Fluxus was an international, interdisciplinary community of artists, composers, designers, and poets during the 1960s and 1970s who, inspired byJohn Cage, engaged in experimentalart performances which emphasized the artistic tradition of chance-based process over the finished product.[1][2] Fluxus is known for experimental contributions to different artistic media and disciplines and for generating new art forms. These art forms includeintermedia, a term coined by Fluxus artistDick Higgins;[3][4][5][6]conceptual art, first developed byHenry Flynt,[7][8] an artist contentiously associated with Fluxus; andvideo art, first pioneered byNam June Paik andWolf Vostell.[9][10][11] Dutch gallerist and art critic Harry Ruhé describes Fluxus as "the most radical and experimental art movement of the sixties".[12][13]
They producedperformance "events", which included enactments of scores, "Neo-Dada"noise music, and time-based works, as well asconcrete poetry,visual art,urban planning, architecture, design, literature, and publishing. Many Fluxus artists share anti-commercial andanti-art sensibilities. Fluxus is sometimes described as "intermedia". The ideas and practices of composerJohn Cage heavily influenced Fluxus, especially his notions that one should embark on an artwork without a conception of its end, and his understanding of the work as a site of interaction between artist and audience. The process of creating was privileged over the finished product.[14] Another notable influence were thereadymades ofMarcel Duchamp, a French artist who was active inDada (1916 –c. 1922).George Maciunas, largely considered to be the founder of this fluid movement, coined the name Fluxus in 1961 to title a proposed magazine.[15]
Many artists of the 1960s took part in Fluxus activities, includingJoseph Beuys,Willem de Ridder,George Brecht,John Cage,Robert Filliou,Al Hansen,Dick Higgins,Bengt af Klintberg,Alison Knowles,Addi Køpcke,Yoko Ono,Nam June Paik,Shigeko Kubota,La Monte Young,Mary Bauermeister,Joseph Byrd,Ben Patterson,Daniel Spoerri,Eric Andersen,Ken Friedman,Terry Riley andWolf Vostell. Not only were they a diverse community of collaborators who influenced each other, they were also, largely, friends. They collectively had what were, at the time, radical ideas about art and the role of art in society.[16] Fluxus founder George Maciunas proposed a well known manifesto, but few considered Fluxus to be a true movement,[17][18] and therefore the manifesto was not largely adopted. Instead, a series of festivals in Wiesbaden, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Amsterdam, London, and New York, gave rise to a loose but robust community with many similar beliefs. In keeping with the reputation Fluxus earned as a forum of experimentation,[12] some Fluxus artists came to describe Fluxus as a laboratory.[19][20]
The origins of Fluxus lie in many of the concepts explored by composerJohn Cage in hisexperimental music of the 1930s through the 1960s. After attending courses onZen Buddhism taught byD. T. Suzuki, Cage taught a series of classes in experimental composition from 1957 to 1959 at theNew School for Social Research in New York City. These classes explored the notions of chance andindeterminacy in art, using music scores as a basis for compositions that could be performed in potentially infinite ways. Some of the artists and musicians who became involved in Fluxus, includingJackson Mac Low,La Monte Young,George Brecht,Al Hansen, andDick Higgins attended Cage's classes.[21][22] A major influence is found in the work ofMarcel Duchamp.[23] Also of importance wasDada Poets and Painters, edited by Robert Motherwell, a book of translations of Dada texts that was widely read by members of Fluxus.[24] The termanti-art, a precursor toDada, was coined by Duchamp around 1913, when he created his first readymades fromfound objects (ordinary objects found or purchased and declared art).[25] Indifferently chosen,readymades and altered readymades challenged the notion of art as an inherently optical experience, dependent on academic art skills. The most famous example is Duchamp's altered readymadeFountain (1917), a work which he signed "R. Mutt." While taking refuge from WWI in New York, in 1915 Duchamp formed a Dada group withFrancis Picabia and American artistMan Ray. Other key members includedArthur Cravan,Florine Stettheimer, and theBaroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, credited by some with proposing the idea forFountain to Duchamp.[26] By 1916 these artists, especially Duchamp, Man Ray, and Picabia, became the center for radical anti-art activities in New York City. Their artworks would inform Fluxus andconceptual art in general.[23] In the late 1950s and very early 1960s, Fluxus and contemporaneous groups or movements, includingHappenings,Nouveau réalisme,mail art, andaction art in Japan, Austria, and other international locations were, often placed under the rubric ofNeo-Dada".[27]
