The full flag featuring the sun is called the Official Ceremonial Flag (Spanish:Bandera Oficial de Ceremonia). The flag without the sun is considered the Ornamental Flag (Bandera de Ornato). While both versions are equally considered the national flag, the ornamental version must always be hoisted below the Official Ceremony Flag. Invexillological terms, the Official Ceremonial Flag is the civil, state, and war flag andensign, while the Ornamental Flag is an alternative civil flag and ensign. There is controversy of the true colour of the first flag between historians and the descendants of Manuel Belgrano between blue and pale blue.
Popular belief attributes the colors to those of thesky,clouds and thesun; some anthems to the flag like "Aurora" or "Salute to the flag" state so as well. However, historians usually disregard this idea, and attribute them to loyalty towards theHouse of Bourbon.[1]
After the May Revolution, the first times of the Argentine War of Independence, the Triumvirate claimed to be acting on behalf of the Spanish King Ferdinand VII, who was prisoner of Napoleon Bonaparte during thePeninsular War. Whether such loyalty was real or a trick to conceal independentism is a topic of dispute. The creation of a new flag with those colors would have been then a way to denote autonomy, while keeping the relations with the captive king alive.[citation needed]
The sun is called theSun of May because it is a replica of an engraving onthe first Argentine coin, approved in 1813, whose value was eightescudos (one Spanish dollar). It has 16 straight and 16 waved sunbeams.[2]
In 1978 the sun color was specified to be golden yellow (amarillo oro), to have an inner diameter of 10 cm, and an outer diameter of 25 cm (the diameter of the sun equals5⁄6 the height of the white stripe. The sun's face is2⁄5 of its height). It features 32 rays, alternately wavy and straight, and from 1978 it must be embroidered in the "Official Flag Ceremony".[citation needed]
From 1978, the flag's official proportions was 9:14, and its official size was 0.9 by 1.4 meters, which each stripe being 30 centimeters high.[citation needed] In the center stripe there is an emblem known as the Sun of May (Spanish:Sol de Mayo), a golden sun. Historian Diego Abad de Santillán claimed that the Sun of May was a representation of theInca sun godInti.[4]
Flags with proportions of 1:2 and 2:3 are also in use.[citation needed]
Flag of United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (1910-1916)
The first flags used in the territory of modern Argentina were those associated with theSpanish crown. The last formally usedSpanish flag was a red and yellow one, established by KingCharles III in 1785 and used mainly for naval and military purposes.
When theUnited Provinces of the Río de la Plata became independent in theMay Revolution of 1810, they continued to use Spanish flag. This was due to the political position that the new government was acting on behalf of KingFerdinand VII of Spain, who was then a prisoner ofNapoleon during thePeninsular War. The yellow and red flag that flew over the seat of government in thefort of Buenos Aires is currently kept in theNational Historical Museum. This flag does not maintain the proportions imposed by Charles III, as the three stripes are the same width.[5] The Spanish flag was finally abandoned after the formaldeclaration of independence on 9 July 1816, being replaced by the blue and white flags created in 1812 by General Manuel Belgrano.
The light blue and white colors were used on thecockade before they were used on the flag. The origin of the colours of the cockade and the reasons for their election cannot be accurately established. Theories include the symbolism of theHouse of Bourbon, especially theribbon of theOrder of Charles III. Another version speaks of the colors of the then unofficialBuenos Aires coat of arms, where blue meant the sky and silver, later changed to white, meant the waters ofLa Plata. Another possible source of colours is theplume of theLos Patricios during theBritish invasion of 1806 and 1807.[6]
On 26 February 1812, GeneralManuel Belgrano wrote to the government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata to propose the creation of a national flag, arguing that the colors of the recently adopted national cockade should also be reflected in the banners flown by patriot forces. In his letter, he noted the problem of using flags identical to those of the enemy, and proposed adopting distinctive symbols that would reflect the new political reality. Without waiting for a formal response, Belgrano inaugurated the following day anartillery battery called "Independencia" on Espinillo Island in theParaná River, near present-dayRosario, and presented the new flag in a ceremony. Local tradition has it that the first flag was sewn by María Catalina Echevarría de Vidal and raised by Cosme Maciel, a civilian sailor. In a second letter sent the same day, Belgrano informed the government of the events, describing the raising of a flag made in white and light blue, matching the cockade. On that day, Belgrano said the following words:
Soldiers of the Fatherland, we have heretofore had the glory of wearingthe national cockade; there (pointing to the Independence battery), on the Independence Battery, where our Government has recently had the honor of bestowing it upon, shall our weapons enlarge their glory. Let us swear to defeat our enemies, internal and external, and South America will become the temple of Independence and Freedom. In testament that you so swear it, say with me:LONG LIVE THE FATHERLAND! (after the oath) "Captain, sir, and troops chosen for the first time for the Independence Battery: go, take possession of it and fulfill the oath you have just sworn today."[7]
The exact color scheme of the first flag remains a subject of debate, due to the fact that, in describing the flag in a non-intuitive way, he first mentioned white. Some historians suggest that this first flag was with two stripes with white above light blue. In his first letter, Belgrano described the location of the first raising of the flag as the "Libertad" artillery battery. In a letter dated July 18, 1812, he corrected that the flag was flown at the Independencia battery, not the unfinished Libertad battery.
