Five Points (orThe Five Points) was a 19th-century neighborhood inLower Manhattan,New York City. The neighborhood, partly built on low-lying land which had filled in the freshwater lake known as theCollect Pond, was generally defined as being bound byCentre Street to the west, theBowery to the east,Canal Street to the north, andPark Row to the south. The Five Points gained international notoriety as a densely populated, disease-ridden,crime-infestedslum which existed for over 70 years.[1]
Through the 20th century, the former Five Points area was gradually redeveloped, with streets changed or closed. The area is now occupied by theCivic Center to the west and south, which includes major federal, state, and city facilities. To the east and north, the former Five Points neighborhood is now part ofManhattan's Chinatown.
Two crossing streets and a third that ends at their intersection form five corners, or "points". About 1809, Anthony Street was extended east to the junction of Cross and Orange streets. As a result, the surrounding neighborhood came to be called Five Points.[2] In 1854, the three streets were renamed from Anthony Street to Worth Street, Orange Street to Baxter Street, and Cross Street to Park Street.[3] In 1868, Worth Street was again extended eastward, from the five-pointed intersection to Chatham Square, adding a sixth point.[4] Since then, Baxter (formerly Orange) has been eliminated south of the intersection, and Park (formerly Cross) has been eliminated on both sides of it; thus, the junction of Baxter and Worth remaining today has only two corners.[5] Also, what remained of Park Street was renamed to Mosco Street in 1982.[6]
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For the first two centuries of European settlement inManhattan, the main source ofdrinking water for the growing city wasCollect Pond, also known as Fresh Water Pond, which also supplied abundant fish.[8][9]
The pond occupied approximately 48 acres (190,000 m2) and was as deep as 60 feet (18 m).[8] Fed by an underground spring, it was located in a valley, with Bayard's Mount (at 110 feet or 34 metres, the tallest hill in lower Manhattan) to the northeast. A stream flowed north out of the pond and then west through asalt marsh (which, after being drained, became ameadow by the name of "Lispenard Meadows") to theHudson River, while another stream issued from the southeastern part of the pond in an easterly direction to theEast River. In the 18th century, the pond was used as a picnic area during summer and askating rink during the winter.[10]
Beginning in the early 18th century, various commercial enterprises were built along the shores of the pond in order to use the water. These businesses includedCoulthards Brewery,Nicholas Bayard'sslaughterhouse on Mulberry Street (which was nicknamed "Slaughterhouse Street"),[11] numeroustanneries on the southeastern shore, and the pottery works ofGerman immigrantsJohan Willem Crolius and Johan Remmey on Pot Bakers Hill on the south-southwestern shore.[12] The contaminatedwastewater of the businesses surrounding the pond flowed back into the pond, creating a severepollution problem and environmental health hazard.
Pierre Charles L'Enfant proposed cleaning the pond and making it a centerpiece of a recreational park, around which the residential areas of the city could grow. His proposal was rejected, and it was decided to fill in the pond. The landfill was completed in 1811, andmiddle class homes were soon built on thereclaimed land.[13][8]
The landfill was poorly engineered. The buried vegetation began to releasemethane gas (a byproduct ofdecomposition) and the area, in a natural depression, lacked adequatestorm sewers. As a result, the ground gradually subsided. Houses shifted on their foundations, the unpaved streets were often buried in a foot ofmud mixed with human and animal excrement, andmosquitoes bred in thestagnant pools created by the poor drainage.