A number of other contemporary events are credited as either anticipating Fluxus or as constituting proto-Fluxus events.[23] The most commonly cited include the series of Chambers Street loft concerts, in New York, curated byYoko Ono and La Monte Young in 1961, featuring pieces by Ono,Jackson Mac Low,Joseph Byrd, andHenry Flynt;[28] the month-longYam festival held in upstate New York by George Brecht andRobert Watts in May 1963 withRay Johnson andAllan Kaprow (the culmination of a year's worth ofMail Art pieces);[23] and a series of concerts held inMary Bauermeister's studio, Cologne, 1960–61, featuringNam June Paik and John Cage among many others. It was at one of these events in 1960, during his Etude pour Piano, that Paik leapt into the audience and cut John Cage's tie off, ran out of the concert hall, and then phoned the hall's organisers to announce the piece had ended.[29] As one of the movement's founders, Dick Higgins, stated:
Fluxus started with the work, and then came together, applying the name Fluxus to work which already existed. It was as if it started in the middle of the situation, rather than at the beginning.[30][31]
In 1961 the American musician/artistLa Monte Young had been enlisted to guest-edit an East Coast issue of the Wast Coast literary journalBeatitude to be calledBeatitude East. But as theBeatitude connection was prematurly terminated,George Maciunas, a trainedgraphic designer, asked Young if he could layout and help publish theNeo-Dada material.[32] Maciunas supplied the paper, design, and some money for publishing the anthology which contained the work of New Yorkavant-garde artists from that time. The project took the title ofAn Anthology of Chance Operations from its full titleAn Anthology of chance operations concept art anti-art indeterminacy improvisation meaningless work natural disasters plans of action stories diagrams Music poetry essays dance constructions mathematics compositions.An Anthology of Chance Operations was completed and published in 1963 byJackson Mac Low and La Monte Young, as Maciunas had by then moved to Germany to escape his creditors.[33] After opening a short-lived art gallery onMadison Avenue, which showed work byDick Higgins,Yoko Ono,Jonas Mekas,Ray Johnson,Henry Flynt and La Monte Young, Maciunas moved toWiesbaden, West Germany, having taken a job as a graphic designer with theUS Air Force in late 1961[34] after the gallery had gone bust. From Wiesbaden, Maciunas continued his contact with Young and other New York City-based artists and with expatriate American artists likeBenjamin Patterson andEmmett Williams, whom he met in Europe. By September 1962, Maciunas was joined byDick Higgins andAlison Knowles who traveled to Europe to help him promote a second planned publication to be calledFluxus, the first of a series ofyearbooks of artists' works. Maciunas had first come up with the titleFluxus for a never done anthology of New York'sLithuanian artists, but instead applied the term to artists working in theAnthology of Chance Operations vein.[35] Because after fleeing Lithuania at the end ofWorld War II, his family settled in New York, where he first met the group of avant-garde artists and musicians centered aroundJohn Cage andLa Monte Young. Thus Maciunas coined the nameFluxus not for his perceived group of Lithuanian artists but for theNeo-Dada art being produced by a range of artists with a shared sensibility as an attempt to "fuse... cultural, social, & political revolutionaries into [a] united front and action".[36]
Maciunas first publicly coined the termFluxus (meaning 'to flow') in a 'brochure prospectus' that he distributed to the audience at a festival he had organized, calledAprès Cage; Kleinen Sommerfest (After Cage; a Small Summer Festival), inWuppertal, West Germany, 9 June 1962.[37]
Maciunas was an avid art historian, and initially referred to Fluxus as 'neo-dadaism' or 'renewed dadaism'.[38] He wrote a number of letters toRaoul Hausmann, an originaldadaist, outlining his ideas. Hausmann discouraged the use of the term;
I note with much pleasure what you said about German neodadaists—but I think even the Americans should not use the term "neodadaism" because neo means nothing and -ism is old-fashioned. Why not simply "Fluxus"? It seems to me much better, because it's new, and dada is historic.[39]
As part of the festival, Maciunas wrote a lecture entitled 'Neo-Dada in the United States'.[40] After an attempt to define 'Concretist Neo-Dada' art, he explained that Fluxus was opposed to the exclusion of the everyday from art. Using 'anti-art and artistic banalities', Fluxus would fight the 'traditional artificialities of art'.[41] The lecture ended with the declaration "Anti-art is life, is nature, is true reality—it is one and all."[41]
In 1962, Maciunas, Higgins and Knowles traveled to Europe to promote the planned Fluxus publication with concerts of antique musical instruments. With the help of a group of artists includingJoseph Beuys andWolf Vostell, Maciunas eventually organised a series ofFluxfests across Western Europe. Starting with 14 concerts between 1 and 23 September 1962, atWiesbaden, theseFluxfests presented work by musicians such as John Cage,Ligeti,Penderecki,Terry Riley andBrion Gysin alongsideperformance pieces written by Higgins, Knowles, George Brecht andNam June Paik,Ben Patterson,Robert Filliou, andEmmett Williams, amongst many others. One performance in particular,Piano Activities byPhilip Corner, became notorious by challenging the important status of the piano in post-war German homes.