In early March 1812, theFirst Triumvirate ordered General Manuel Belgrano to abandon the new white and light blue flag, since they were still acting in the name of Ferdinand VII. Belgrano, who continued the campaign of theArmy of the North, was unable to receive this order. After reachingSan Salvador de Jujuy, Belgrano celebrated the second anniversary of the revolution on 25 May 1812. On that day,Canon Juan Ignacio Gorriti blessed the white and light blue flag in thecathedral. Belgrano then ordered his soldiers to swear allegiance to this banner, which he called the "national flag".
Soldiers of the Fatherland, we have heretofore had the glory of wearingthe national cockade; there (pointing to the Independence battery), on the Independence Battery, where our Government has recently had the honor of bestowing it upon, shall our weapons enlarge their glory. Let us swear to defeat our enemies, internal and external, and South America will become the temple of Independence and Freedom. In testament that you so swear it, say with me:LONG LIVE THE FATHERLAND! (after the oath) "Captain, sir, and troops chosen for the first time for the Independence Battery: go, take possession of it and fulfill the oath you have just sworn today."[8]
It is not known whether it was the same flag that first flew in Rosario or a different one, since military tradition dictated that flags remain with military units, not commanders. On May 29, Belgrano sent a letter informing the government of the ceremony. In response, he was reprimanded by the Triumvirate for using the new flag without authorization. In his response on July 18, Belgrano explained that he was unaware of the previous ban and repeated that the flag was white and light blue. Despite this, the Army of the North continued to use the flag, including in the victoriousBattle of Tucumán on 24 September 1812.
In early February 1813, during the Army of the North’s advance toward Salta, General Manuel Belgrano received orders from the Assembly of Year XIII to have his troops swear allegiance. On 13 February 1813, after crossing theSalado River, later known also as the "River of the Oath". Belgrano led a solemn ceremony in which the troops swore obedience to the Assembly under the white-and-light-blue flag. In that ceremony, the flag was carried by Major General Eustoquio Díaz Vélez, preceded by Colonel Martín Rodríguez and Belgrano himself, escorted by granaderos playing music.
On February 20, 1813, theBattle of Salta was fought, in which Belgrano achieved a complete victory. After the battleEustoquio Díaz Vélez placed the flag on the balcony of the Cabildo, and the trophies captured from the royalists were placed in the Chapter House. Díaz Vélez, appointed by Belgrano as military governor of the province of Salta del Tucumán, was the first official to use the blue-and-white flag.
While stationed in the city ofSan Salvador de Jujuy on 23 May, Belgrano presented the residents with a white cloth bearing the coat of arms of the Assembly of the Year XIII, which is today known as theflag of the Civil Freedom.[9]
The Army of the North used light blue and white flags until itsdestruction at Ayohuma in modern-dayBolivia at 14 November 1813. After the defeat, two of the flags used in this campaign were hidden in a chapel in the village ofMacha to avoid capture by royalist forces. These flags remained hidden until their accidental discovery in 1885. Both banners consist of three horizontal stripes of white and light blue, with one having a white stripe between two blue stripes and the other having a blue stripe between the white stripes. One was returned to Argentina and is currently located at theNational Museum of History in Buenos Aires, while the other remained in Bolivia and is kept at the Casa de la Libertad inSucre, Bolivia.[10]
In 1814,José Gervasio Artigas, leader of theProvincia Oriental (nowUruguay), began to organize theLeague of the Free Peoples. Artigas adopted a modified Belgrano flag with two narrow red stripes placed within blue fields. The blue stripes symbolized the banks of the Río de la Plata, while the red symbolized the struggle forfederalism.
