Flaco (March 15, 2010 – February 23, 2024) was a maleEurasian eagle-owl who escaped his long-time enclosure atCentral Park Zoo inNew York City after someone cut the protective netting in February 2023. Flaco subsequently resided in and aroundCentral Park. His escape attracted significant public and press attention, especially as he was of a species not native toNorth America. There were concerns for his ability to feed himself after being captive for so long, since he had not previously needed to fly or hunt, but he was seen successfully catching and eatingrats a week after his escape. Attempts to recapture Flaco failed, and a petition circulated advocating that he remain free. Zoo officials ceased attempts to recapture him once it became clear he was eating on a regular basis and his flying skills improved.
Though he was able to hunt, there were lingering concerns about potential dangers in the park, likerodenticide. He remained in Central Park for nine months, eventually wandering to nearby buildings and neighborhoods inLower Manhattan. In February 2024, one year after his escape, Flaco died aftercolliding with a building in Manhattan'sUpper West Side.
TheEurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) is a species ofeagle-owl that resides in much ofEurasia. It is one of the largest species ofowl; males weigh from 1.2 to 3.2 kg (2.6 to 7.1 lb) and have a wingspan of 131–188 cm (4 ft 4 in – 6 ft 2 in).[3] This bird has distinctiveear tufts, with upper parts that are mottled with darker blackish coloring and tawny. The wings and tail are barred, and the underparts are a variably hued buff, streaked with darker coloring.[4] They are nocturnal predators, mostly eating smallmammals such asrodents andrabbits, as well as occasional larger mammals andbirds of varying sizes. They are found in many habitats, but areendemic tomountainous regions or otherrocky areas, often those near variedwoodland edge andshrubby areas with openings orwetlands to hunt a majority of their prey. Within their range, they have been known to live in city parks, but no part of their native range overlaps with North America.[5]
Flaco was a male Eurasian eagle-owl who hatched in a North Carolinabird park in 2010 and was taken to theCentral Park Zoo later the same year.[6][7][8] He had lived in captivity there for more than 12 years at the time of his escape.[6][7] His enclosure was about the size of a bus stop, according toGothamist, with fake rocks, a few branches, and a painted backdrop. It was located in the Temperate Territory part of the zoo, near a theater and the Penguins and Sea Birds building.[9][10]
Moments before Flaco briefly got a talon stuck in a rat-baitedbal-chatri trap zoo staff had used to try to recapture the owl, February 2023
On February 2, 2023, one or more people, who have not been caught, damaged Flaco's enclosure at the zoo.[9][11] The owl escaped through a hole left by the vandals in the exhibit'sstainless steel mesh, and zoo employees noticed he was gone at around 8:30 PM. Prompted by theWild Bird Fund, anUpper West Side wildlife rehabilitation hospital,NYPD officers unsuccessfully attempted to capture the owl soon thereafter near theBergdorf Goodman Building on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan.[12] The next day, he was found in a tree in the southern part of Central Park and spent his first days outside of captivity in various parts of the park, including theHallett Nature Sanctuary, the area around the zoo, and the Central Park Zoo'scrane enclosure.[9][12][13]
Soon after his escape, zoo staff began efforts to recapture Flaco, monitoring him for the first several days.[5][9] Owls are generally difficult to capture; a typical strategy is to lure them with food. Zoo employees tried without success to bait Flaco with dead rats.[5][7] The first attempt was with abal-chatri trap, a baited trap covered in wire loops which snare a bird'stalons when they try to get to the prey. It was placed on the park's Heckscher Ballfields, with zoo staff hidden nearby with nets.[10] Flaco went for the rat and was briefly caught, but managed to free himself.[10] Staff then tried using audio recordings of eagle-owl calls to attract him to other traps, again without success.[14] The crowds which formed to look at Flaco may have contributed to his reluctance to take food from the zoo's traps.[15] The employees were instructed not to speak to the press, but several anonymously expressed frustration and exhaustion in news reports.[9]
Localbirders and zoo officials speculated that Flaco would have a difficult time surviving after such a long time in captivity, since he did not have reason to develop his flight and hunting skills in that time.[16][17] A representative for the International Owl Center said his flying appeared to be unsteady, and that he "looked stressed" at first.[18] There were no reports of him eating in his first several days after escape, but, on February 10, he was observed producing apellet, a mass of undigested animal parts that owls regurgitate after eating.[17][19] With the news that he had hunted successfully, some people who followed the story began to argue against efforts to return him to the zoo. Activists used the hashtag #freeflaco on social media and circulated a petition to the zoo.[14][20][21] TheWildlife Conservation Society (WCS), the organization which runs the Central Park Zoo and other zoos in the area, released a statement on February 12 saying that its staff observed improved flight skills and saw Flaco successfully hunting and eating. With recapture less urgent to his survival, and concerned that aggressive methods might scare him to an area where he is either less able to take care of himself or less visible, WCS said zoo staff would scale back and redesign their efforts.[22][19][23] Later the same week, after another attempt to use bait and eagle-owl calls failed, the WCS said they would stop trying to capture him and instead monitor his well-being, which they continued to do throughout the year.[24][25][26]
Flaco peering into playwrightNan Knighton's window in December 2023
In November 2023, Flaco ventured outside of Central Park for the first time since February. He was seen in a sculpture garden in theEast Village neighborhood of Manhattan and, later, on theLower East Side.[27][28][29] Though his movement may have been triggered by theNew York City Marathon ormobbing bycrows, November is part of the breeding season for his species and he may have been looking for a mate.[29][30] There are no wild Eurasian eagle-owls in the vicinity, but there are members of a similar species,great horned owls, including one named Geraldine who has frequented Central Park.[30][31] He returned to the park after a week, but made additional forays outside, including several stops outside windows on city buildings.[32]The Wall Street Journal described him as a "peeping tom" after Flaco was recorded multiple times staring through people's windows during this time, including the window of playwrightNan Knighton.[8][33]