The score—which asks for any number of performers to, among other things, "play", "pluck or tap", "scratch or rub", "drop objects" on, "act on strings with", "strike soundboard, pins, lid or drag various kinds of objects across them" and "act in any way on underside of piano"[42]—resulted in the total destruction of a piano when performed by Maciunas, Higgins and others at Wiesbaden. The performance was considered scandalous enough to be shown on German television four times, with the introduction "The lunatics have escaped!"[43]
At the end we did Corner'sPiano Activities not according to his instructions since we systematically destroyed a piano which I bought for $5 and had to have it all cut up to throw it away, otherwise we would have had to pay movers, a very practical composition, but German sentiments about this "instrument of Chopin" were hurt and they made a row about it...[44]
At the same time, Maciunas used his connections at work to start printing cheap mass-produced books and multiples by some of the artists that were involved in the performances. The first three to be printed wereComposition 1961 by La Monte Young (see it here,An Anthology of Chance Operations edited by Young and Mac Low andWater Yam, by George Brecht.Water Yam, a series of event scores printed on small sheets of card and collected together in a cardboard box, was the first in a series of artworks that Maciunas printed that became known asFluxkits. Cheap, mass-produced and easily distributed,Fluxkits were originally intended to form an ever-expanding library of modernperformance art.Water Yam was published in an edition of 1000 and originally cost $4.[45] By April 1964, almost a year later, Maciunas still had 996 copies unsold.[46]
Maciunas' original plan had been to design, edit and pay for each edition himself, in exchange for the copyright to be held by the collective.[47][48] Profits were to be split 80/20 at first, in favor of the artist.[49] Since most of the composers already had publishing deals, Fluxus quickly moved away from music toward performance and visual art. John Cage, for instance, never published work under the Fluxus moniker due to his contract with the music publishersEdition Peters.[50]
Maciunas seemed to have a fantastic ability to get things done.... if you had things to be printed he could get them printed. It's pretty hard in East Brunswick to get good offset printing. It's not impossible, but it's not so easy, and since I'm very lazy it was a relief to find somebody who could take the burden off my hands. So there was this guy Maciunas, a Lithuanian or Bulgarian, or somehow a refugee or whatever—beautifully dressed—"astonishing looking" would be a better adjective. He was somehow able to carry the whole thing off, without my having to go 57 miles to find a printer.[51]
Since Maciunas wascolorblind, Fluxus multiples were almost always black and white.[52]
After his contract with the US Air Force was terminated due to ill health, Maciunas was forced to return to the US on 3 September 1963.[53] Once back in New York, he set about organizing a series of street concerts and opened a new shop, the 'Fluxhall', onCanal Street.12 concerts, "away from the beaten track of the New York art scene",[54] took place on Canal Street, 11 April to 23 May 1964. With photographs taken by Maciunas himself, pieces byBen Vautier,Alison Knowles andTakehisa Kosugi were performed in the street for free, although in practice there was 'no audience to speak of'[54] anyway.
The people in Fluxus had understood, as Brecht explained, that "concert halls, theaters, and art galleries" were "mummifying". Instead, these artists found themselves "preferring streets, homes, and railway stations...." Maciunas recognized a radical political potential in all this forthrightly anti-institutional production, which was an important source for his own deep commitment to it. Deploying his expertise as a professional graphic designer, Maciunas played an important role in projecting upon Fluxus whatever coherence it would later seem to have had.[55]
Along with the New York shop, Maciunas built up a distribution network for the new art across Europe and later outlets in California and Japan. Gallery and mail order outlets were established in Amsterdam, Villefranche-Sur-Mer, Milan and London, amongst others.[56] By 1965, the first anthologyFluxus 1 was available, consisting of manila envelopes bolted together containing work by numerous artists who would later become famous including La Monte Young,Christo,Joseph Byrd and Yoko Ono. Other pieces available included packs of altered playing cards by George Brecht, sensory boxes byAy-O, a regular newsletter with contributions by artists and musicians such asRay Johnson and John Cale, and tin cans filled with poems, songs and recipes about beans byAlison Knowles (see).
After returning to New York, Maciunas became reacquainted with Henry Flynt,[57] who encouraged members of Fluxus to take a more overtly political stance. One of the results of these discussions was to set up a picket line at the American premiere ofOriginale, a recent work by the German composerKarlheinz Stockhausen, 8 September 1964.[58] Stockhausen was deemed a 'Cultural Imperialist' by Maciunas and Flynt, while other members vehemently disagreed. The result was members of Fluxus, such as Nam June Paik and Jackson Mac Low, crossing a picket line made up of other members, including Ben Vautier andTakako Saito[59] who handed out leaflets denouncing Stockhausen as "a characteristic European-North American ruling-class Artist".[60] Dick Higgins participated in the picket, and then coolly joined the other performers inside;[61]
Maciunas and his friend Henry Flynt tried to get the Fluxus people to march around outside the circus with white cards that said Originale was bad. And they tried to say that the Fluxus people who were in the circus weren't Fluxus any more. That was silly, because it made a split. I thought it was funny, and so first I walked around with Maciunas and with Henry with a card, then I went inside and joined the circus; so both groups got angry with me. Oh well. Some people say that Fluxus died that day—I once thought so myself—but it turned out I was wrong.[62]
The event, arranged byCharlotte Moorman as part of her2nd Annual New York Avant Garde Festival, would cement animosities between Maciunas and her,[63] with Maciunas frequently demanding that artists associated with Fluxus have nothing to do with the annual festival, and would often expel artists who ignored his demands. This hostility continued throughout Maciunas' life—much to Moorman's bemusement—despite her continued championing of Fluxus art and artists.[64]
The picketing ofOriginale marked the high point of Maciunas'agitprop approach,[65] an approach that estranged many of Fluxus' early proponents; Jackson Mac Low had resigned immediately after hearing 'antisocial' plans laid in April 1963, such as breaking down trucksunder the Hudson River.[66] Brecht threatened to quit on the same issue, and then left New York in the spring of 1965. Despite his continued allegiance to Fluxus ideals, Dick Higgins fell out with Maciunas around the same time, ostensibly over his setting up theSomething Else Press which printed many texts by key Fluxus-related personalities and other members of the avant garde. Charlotte Moorman continued to present herAnnual Avant Garde Festival in New York.