Later, Artigas changed the two red stripes to one diagonal one, to clearly distinguish his flags from similar flags ofhis opponents. The final design was not created directly by Artigas but by José María de Roo, a customs official fromMontevideo and an expert inheraldry. De Roo likely served as a consultant to Artigas, though the exact nature of their collaboration and the extent of Artigas's influence on the design remain unclear[11][12] The new flag was first raised at Artigas's military camp inArerunguá on 13 January 1815. InMontevideo it was flown for the first time on 26 March by order of the military governor of Montevideo, ColonelFernando Otorgués, and inEntre Ríos on 13 March. Over time, the flag spread throughout the League.[13]
At theCongress of Tucumán, whichproclaimed independence on 9 July 1816, the flag created by Manuel Belgrano was officially recognized as the symbol of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata on 20 July 1816. At that point, the use of Spanish flags was abolished. The congress was attended by delegates from most of the formerViceroyalty (includingTarija and other northern territories, now part ofBolivia, but without delegations from provinces allied with the League of Free Peoples). A decree of 20 July, signed byFrancisco Narciso de Laprida andJuan José Paso as Deputy Secretary, established that the previously used light blue and white flag would remain the national flag, used exclusively byarmies,warships, andfortresses as a secondary flag. It also stated that once the most appropriate form of government had been determined, the final design of the main national flag would be established.
On 25 January 1818,Juan Martín de Pueyrredón formally established the national flag, with the Sun of May as its central symbol. The May Sun added to the flag is based on the design of Argentina's first coin. It is a yellow-gold disc with a human face surrounded by 32 alternating rays – 16 straight and 16 wavy. Shortly thereafter, the official shade of blue was changed to heraldic blue, which remained in legal definitions until the color light blue was reestablished in the early 20th century. The session noted that "white and blue shall be the exclusive colors of this state, and on them shall be placed a golden embroidered sun." For naval purposes, a war flag was designated with two blue stripes, one white stripe, and a golden sun surrounded by stars. However, this flag was never used, as it was invalidated seven days later.
With the rise to power in Buenos Aires of Brigadier GeneralJuan Manuel de Rosas in 1829, the official shade of the national flag was modified to turquoise blue. The change stemmed partly from Rosas’s interpretation of the flag specifications approved by the Congress of Tucumán in 1813, and partly from his wish to differentiate it from the lighter blue commonly associated with theUnitarians, his opponents in thecivil war. Although formally onlygovernor of Buenos Aires Province, Rosas authority extended over theArgentine Confederation, a political union in which the provinces retained significant autonomy but delegated foreign affairs to Buenos Aires.[17]
In 1836 fourPhrygian caps were placed in each corner, and the Sun of May was depicted in red, a color used by the federalists since the time of Artigas. The changes introduced by Rosas were not recorded in any law or decree, so it is presumed that they were simply Rosas's personal decision. Rosas also never established a special flag for the province of Buenos Aires. Federalist supporters often used these variants, both in official and military contexts.[18] In combat, the Federal Army frequently carried dark blue versions of the Argentine flag, sometimes inscribed with slogans such as“¡Viva la Confederación! ¡Mueran los salvajes unitarios!” (“Long live the Confederation! Death to the savage Unitarians!”). In addition, some regiments used a red-and-white bicolor flag. By the late 1840s, especially in the northern provinces, where dissatisfaction with Rosas was growing but still respecting his dominance, flags bearing the slogan“¡Libertad, Constitución o Muerte!” (“Liberty, Constitution, or Death!”) appeared. In turn, units of theGrand Army commanded byJusto José de Urquiza used flags bearing the slogan“¡Constitución Federal o Muerte!” (“Federal Constitution or Death!”).[19]
Justo José de Urquiza,governor of Entre Ríos, assumed national leadership as president of the Argentine Confederation after defeating Rosas at theBattle of Caseros on 3 February 1852. Urquiza retained the Phrygian caps introduced under Rosas, but their orientation was changed so that each cap faced the corner of the flag in which it was located. These changes symbolized continuity with the Confederation while also marking a shift away from Rosas's personalist domination.
