that has been sold.
There were 500,000 cases of food safety violations in China in the first three quarters of 2016.[101] In a report presented by Bi Jingquan, there were over 15 million food safety inspections conducted by China's Food and Drug Administration. Public health violations include false advertising of food, the selling of contaminated food and drinks, and the use of counterfeit material in the production of food and drink. Notable incidents of food safety violations included the use of industrial gelatine and salt. While Bi Jingquan argued that China was making progress in food safety, he argued that food safety problems remained to be "deep-rooted".[102]
In November 2017, 13 people got poisoned by drinkingmethanol labeled as alcohol. The Muse Bar inShenzhen has been closed and four people have been detained for selling the toxic fake alcohol. This is a common example of the widespread practice of labelling cheap or toxic drinks as brand-name alcohol in China.[103]
In July 2017, some journalists uncovered an oil refinery that was making oil from rotting pigcarcasses. The stench that the factory released was so bad that the nearby villagers could not even open their windows at night.[104]
Parents of students at China's most prestigious schools inChengdu discovered rotten food in the canteen.[105] A group of parents invited to a tree-planting ceremony went to the canteen and foundmoldy bread, rotten meat, and seafood. Outraged at what they saw, the parents posted to social media. The Chengdu police threatened to arrest the parents for speaking out because they were "creating a disturbance". In the aftermath of the incident, the school apologized to the parents and said that they would choose a different supplier. Thirty-six children went to the hospital for a check-up but they were all let go.
InJixi city, located inHeilongjiang, nine people died after eating suantangzi fermented corn noodles.[106] On October 5, twelve members of a family were having corn noodles, a common dish in the province. Three of the twelve refrained from eating the dish due to its strange taste. Within hours of consuming the dish, members who did eat the dish started falling ill and later died. Later reports said that they have died fromBongkrek acid. Experts say that when poisoned with Bongkrek acid, victims have a mortality rate of 40–100%.[107] Symptoms include sweating, stomach pain, coma, and even death. In later investigations, it was found that the fermented noodles were in the freezer for over a year. In response to these deaths, China's National Health Commission has warned its citizens not to make food with fermented flour and rice.
In September 2020, in the mainstar anise production area ofNanning, Guangxi, it was a "public secret" to use sulfur fumigation to preserve star anise. Tests showed that thesulfur dioxide residue in the star anise on the market exceeded the national standard by 16 times.[108]
In March 2022, a couple inHuai'an, Jiangsu used pork as raw material, soaked it insodium nitrite, colored it witherythrosine, processed it into semi-finished cured meat, and sold it as beef, earning more than 800,000 yuan. The nitrite content in the pork they sold exceeded the national standard by 7 times.[109]
Also in March 2022, during the CCTV Spring Evening Gala, Hunan Chaqi Vegetable Industry was exposed for supplying substandard pickled cabbage toKangshifu, a popular instant noodle brand, and other major food industry brands. Instead of being fermented via the traditional process in glass jars in a modern facility as advertised, the pickled cabbage underwent a quick seven-day fermentation process in earth pits on the ground near the cabbage farms. Workers were also reported to be stepping on the vegetables barefoot and throwing cigarette butts into the pits. The bacteria count of the pickled cabbage exceeded the standard, as did preservatives, which did not prevent the pickles from spoiling and turning black in as little as two months. Kangshifu voluntarily withdrew the involved instant noodles from the market, and KFC and other companies mentioned on the supplier's website denied any association.[110][111]
A mostly intact and clearly recognisable rat's head was found in a school meal inNanchang. Chinese authorities overturned previous official reassurances that it was duck neck, as video evidence of the scandal quickly propagated on social media.[112][113]
Two Chinese companies have used fuel trucks to transport edible oil without any cleaning process between loads.[114][115]