Such perceived insurrections in the coherence of Maciunas' leadership of Fluxus provided an opening for Fluxus to become increasingly influenced by Japanese members of the group.[67] Since returning to Japan in 1961, Yoko Ono had been recommending colleagues look Maciunas up if they moved to New York; by the time she had returned, in early 1965,Hi Red Center,Shigeko Kubota, Takako Saito,Mieko Shiomi,Yasunao Tone andAy-O had all started to make work for Fluxus, often of a contemplative nature.[68]
In Tokyo Japan 1964 Yoko Ono, a nonconformist to the Fluxus community,[69] independently published her artist’s bookGrapefruit.[70] The book’s text itself encompassing event scores and other forms of participatory art.[71]
An event score from the book:
Cloud Piece[72]
Imagine the clouds dripping.
Dig a hole in your garden to put them in.
On September 25, 1965, theFluxOrchestra, with La Monte Young conducting, played atCarnegie Recital Hall in New York City with a poster and program designed by George Maciunas. Copies of the program were folded into paper airplanes and launched during the evening, which included performances of "Falling Event" byChieko Shiomi, "Symphony No. 3 'On the Floor from 'Clouds Scissors'" byGeorge Brecht, "4 Pieces for Orchestra to La Monte Young" by Yoko Ono, "Disappearing Music for Face" by Shiomi, "Tactical Pieces for Orchestra" and "Olivetti Adding Machine in Memoriam for Adriano Olivetti" byAnthony Cox, "Trance for Orchestra" by Watts, "Sky Piece to Jesus Christ*" by Ono, "Octet for Winds 'In the Water' from 'Cloud Scissors" by Brecht, "Piece" byShigeko Kubota, "1965 $50" by Young, "Piano Piece" byTomas Schmit, "Sword Piece" by Cox, "Music for Late Afternoon Together With" by Shiomi, "2" by Watts, "c/t Trace" by Watts, "Intermission Event" byWillem de Ridder, "Moviee Music" byStan Vanderbeek, "Mechanical Orchestra" byJoe Jones, and "Secret Room" byBen Vautier.
In 1969, Fluxus artistJoe Jones opened hisJJ Music Store (akaTone Deaf Music Store) at 18North Moore Street, where he presented hisrepetitivedrone music machines. He created there an installation in the window so that anyone could press numerous door buttons to play thenoise music machines displayed there.[73] Jones also presented small musical installation performances there, alone or with other Fluxus artists, such asYoko Ono andJohn Lennon,[74] among others. From April 18 to June 12, 1970, Ono and Lennon (akaPlastic Ono Band) presented a series of Fluxus art events and concerts there calledGRAPEFRUIT FLUXBANQUET. It was promoted with a poster designed by Fluxus leaderGeorge Maciunas. Performances includedCome Impersonating John Lennon & Yoko Ono, Grapefruit Banquet (April 11–17) by George Maciunas,Yoshimasa Wada, Nye Ffarrabas (formerly Bici Forbes and Bici Forbes Hendricks),Geoffrey Hendricks, andRobert Watts;Do It Yourself (April 11–17) by Yoko Ono;Tickets by John Lennon + Fluxagents (April 18–24) with Wada,Ben Vautier and Maciunas;Clinic by Yoko Ono + Hi Red Center (April 25-May 1);Blue Room by Yoko + Fluxmasterliars (May 2–8);Weight & Water by Yoko + Fluxfiremen (May 9–15);Capsule by Yoko + Flux Space Center (May 16–22) with Maciunas,Paul Sharits,George Brecht,Ay-O, Ono, Watts,John Cavanaugh;Portrait ofJohn Lennon as a Young Cloud by Yoko + Everybody (May 23–29);The Store by Yoko + Fluxfactory (May 30-June 5), with Ono, Maciunas, Wada, Ay-O; and finallyExamination by Yoko + Fluxschool (June 6–12) with Ono, Geoffrey Hendricks, Watts,Mieko Shiomi andRobert Filliou.[75]
As Fluxus gradually became more famous, Maciunas' ambitions for the sale of cheap multiples grew. The second flux-anthology, theFluxkit (late 1964),[76] collected together early 3D work made by the collective in a businessman's case, an idea borrowed directly from Duchamp'sBoite en Valise[77][78] Within a year, plans for a new anthology,Fluxus 2, were in full swing to contain Flux films byJohn Cage and Yoko Ono (with hand held projectors provided), disrupted matchboxes and postcards by Ben Vautier, plastic food byClaes Oldenburg, FluxMedicine byShigeko Kubota (containing empty pill packages), and artworks made of rocks, ink stamps, outdated travel tickets, undoable puzzles and a machine to facilitate humming.[79]
Maciunas' belief in the collective extended to authorship; a number of pieces from this period were anonymous, mis-attributed, or have had their authorship since questioned.[80] As a further complication, Maciunas was in the habit of dramatically changing ideas submitted by various artists before he put the works into production.Solid Plastic in Plastic Box, credited toPer Kirkeby 1967, for instance, had originally been realised by Kirkeby as a metal box, inscribed 'This Box Contains Wood'. When opened, the box would be found to contain sawdust. By the time the multiple had been manufactured by Maciunas, it was a block of solid plastic contained in a plastic box of the same color.[78] Conversely, Maciunas assignedDegree Face Clock, in which a clock face is measured out in 360°, to Kirkeby despite being an idea byRobert Watts;[81]
Some years ago, when I spoke with Robert Watts aboutDegree Face Clock andCompass Face Clock, he had recalled thinking up the idea himself and was surprised that George Maciunas advertised them as Per Kirkeby's. Watts shrugged and said that was the way George worked. There would be ideas in the air and Maciunas would assign the piece to one artist or another.[82]