During the Confederation era, Unitarian exiles inMontevideo continued to use light blue national flags and their own naval flags. These flags remained in use until 1852.
On 11 September 1852, the Unitarian Party carried out abloodless coup in the province, which led to the creation of theState of Buenos Aires. The state effectively controlled only the coast ofLa Plata. Although Buenos Aires was then an independent state, with its own diplomatic relations, it tried to reintegrate with Argentina. The State of Buenos Aires used a flag consisting of two light blue stripes and a white one in the middle, where the GreaterCoat of Arms of Argentina was located. It was replaced by the national flag with the unification of the country in 1861. Since then, no provincial flag has been used in Buenos Aires until the adoption of the current design. Buenos Aires warships continued to use thenaval ensign previously used by the Unitary Party. This was the original light blue Argentine flag with an additional thin white stripe at the top.[20][21]
Buenos Aires and the Confederation clashed at theBattle of Pavón, which was won by the Unitarians in 1861. After this victory, Buenos Aires was reincorporated into the national structure, andBartolomé Mitre assumed office as president of the united Argentine Republic in 1862. His rule ushered in a more centralized government, with Buenos Aires as its political and economic center.
In 1869, PresidentDomingo Faustino Sarmiento authorized the display of flags on homes and buildings during national holidays, a practice that had previously been prohibited.[22]
On September 24, 1873, during the unveiling of theBelgrano Monument in Buenos Aires, Sarmiento delivered his "Discourse on the Flag." In it, he rejected the former Confederate flags, calling them the invention of barbarians, tyrants, and traitors, and declared that they could not be considered the Argentine flag. The debate over the flag's colors resurfaced in 1878. Bartolomé Mitre argued for maintaining the Unitarian light blue and white, while Mariano A. Pelliza and C. Frigeiro argued that the original color of the 1818 flag was turquoise.
On April 25, 1884, PresidentJulio Argentino Roca issued a decree that again restricted the use of the sun flag to government institutions. A year later, a blue and white flag was approved for the diplomatic corps. In 1895, PresidentJosé Evaristo Uriburu established light blue and white as the official colors, a decision confirmed by PresidentFigueroa Alcorta's decree of May 24, 1907. Further regulations were introduced in 1943 under the administration ofPedro Pablo Ramírez. Decrees 1027, 5256, and 6628, issued on June 19, August 13, and August 26 of the same year, defined the design of the official national flag, the image of the sun, and the manner of wearing the sash. It stipulated that the national flag must always display the sun when flown by government offices, while private individuals were required to use it without the sun.
On June 8, 1938, presidentRoberto Ortiz sanctioned national law no. 12,361 declaring June 20 "Flag Day", a national holiday. The date was decided as the anniversary of Belgrano's death in 1820. In 1957 theNational Flag Memorial (a 10,000 m2 monumental complex) was inaugurated in Rosario to commemorate the creation of the flag, and the official Flag Day ceremonies have customarily been conducted in its vicinity since then.
According to the Decree 10,302/1944 the article 2 stated that the Official Flag of the Nation is the flag with sun, approved by the "Congress of Tucumán", reunited in Buenos Aires on 25 February 1818. The article 3 stated that the flag with the sun in its center is to be used only by the Federal and Provincial Governments; while individuals and institutions use a flag without the sun.[23]
In 1985 the Law 23,208 repealed the article 3 of the Decree 10,302/1944, saying that the Federal and Provincial Governments, as well as individuals have the right to use the Official Flag of the Nation.[24]
In November 2010, the exact design specifications for the flag were standardized and promulgated via presidential decree, specifying the exact colors, proportions, and aspect ratio.[25]
Salve, argentina bandera azul y blanca. Jirón del cielo en donde impera el Sol. Tú, la más noble, la más gloriosa y santa, el firmamento su color te dio.
Yo te saludo, bandera de mi Patria, sublime enseña de libertad y honor. Jurando amarte, como así defenderte, mientras palpite mi fiel corazón.
Hail, Argentina blue and white flag. Shred of the sky where the Sun reigns. You, the most noble, the most glorious and holy, the heavens gave its color to you.
I salute you, flag of my fatherland, sublime ensign of freedom and honor. Swearing to love you, as well as to defend you, for as long as my faithful heart beats.