Most middle and upper class inhabitants fled the area, leaving the neighborhood open to poor immigrants who began arriving in the early 1820s. This influx reached a height in the 1840s, with large numbers of Irish Catholics fleeing theGreat Famine.[14]
At the height of Five Points' inhabitation, only parts ofLondon's East End were equivalent in the Western world for population density,child and infant mortality, disease, violent crime, unemployment, prostitution, and other classic problems of the urban destitute. It is sometimes considered the original Americanmelting pot, at first consisting primarily of newly emancipated Black Americans (gradual emancipation led to the end of outright enslavement in New York on July 4, 1827) and ethnic Irish, who had a small minority presence in the area since the 1600s.[15] The local politics of "the Old Sixth ward" (The Points' primary municipal voting district), while not free of corruption, set important precedents for the election of Catholics to key political offices. Before that time, New York, and the United States at large, had been governed by the Anglo-Protestant founders. Although there were many tensions between Black Americans and the Irish, their cohabitation in Five Points was the first large-scale instance of voluntary racial integration in American history.[16] Gradually, this African-American community moved to Manhattan's West Side and to undeveloped lands on the north end of the island inHarlem by the early 20th century and across theHarlem River into theSouth Bronx, as the city developed northward.[17]
Five Points is alleged to have had the highest murder rate of any slum at that time in the world. According to an old New Yorkurban legend, theOld Brewery, formerly Coulthard's Brewery from the 1790s, then an overcrowded tenement on Cross Street housing 1,000 poor, is said to have had a murder a night for 15 years, until its demolition in 1852.[19][20]
Italians first settled in the Five Points in the 1850s. The parish of the Church of the Transfiguration at 25 Mott Street was largely Italian by the 1880s.[21] Mulberry Bend, named for the curve in Mulberry Street in the Chatham District, became the heart ofLittle Italy, which at its most populated was bordered on the south by Worth Street, on the east by the Bowery, and on the west by West Broadway.[22]
The Italian journalistAdolfo Rossi and editor of New York's Italian language newspaperIl Progresso Italo-Americano described the area around 1880:
It is an agglomeration of repulsive, dilapidated, black houses where people are piled on top of each other worse than beasts. Large families live in only one room: men, women, dogs, cats, and monkeys eat and sleep together in the same cubbyhole without air or light. In some houses on Baxter or Mulberry Street there is so much dirt and foul air it would seem impossible that there would not be a fatal cholera outbreak with the first summer heat every year. Yet many people who never wash their faces and are condemned to live in unhealthy hovels with their squalid wives and their ragged children still work, earn, and save.
See Rossi’s chapter on Five Points inUn italiano in America (1892).[23] An English translation is in Durante'sItaloamericana.[24]
"Almack's" (also known as "Pete Williams's Place"), an African American-owned dance hall located at 67 Orange Street in Mulberry Bend (today Baxter Street), just south of its intersection with Bayard Street, was home to a fusion of Irishreels andjigs with the Africanshuffle.[25][26] Though different ethnic groups interacted in other parts of the United States as well, creating new dance and music forms, in New York this music and dance had spontaneously resulted on the street from competition between African-American and Irish musicians and dancers. It spilled into Almack's, where it gave rise in the short term totap dance (seeMaster Juba) and in the long term to a music hall genre that was a major precursor tojazz androck and roll. This ground is now Columbus Park.