Other tactics from this time included Maciunas buying large amounts of plastic boxes wholesale, and handing them out to artists with the simple request to turn them into Fluxkits, and the use of the rapidly growing international network of artists to contribute items needed to complete works. Robert Watts'Fluxatlas, 1973, for instance, contains small rocks sent by members of the group from around the world.[83]
In addition to his numerous original compositions which have joined the collective's catalog of works,Larry Miller, associated with the group since 1969, has also been active as an interpreter of the "classic" scores and responsible for bringing the group's works to a wider public, blurring the lines between artist, producer and researcher. Besides Miller's own artistic work, he has also organized, reconstructed and performed at numerous Fluxus events and assembled an extensive collection of material on the history of Fluxus.[84] Through Miller, Fluxus attracted media coverage such as the worldwideCNN coverage ofOff Limits exhibit at theNewark Museum (now The Newark Museum of Art) in 1999.[85] Other Miller activities as organizer, performer and presenter within the Fluxus milieu includePerformance in Fluxus Continue 1963–2003 at Musee d'Art et d'Art Contemporain in Nice;Fluxus a la Carte in Amsterdam; andCentraal Fluxus Festival at Centraal Museum inUtrecht, Netherlands. In 2004, for Geoff Hendricks'Critical Mass: Happenings, Fluxus, Performance, Intermedia and Rutgers University 1958–1972, Miller reprised and updated the track and field events of the Flux Olympics, first presented in 1970.[86] ForDo-it Yourself Fluxus at AI – Art Interactive – inCambridge, Massachusetts, Miller worked as the curatorial consultant for an exhibit of works that allowed viewers hands-on experience including the reconstruction of several sections of the historicFlux Labyrinth, a massive and intricate maze that Miller originally constructed with George Maciunas atAkademie der Künste inBerlin in 1976 and which included sections by several of the Fluxus artists. Miller created a new version of theFlux Labyrinth at theIn the Spirit of Fluxus exhibit at the Walker Art Center in 1994, where Griel Marcus said, "Miller was... fine tuning the monster."[87]
Women associated with Fluxus such asCarolee Schneemann andCharlotte Moorman, and founding members of the group such asAlison Knowles andYoko Ono, contributed works in varying media and with differing content such as Knowles' "Make a Salad" and "Make a Soup.". Each was shaped by their times and their associations with artists of the previous generation such asSari Dienes who were pointing the way to the changes of the 1960s and 70s with strong personnas and art.[88] Some made experimental and performative work having to do with the body that created a powerful female presence, which existed within Fluxus from the group's beginning as illustrated by works includingCarolee Schneemann's "Interior Scroll", Yoko Ono's "Cut Piece", andShigeko Kubota's "Vagina Painting". Women working within Fluxus were often simultaneously critiquing their position within a male dominated society while also exposing the inequalities within an art collective that claimed to be open and diverse. George Maciunas, in his rejection of Schneeman as a member of Fluxus, called her "guilty of Baroque tendencies, overt sexuality, and theatrical excess".[89] "Interior Scroll" was a response to Schneemann's experience as a filmmaker in the 1950s and 1960s, when male filmmakers claimed that women should restrict themselves to dance.
He said we are fond of you
You are charming
But don't ask us
To look at your films
We cannot
There are certain films
We cannot look at
The personal clutter
The persistence of feeling
The hand-touch sensibility
— Carolee Schneemann[89]
InAn evening with Fluxus women: a roundtable discussion, hosted at New York University on 19 February 2009 byWomen & Performance: a journal of feminist theory and the Department of Performance Studies, a passage from Mieko Shiomi reads "...the best thing about Fluxus, I think, is that there was no discrimination on the basis of nationality and gender. Fluxus was open to anyone who shared similar thoughts about art and life. That's why women artists could be so active without feeling any frustration."[90]: 370
Shigeo Kubota'sVagina Painting (1965), was performed by attaching a paintbrush dipped in red paint to her underwear, then applying it to a piece of paper while moving over it in a crouching position. The paint evoked menstrual blood.Vagina Painting has been interpreted as a critique ofJackson Pollock's action paintings, and the male-dominatedabstract expressionist tradition.[91]
A number of artists in the group were interested in setting up Flux communes, intending to 'bridge the gap between the artist community and the surrounding society'[92] The first of these, La Cédille qui Sourit orTheCedilla That Smiles,[93] was set up inVillefranche-sur-Mer, France, byRobert Filliou and George Brecht, 1965–1968. Intended as an 'International Centre of Permanent Creation', the shop sold Fluxkits and other small wares as well as housing a 'non-school', boasting the motto "A carefree exchange of information and experience. No students, no teachers. Perfect licence, at times to listen at times to talk."[94] In 1966, Maciunas, Watts and others took advantage of new legislation drafted to regenerate the area of Manhattan known as 'Hell's Hundred Acres', soon to become rebranded asSoHo, allowing artists to buy live/work spaces in an area that had been blighted due to a proposed 18-lane expressway alongBroome Street.[92] Led by Maciunas, plans were laid to start a series of real-estate developments in the area, designed to create an artists' community within a few streets of the FluxShop on Canal Street.
