| Flowerpeckers | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Orange-bellied flowerpecker (Dicaeum trigonostigma) | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Parvorder: | Passerida |
| Family: | Dicaeidae Bonaparte, 1853 |
| Genera | |
Theflowerpeckers are afamily, Dicaeidae, ofpasserine birds. The family comprises three genera,Dicaeum,Prionochilus andPachyglossa, with 56 species in total. The family has sometimes been included in an enlargedsunbird family Nectariniidae. The berrypeckers of the familyMelanocharitidae and the painted berrypeckers,Paramythiidae, were once lumped into this family as well. The family is distributed through tropical southern Asia andAustralasia fromIndia east to thePhilippines and south toAustralia. The family has a wide range occupying a wide range of environments from sea level to montane habitats. Some species, such as themistletoebird of Australia, are recorded as being highly nomadic over parts of their range.[1]
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There is little variation in structure between species in the family although many have distinctive and colourful plumage. Flowerpeckers are stout birds, with short necks and legs. These are small birds ranging from the 10-cm, 5.7-grampygmy flowerpecker to the 18-cm, 12-grammottled flowerpecker. Flowerpeckers have short tails, short thick curved bills and tubular tongues. The latter features reflect the importance of nectar in the diet of many species. They also have digestive systems that have evolved to deal efficiently withmistletoe berries.[1] They are often dull in colour, although in several species the males have brightly patterned crimson or glossy-blackplumage.
Nectar forms part of the diet, although they also take berries, spiders and insects.[3] Mistletoes of 21 species in 12 genera have been found to be part of the diet of flowerpeckers, and it is thought that all species have adaptations to eat these berries and dispose of them quickly. Flowerpeckers may occur inmixed-species feeding flocks with sunbirds andwhite-eyes, as well as other species of flowerpecker.
The breeding biology of the flowerpeckers has been little studied.[1] In the species where data has been collected they apparently form monogamous pairs for breeding, but the division of labour varies; inscarlet-breasted flowerpeckers both parents participate in all aspects of nest building, incubation and chick rearing, but in themistletoebird the female undertakes the first two tasks alone. Flowerpeckers lay 1–4 eggs, typically in a purse-like nest of plant fibres, suspended from a small tree or shrub. Recorded incubation times are scarce, but range from 10–12 days, with fledging occurring after 15 days.
The two genera in the family are separated on the basis of the length of the outermost primary which is elongated inPrionochilus and reduced in mostDicaeum species althoughD. melanozanthum is an exception with an elongated outer primary. Molecular phylogeny studies, however, suggest that someDicaeum are closer to species traditionally inPrionochilus and that generic placements across the family may need to be revised.[4]
The majority of flowerpeckers are resilient in their habits and are notthreatened by human activities.[1] Five species are considered to be near threatened by theIUCN, two are listed asvulnerable and one, theCebu flowerpecker, is listed ascritically endangered. The status of the enigmaticspectacled flowerpecker is unknown.Habitat loss is the cause of the declines of these species.
Carballo-Ortiz, M., Ragai, R., Dahlan, N., & Edwards, D. (2019). A distinctive new species of flowerpecker (Passeriformes: Dicaeidae) from Borneo.Zootaxa,4686(4), 451–464.https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4686.4.1