A crowd of photographers, birders, and other parkgoers watching Flaco in February 2023
Public attention to Flaco in Central Park quickly led to national news coverage and comparisons to otherNew York City "celebrity" birds like themandarin duck seen in Central Park in 2018.[13][34]Zeynep Tufekci ofThe New York Times dubbed Flaco "the Ultimate New Yorker".[35] Many of the city's residents living in small apartments projected their desire for more space onto Flaco, others identified with his need to adapt to life in the city, and immigrants saw in Flaco a similar struggle to their own.[18][36]The New York Times' Ed Shanahan described Flaco as anunderdog people wanted to root for and "a feathered feel-good figure in troubled times".[37] Writer and literary criticMichiko Kakutani framed Flaco as a distinctly American story: an "outlaw-hero" who succeeded in "writing a second act to his life".[38] Juliana Kim ofNPR wrote that, "over time, Flaco became a sort of symbol for freedom and resilience".[39]
Flaco became a tourist attraction and a site for people to socialize.[40][41]Defector wrote that "friendships and romances were forged at the foot of Flaco's trees".[41] An article in the French newspaperLe Monde said Flaco was "worth the journey", with a backstory "worthy of aWalt Disney screenplay."[42] A number of artists painted murals of Flaco, poets wrote poems about him, musicians wrote songs about him, and some people got tattoos of his likeness.[38]
Zoo officials and some other birders criticized the sharing of the bird's location on social media.[7][15] Publicly sharing the location of owls is a controversial practice among birders,particularly in New York City. Owls like Flaco are nocturnal hunters and roost during the day, when crowds of people can disturb their ability to rest, especially those who do not follow standard ethical guidelines forbirdwatching, for example getting too close or making loud sounds to get a bird's attention for a photograph.[40][43] The large number of people may have made him more conspicuous to potential prey or to birds prone to mobbing behavior, interfering with his ability to hunt or rest.[44]
A child places a drawing of Flaco at a memorial under a tree he frequently roosted in
Although Flaco successfully hunted, living in Central Park has other risks like vehicular traffic,rodenticide, andwindow collision.[9][14] In 2021, when another Eurasian eagle-owl escaped from a zoo in Minnesota, it was killed in a road accident two weeks later.[14] Rats are plentiful prey, and the prevalent use of rat poison in the city has made poisoning a common cause of death forraptors.[45][46] Another owl, abarred owl known asBarry, was killed in the park in 2021 when she collided with a maintenance vehicle, perhaps affected by the quantity of rat poison inside her.[47][48] TheCentral Park Conservancy, the organization which runs the park, has said it was not using rat poison, but rodenticide is still in use in the surrounding area.[49] Flaco's forays outside the park starting in November 2023 renewed fears of rodenticide and vehicles, both of which are more common in other parts of the city.[28][41] In "What Should Be Done About Flaco, the Eurasian Eagle-Owl Loose in New York?", an article published byNational Audubon Society, the author argued for consideration not just for Flaco's well-being, but also that of native species of birds he could eat.[14] Another Audubon representative toldSlate that there was also a chance for Flaco's celebrity status to have a positive influence on other birds, since he is an example of "charismatic megafauna" which could inspire people to consider other wildlife.[44]
On February 23, 2024, Flaco was found on the ground onWest 89th Street, seriously injured. Volunteers from the nearby Wild Bird Fund, alerted by residents, came to assist. Flaco was pronounced dead shortly thereafter.[37][26][39] Wild Bird Fund volunteers reported injuries on his chest and right eye.[50] He was found to have collided with the building, sustaining injuries either from the collision or impact with the ground.[50][51] A necropsy conducted by theBronx Zoo revealed both harmful levels of rat poison andpigeon herpesvirus in Flaco's system as a result of eating poisoned rats andferal pigeons. The viral infection caused extensive damage and inflammation of several internal organs, weakening him and thus making him more susceptible to a building collision. According to the WCS, these conditions were severe enough to be fatal even without such a collision.[52][53]
Following his death, people began leaving photos, cards, and other mementos under anoak tree Flaco frequently roosted in. Hundreds of followers gathered for a memorial service at the tree, during which attendees eulogized, sang, and read letters and poems.[54][55] Flaco's remains were donated to theAmerican Museum of Natural History, which sits just west of Central Park.[56][57]
Flaco's death brought additional scrutiny to the issue of building standards for windows that reduce the likelihood of bird collisions and deaths. New York City itself set tough standards in 2019.[58] A bill in the New York Legislature to require more bird-friendly design in buildings statewide, originally introduced by state senatorBrad Hoylman-Sigal, was renamed the FLACO Act shortly after Flaco's death.[59][60] In April 2024,New York City Council memberShaun Abreu introduced three bills named after Flaco, which dealt with rat contraception, bird-friendly building design, and reductions in light pollution.[61][62] The rat contraceptive pilot program, an effort to control rat populations without using poison, was enacted in October 2024 and went into effect in April 2025.[63][64]
TheNew York Historical organized an exhibit called "The Year of Flaco" which opened in February 2025.[66][67][68] The organization received an exhibition pitch from locals who had followed Flaco and collected memorabilia, and moved quickly to coincide with the anniversary of his death. According to its curator of material culture, Flaco is "such a flexible symbol"; "people see all these things in him – a New Yorker who had grit, an immigrant – and he was liberated, he was free. That idea was very potent for people."[66]
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Media related toFlaco (owl) at Wikimedia Commons