'Maciunas wanted to establish collective workshops, food-buying cooperatives and theaters to link the strengths of various media together and bridge the gap between the artist community and the surrounding society'
The first warehouse, intended to house Maciunas, Watts, Christo & Jeanne-Claude, Jonas Mekas, La Monte Young and others, was located on Greene Street. Likening these communities to the sovietKolkhozs, Maciunas didn't hesitate to adopt the title 'Chairman of Bldg. Co-Op'[95] without first registering an office or becoming a member of the New York State Association of Realtors.[96] FluxHousing Co-Operatives continued to redevelop the area over the next decade, and were widened to include plans to set up aFluxIsland- a suitable island was located near Antigua, but the money to buy and develop it remained unforthcoming- and finally a performance arts centre called theFluxFarm established inNew Marlborough, Massachusetts. The plans were continually dogged by financial problems, constant run-ins with the New York authorities, and eventually resulted, on 8 November 1975, in Maciunas being severely beaten by thugs sent by an unpaid electrical contractor.[97]
Maciunas moved to the Berkshire Mountains in Western Massachusetts in the late 1970s. Two decades earlier, after collecting paintings, the Boston art collector Jean Brown, and her late husband Leonard Brown, began to shift their focus to Dadaist and Surrealist art, manifestoes and periodicals. In 1971, after Mr. Brown's death, Mrs. Brown moved toTyringham, and expanded into areas adjacent to Fluxus, including artists' books, concrete poetry, happenings, mail art and performance art. Maciunas helped turn her home, originally a Shaker seed house, into an important center for both Fluxus artists and scholars, with Mrs. Brown alternately cooking meals and showing guests her collection. Activities centered on a large archive room on the second floor built by Maciunas, who settled in nearbyGreat Barrington, where it was discovered in 1977 that Maciunas developed cancer of the pancreas and liver.
Three months before his death, he married his friend and companion, the poet Billie Hutching. After a legal wedding in Lee, Massachusetts, the couple performed a "Fluxwedding" in a friend's loft in SoHo, 25 February 1978. A videotape of the Maciunas' wedding was produced byDimitri Devyatkin.[98] The bride and groom traded clothing.[99] Maciunas died on 9 May 1978 in a hospital in Boston.
His funeral was held in typical Fluxus style where they dubbed the funeral "Fluxfeast and Wake", ate foods that were only black, white, or purple.[100] Maciunas left behind his thoughts on Fluxus in a series of important video conversations calledInterview With George Maciunas with Fluxus artistLarry Miller, which has been screened internationally and translated into numerous languages.[101] Over a 30 year period, Miller shot and collected Fluxus related materials including tapes on Joe Jones, Carolee Schneemann, Ben Vautier, Dick Higgins, and Alison Knowles, in addition to the 1978 Maciunas interview.
After the death of Maciunas a rift opened in Fluxus between a few collectors and curators who placed Fluxus as an art movement in a specific time frame (1962 to 1978), and the artists themselves, many of whom continued to see Fluxus as a living entity held together by its core values and world view.[102] Different theorists and historians adopted each of these views. Fluxus is therefore referred to variously in the past or the present tense. The definition of Fluxus was always a subject of controversy, complicated by the death of the original artists who were still living when Maciunas died.[103][104]
Some have argued that the unique control that curatorJon Hendricks holds over major historical Fluxus collection the Gilbert and Lila Silverman collection has enabled him to influence, through the numerous books and catalogues subsidized by the collection, the view that Fluxus died with Maciunas. Hendricks argues that Fluxus was a historical movement that occurred at a particular time, asserting that such central Fluxus artists as Dick Higgins and Nam June Paik could no longer label themselves as active Fluxus artists after 1978, and that contemporary artists influenced by Fluxus cannot lay claim to be Fluxus artists.[105][106] TheMuseum of Modern Art makes the same claim dating the movement to the 1960s and 1970s.[23][107] Many of the original Fluxus artists still working enjoy homages by younger Fluxus-influenced artists who stage events to commemorate Fluxus, but discourage the use of the "Fluxus" label by younger artists.[108][109] Others, including historian of artHannah Higgins, daughter of Fluxus artistsAlison Knowles andDick Higgins, assert that although Maciunas was a key participant, there were many more, including Fluxus co-founder Higgins, who continued to work within Fluxus after the death of Maciunas.[110]
The rise of the internet in the 1990s enabled a vibrant post-Fluxus community to emerge online. Some of the original Fluxus artists from the 1960s and 1970s, including Higgins, created online communities such as the Fluxlist; following their departure, younger artists, writers, musicians, and performers have attempted to continue their work incyberspace. The influence of Fluxus continued also inmulti-mediadigital art performances, such as that presented byOther Minds in the SOMArts building in San Francisco to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Fluxus in September 2011.[111][112] The performance was curated byAdam Fong who was also one of the performers along withYoshi Wada,Alison Knowles,Hannah Higgins,Luciano Chessa and Adam Overton. In 2018 theLos Angeles Philharmonic in itsFluxus Festival presented a fluxus performance incorporatingJohn Cage's "Europeras 1 and 2" directed byYuval Sharon.[113] Fluxus artists continue to perform today on a smaller scale.