Aquí está la bandera idolatrada, la enseña que Belgrano nos legó, cuando triste la Patria esclavizada con valor sus vínculos rompió.
Aquí está la bandera esplendorosa que al mundo con sus triunfos admiró, cuando altiva en la lucha y victoriosa la cima de los Andes escaló.
Aquí está la bandera que un día en la batalla tremoló triunfal y, llena de orgullo y bizarría, a San Lorenzo se dirigió inmortal.
Aquí está, como el cielo refulgente, ostentando sublime majestad, después de haber cruzado el Continente, exclamando a su paso: ¡Libertad! ¡Libertad! ¡Libertad!
Here is the idolized flag, the flag that Belgrano left to us, when the sad enslaved Homeland bravely broke its bonds.
Here is the splendorous flag that surprised the world with its victory, when arrogant and victoriously during the battles the top of the Andes it has climbed.
Here is the flag that one day triumphantly rose in the middle of the battle and, full of pride and gallantry, to San Lorenzo it went immortal.
Here it is, like the shining sky, showing sublimate majesty after having crossed the continent shouting in its way: "Freedom!" "Freedom! Freedom!"
AsFlag Day is celebrated on June 20, the following pledge is recited to students nationwide on this day by their respective school principals or grade level advisers. In large towns where students are gathered en masse, the pledge is taken by the local town or city executive, preceded by words of advice and honor to the memory of its creator, Manuel Belgrano, using the following or similar formulas:
Summons: Niños/Alumnos, la Bandera blanca y celeste—Dios sea loado—no ha sido atada jamás al carro triunfal de ningún vencedor de la tierra.
Niños/Alumnos, esa Bandera gloriosa representa a la Patria de los Argentinos. Prometáis rendirle vuestro más sincero y respetuoso homenaje, quererla con amor inmenso y formarle, desde la aurora de la vida un culto fervoroso e imborrable en vuestros corazones; preparándonos desde la escuela para practicar a su tiempo, con toda pureza y honestidad, las nobles virtudes inherentes a la ciudadanía, estudiar con empeño la historia de nuestro país y la de sus grandes benefactores a fin de seguir sus huellas luminosas y a fin también de honrar la Bandera y de que no se amortigüe jamás en vuestras almas el delicado y generoso sentimiento de amor a la Patria. En una palabra: ¿prometéis lo que esté en las medidas de vuestras fuerzas que la Bandera Argentina flamee por siempre sobre nuestras murallas y fortalezas, en lo alto de los mástiles de nuestras naves y a la cabeza de nuestras legiones y para que el honor sea su aliento, la gloria su aureola, la justicia su empresa?
Summons: Children/Students, the white and sky-blue flag, God be praised, has never been carried in the triumphal carts of any victors of this Earth.
Children/Students, this glorious Flag represents the Fatherland of the Argentines. I ask you all to promise to pledge your most sincere and respectful homage, to love it and nurture, with immense love, from the dawn of life a fervent and indelible cult in your hearts; preparing yourselves from school to practice in its time, with all purity and honesty, the noble virtues inherent in citizenship, studying with determination the history of our country and that of its big benefactors, in order to continue its luminous traces and as a way to honor the Flag so that there should never get depressed in your souls the delicate and generous feeling of love for the Fatherland. In one word: do you promise, to the extent of your capabilities, that the Flag of Argentina flames forever over our walls and forts, on top of the masts of our ships and at the head of our legions and so that honor should be its breath, glory its aurora, justice its company?
Response:Yes, I promise! (standing to attention and extending the right arm towards the flag)
Versions of this include references to Belgrano and to all who fought for the country during the Argentine War of Independence and other wars that followed.
Summons: Niños/Alumnos, esta es la Bandera que creó Manuel Belgrano en los albores de nuestra libertad, simboliza a la República Argentina, nuestra Patria.
Es el símbolo de nuestra libre soberanía, que hace sagrados a los hombres y mujeres y a todos los pueblos del mundo. Convoca el ejercicio de nuestros deberes y nuestros derechos, a respetar las leyes y las instituciones. Es la expresión de nuestra historia forjada con la esperanza y el esfuerzo de millones de hombres y mujeres, los que nacieron en nuestra tierra y los que vinieron a poblarla al amparo de nuestra bandera y nuestra Constitución.