An immediate predecessor of Fluxus, according to Maciunas, was the Gutai group which promoted art as an anti-academic, psychophysical experience, an "art of matter as it is" as explained by Shiraga Kazuo in 1956. Gutai became connected with a sort of artistic mass-production, anticipating Fluxus's trademark, i.e., ambiguity between the cultivated and the trivial, between high and low. Indeed, avant-garde art in Japan tended toward informal rather than conceptual elements, radically opposing the extreme formality and symbolism found in Japanese art.
In the 1950s New York music scene there could be discerned many issues related to the post-war disenchantment experienced by many throughout the developed world. Such disillusionment in itself presented a case for commitment to Buddhism and Zen in everyday matters such as mental attitude, meditation, and approach to food and body care. It was also felt, however, that there was a general need for a more radical artistic sensibility. The themes of decay and of the inadequacy of the idea of modernity in artistic fields were adopted, partly from Duchamp and Dada and partly from consciousness of the uneasiness of living in contemporary society.
It is said that Fluxus challenged notions of representation, offering instead simple presentation. This, in fact, corresponds to a major difference between Western and Japanese art. Another important Fluxus characteristic was the elimination of perceived boundaries between art and life, a very prominent trend in post war art. This was exemplified by the work and writings of Josheph Beuys who stated, "every man is an artist." Fluxus's approach was an everyday, "economic" one as seen in the production of small objects made of paper and plastic. Again, this strongly corresponds with some of the fundamental characteristics of Japanese culture, i.e., the high artistic value of everyday acts and objects and the aesthetic appreciation of frugality. This also links with Japanese art, and the concept of shibumi, which may involve incompleteness, and supports the appreciation of bare objects, emphasizing subtlety rather than overtness. The renowned Japanese aesthetics scholar Onishi Yoshinori called the essence of Japanese art pantonomic because of the consciousness of no distinction between nature, art and life. Art is the way to approach life and nature/reality corresponding to actual existence.[114]
Fluxus encouraged a "do-it-yourself" aesthetic, and valued simplicity over complexity. LikeDada before it, Fluxus included a strong current of anti-commercialism and ananti-art sensibility, disparaging the conventional market-driven art world in favor of an artist-centered creative practice. As Fluxus artistRobert Filliou wrote, however, Fluxus differed from Dada in its richer set of aspirations, and the positive social and communitarian aspirations of Fluxus far outweighed the anti-art tendency that also marked the group.[115]
Among its early associates wereJoseph Beuys,Dick Higgins,Davi Det Hompson,Nam June Paik,Wolf Vostell,La Monte Young,Joseph Byrd,Al Hansen andYoko Ono who explored media ranging from performance art to poetry to experimental music to film. Taking the stance of opposition to the ideas of tradition and professionalism in the arts of their time, the Fluxus group shifted the emphasis from what an artist makes to the artist's personality, actions, and opinions. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s (their most active period) they staged "action" events, engaged in politics and public speaking, and produced sculptural works featuring unconventional materials. Their radically untraditional works included, for example, thevideo art of Nam June Paik andCharlotte Moorman and the performance art of Joseph Beuys and Wolf Vostell. During the early years of Fluxus, the often playful style of the Fluxus artists resulted in them being considered by some to be little more than a group ofpranksters. Fluxus has also been compared toDada and aspects ofPop Art and is seen as the starting point ofmail art andno wave artists. Artists from succeeding generations such asMark Bloch do not try to characterize themselves as Fluxus but create spinoffs such as Fluxpan or Jung Fluxus as a way of continuing some of the Fluxus ideas in a 21st-century, post-mail art context.
In terms of an artistic approach, Fluxus artists preferred to work with whatever materials were at hand, and either created their own work or collaborated in the creation process with their colleagues. Outsourcing part of the creative process to commercial fabricators was not usually part of Fluxus practice. Maciunas personally hand-assembled many of the Fluxus multiples and editions.[116] While Maciunas assembled many objects by hand, he designed and intended them for mass production.[23][117] Where multiple publishers produced signed, numbered objects in limited editions intended for sale at high prices, Maciunas produced open editions at low prices.[23][117] Several other Fluxus publishers produced different kinds of Fluxus editions. The best known of these was theSomething Else Press, established by Dick Higgins, probably the largest and most extensive Fluxus publisher, producing books in editions that ran from 1,500 copies to as many as 5,000 copies, all available at standard bookstore prices.[118][119] Higgins created the term "intermedia" in a 1966 essay.[120]
The art forms most closely associated with Fluxus are event scores and Fluxus boxes. Fluxus boxes (sometimes called Fluxkits or Fluxboxes) originated with George Maciunas who would gather collections of printed cards, games, and ideas, organizing them in small plastic or wooden boxes.[121]
An event score, such asGeorge Brecht's "Drip Music", is essentially aperformance art script that is usually only a few lines long and consists of descriptions of actions to be performed rather than dialogue.[122][123][124] Fluxus artists differentiate event scores from "happenings". Whereas happenings were sometimes complicated, lengthy performances meant to blur the lines between performer and audience, performance and reality, event performances were usually brief and simple. The event performances sought to elevate the banal, to be mindful of the mundane, and to frustrate thehigh culture of academic and market-driven music and art.
The idea of the event began inHenry Cowell's philosophy of music.[citation needed] Cowell, a teacher to John Cage and later to Dick Higgins, coined the term that Higgins and others later applied to short, terse descriptions of performable work. The term "score" is used in exactly the sense that one uses the term to describe a music score: a series of notes that allow anyone to perform the work, an idea linked both to whatNam June Paik labeled the "do it yourself" approach and to whatKen Friedman termed "musicality." While much is made of the do it yourself approach to art, it is vital to recognize that this idea emerges in music, and such important Fluxus artists as Paik, Higgins, or Corner began as composers, bringing to art the idea that each person can create the work by "doing it." This is what Friedman meant by musicality, extending the idea more radically to conclude that anyone can create work of any kind from a score, acknowledging the composer as the originator of the work while realizing the work freely and even interpreting it in far different ways from those the original composer might have done.
Other creative forms that have been adopted by Fluxus practitioners includecollage,sound art, music, video, and poetry—especiallyvisual poetry andconcrete poetry.[125]
Nam June Paik and his peers in the Fluxus art movement thoroughly understood the impact and importance of shock on the viewer. Fluxus artists believed that shock not only makes the viewer question their own reasoning, but is a means to awaken the viewer, "...from a perceptive lethargy furthered by habit."[126] Paik himself described the shock factor in his Fluxus work: "People who come to my concerts or see my objects need to be transferred into another state of consciousness. They have to be high. And in order to put them into this state of highness, a little shock is required... Anyone who came to my exhibition saw the head and was high."[127] Paik's "head" was that of a real cow displayed at the entrance to his exhibition, Exposition of Music—Electronic Television, located in the Galerie Parnass, Wuppertal, Germany in 1963.[126]
Fluxus is similar in spirit to the earlier art movement ofDada, emphasizing the concept ofanti-art and taking jabs at the seriousness of modern art.[128] Fluxus artists used their minimal performances to highlight their perceived connections between everyday objects and art, similarly to Duchamp in pieces such asFountain.[128] Fluxus art was often presented in "events", which Fluxus memberGeorge Brecht defined as "the smallest unit of a situation."[128][129] The events consisted of a minimal instruction, opening the events to accidents and other unintended effects.[130] Also contributing to the randomness of events was the integration of audience members into the performances, realizing Duchamp's notion of the viewer completing the art work.[130]
The Fluxus artistic philosophy has been defined as a synthesis of three key factors that define the majority of Fluxus work:
There is a complexity in adequately charting a unified history of Fluxus. InFluxus: A Brief History and Other Fictions, Owen Smith concedes that, with the emergence of new material published about Fluxus and its expansion into the present, its history must remain open.[131] The resistance to being pigeonholed, and with the absence of a stable identity, Fluxus opened up to wide participation but also, from what would appear in history, closed off that possibility. Maciunas made frequent acts of excommunication between 1962 and 1978 which destabilized the collective.[132] Kristine Stiles argues in one of her essays that the essence of Fluxus is "performative", while recently she feels that essence has been "eroded or threatened". Fluxus instead moved towards favoring the objects of publication, Stiles asserts: "Care must be taken that Fluxus is not transformed historically from a radical process and presentational art into a tradition static and representational art."[131] With no leadership, no identifiable guidelines, no real collective strategy, no homogeneity in terms of practices, Fluxus cannot be handled through traditional critical tools. Fluxus is an indicator of this confusion. Fluxus therefore is nearly always a discourse on the failure of discourse.[133]
Fluxus artists shared several characteristics including wit and "childlikeness", though they lacked a consistent identity as an artistic community.[134] This vague self-identification allowed the group to include a variety of artists, including a large number of women. The possibility that Fluxus had more female members than any Western art group up to that point in history is particularly significant because Fluxus came on the heels of the white male-dominatedabstract expressionism movement.[134] However, despite the designed open-endedness of Fluxus, Maciunas insisted on maintaining unity in the collective. Because of this, Maciunas was accused of expelling certain members for deviating from what he perceived as the goals of Fluxus.[135]
Many artists, writers, and composers have been associated with Fluxus over the years:
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{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Thus Fluxus had been under way for several years before its supposed 1962 starting date. Even more difficult to determine, however, is the end of Fluxus. Although some mark it by the death of Maciunas in April 1979, the other artists were "still as much of a group as we ever were," as Dick Higgins stated in 1982, and continued doing Fluxus artworks, although not necessarily exclusively.