Representa nuestra tierra y nuestros mares, nuestros ríos y bosques, nuestros llanos y montañas, el esfuerzo de sus habitantes, sus sueños y realizaciones. Simboliza nuestro presente, en el que, día a día, debemos construir la democracia que nos ennoblece, y conquistar el conocimiento que nos libera; y nuestro futuro, el de nuestros hijos y el de las sucesivas generaciones de argentinos.
Niños/Alumnos, ¿prometen defenderla, respetarla y amarla, con fraterna tolerancia y respeto, estudiando con firme voluntad, comprometiéndose a ser ciudadanos libres y justos, aceptando solidariamente en sus diferencias a todos los que pueblan nuestro suelo y transmitiendo, en todos y cada uno de nuestros actos, sus valores permanentes e irrenunciables?
Summons: Children/Students, this is the Flag that Manuel Belgrano created at the dawn of our freedom; the symbol of our fatherland, the Argentine Republic.
It is the symbol of our free sovereignty, which renders sacred the men and women and all the peoples of the world. It calls on us to exercise our duties and our rights, to respect our nation's laws and institutions. It is the expression of our history forged with the hope and the efforts of millions of men and women, those who were born in our land and those who came to settle it under our flag and our Constitution.
It represents our land and our seas, our rivers and forests, our plains and mountains, the efforts of its inhabitants, their dreams and achievements. It symbolizes our present, in which, day by day, we must build the democracy that ennobles us and conquer the knowledge that frees us, as well as our future, that of our children and the successive generations of Argentines.
Children/Students, do you promise to defend, respect, and love it, with fraternal tolerance and respect, studying with determination, committing to be free and honest citizens, accepting in solidarity the diversity of all those who inhabit our lands, and passing on these permanent and irrevocable values in everything you do?
Response:Yes, I promise! (standing to attention and extending the right arm towards the flag)
TheGlorious Reveille may be sounded by amilitary or amarching band at this point, andconfetti may be showered upon the students.
In theArmed Forces of the Argentine Republic and civil uniformed services the pledge is similar but with a different formula and response of¡Si, juro! (Yes, I pledge!)
^Quartaruolo, Mario; Destéfani, Laurio Hedelvio (1964).Campaña naval de 1814 contra la escuadra realista de Montevideo (1st ed.). Buenos Aires: Secretaría de Estado de Marina; Peuser.
^"La Escarapela Nacional cumple 198 años" [The National Cockade's 198th anniversary].Diario Chaco (in Spanish). Resistencia, Chaco Province: Loster. 18 May 2010. Archived fromthe original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved28 November 2011.Por iniciativa de una comisión de profesores, que sólo tuvo en cuenta a Mitre, el 13 de mayo de 1935 el Consejo Nacional de Educación resolvió autorizar por primera vez el festejo del Día de la Escarapela: por expediente 9602-9-935 lo fijó en honor a French y Beruti el 20 de mayo, lo que reafirmó el mito de 1810.
^Spanish:Soldados de la Patria, en este punto hemos tenido la gloria de vestir la escarapela nacional; en aquél (señalando la batería Independencia) nuestras armas aumentarán sus glorias. Juremos vencer a nuestros enemigos interiores y exteriores y la América del Sud será el templo de laIndependencia y de laLibertad. En fe de que así lo juráis decid conmigo: ¡Viva la Patria!" "Señor capitán y tropa destinada por la primera vez a la bateríaIndependencia: id, posesionaos de ella y cumplid el juramento que acabáis de hacer.Proclama dirigida por M. Belgrano a su ejército al enarbolar por primera vez la banderaArchived 2011-06-05 at theWayback Machine
^Spanish:Soldados de la Patria, en este punto hemos tenido la gloria de vestir la escarapela nacional; en aquél (señalando la batería Independencia) nuestras armas aumentarán sus glorias. Juremos vencer a nuestros enemigos interiores y exteriores y la América del Sud será el templo de laIndependencia y de laLibertad. En fe de que así lo juráis decid conmigo: ¡Viva la Patria!" "Señor capitán y tropa destinada por la primera vez a la bateríaIndependencia: id, posesionaos de ella y cumplid el juramento que acabáis de hacer.Proclama dirigida por M. Belgrano a su ejército al enarbolar por primera vez la banderaArchived 2011-06-05 at theWayback Machine
^Gobierno de Jujuy."Simbolos Jujeños".jujuy.gob.ar. Retrieved1 October 2024.
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