Infectious diseases, such ascholera,tuberculosis,typhus, andmalaria andyellow fever, had plagued New York City since the Dutch colonial era. The lack of scientific knowledge, sanitation systems, the numerous overcrowded dwellings, and absence of even rudimentary health care made impoverished areas such as Five Points ideal for the development and spread of these diseases. Several epidemics swept the City of New York in the 18th and 19th centuries, some of which originated in Five Points. Others were introduced by passengers disembarking from ships from overseas, including immigrants. In June 1832, an outbreak of cholera in Five Points spread rapidly throughout the crowded, unsanitary dwellings of the neighborhood before spreading to the rest of New York City.[27] With no understanding of disease vectors or transmission, some observers believed that these epidemics were due to the immorality of residents of the slum:
Every day's experience gives us assurance of the safety of the temperate and prudent, who are in circumstances of comfort …. The disease is now, more than before rioting in the haunts of infamy and pollution. A prostitute at 62Mott Street, who was decking herself before the glass at 1 o'clock yesterday, was carried away in a hearse at half past three o'clock. The broken down constitutions of these miserable creatures, perish almost instantly on the attack …. But the business part of our population, in general, appear to be in perfect health and security.—New-York Mercury, July 18, 1832
TheAnti-abolitionist riots of 1834, also known as the Farren Riots, occurred in New York City over a series of four nights, beginning July 7, 1834. Their deeper origins[28] lay in the combination ofnativism andabolitionism among Protestants, who had controlled the city since theAmerican Revolution, and the fear and resentment of blacks among the growing numbers of Irish immigrants, who competed with them for jobs and housing.[note 1]
The media designated a branch of the "Roach Guards", a violent Irish gang, "Dead Rabbits". TheDead Rabbits Riot began when one faction destroyed the headquarters of theBowery Boys at 26 Bowery, on July 4, 1857. The Bowery Boys retaliated, which led to a large-scale riot which raged back and forth on Bayard Street, betweenBowery and Mulberry Street. Rioting resumed on July 5. The Bowery Boys and the Dead Rabbits fought again in front of 40 and 42 Bowery Street (original buildings still extant in May 2017), erecting barricades in the street. On July 6 the Bowery Boys fought the Kerryonians (Irishmen fromCounty Kerry) at Anthony and Centre Street. Historian Tyler Anbinder says the "dead rabbits" name "so captured the imagination of New Yorkers that the press continued to use it despite the abundant evidence that no such club or gang existed". Anbinder notes that, "for more than a decade, 'Dead Rabbit' became the standard phrase by which city residents described any scandalously riotous individual or group."[29]
Brick-bats, stones and clubs were flying thickly around, and from the windows in all directions, and the men ran wildly about brandishing firearms. Wounded men lay on the sidewalks and were trampled upon. Now the Rabbits would make a combined rush and force their antagonists up Bayard street to the Bowery. Then the fugitives, being reinforced, would turn on their pursuers and compel a retreat to Mulberry, Elizabeth and Baxter streets.
As residents took advantage of the disorganized state of the city's police force, brought about by theconflict between the Municipal and Metropolitan police, gangsters and other criminals from all parts of the city began to engage in widespreadlooting and the destruction of property. TheDaily National Intelligencer of July 8, 1857, estimated that between 800 and 1,000 gang members took part in the riots, along with several hundred others who used the disturbance to loot the Bowery area. It was the largest disturbance since theAstor Place Riot in 1849. Order was restored by theNew York State Militia (under Major-GeneralCharles W. Sandford), supported by detachments of city police. Eight people were reported killed, and more than 100 people received serious injuries.[30]
Among the casualties of the riots wasSt. Philip's Episcopal Church, the first black Episcopal church in the city, then located at 122 Centre Street. It was sacked and looted by the white mob.[31]
Various efforts by different charitable organizations and individuals, most of them Christian, attempted to alleviate the suffering of the poor in Five Points. PadreFelix Varela, aCuban-born priest, established a Roman Catholic parish at the former Episcopalian Christ Church on Ann Street in 1827, to minister to the poor Irish Catholics. In 1836, Father Varela's parish was divided into two parishes, with one on James Street dedicated to St. James, and second one housed in a former Presbyterian church on Chambers Street, which was renamed theChurch of the Transfiguration. In 1853, the parish relocated to the corner of Mott and Cross streets, when they purchased the building of the Zion Protestant Episcopal Church (c.1801) from its congregation, which moved uptown.
The first call for clearing the slums of Five Points through wholesale demolition came in 1829 from merchants who maintained businesses in close proximity to the neighborhood.Slum clearance efforts (promoted in particular byJacob Riis, author ofHow the Other Half Lives, published 1890), succeeded in razing part ofMulberry Bend off Mulberry Street, one of the worst sections of the Five Points neighborhood. It was redeveloped as a park designed by noted landscape architectCalvert Vaux and named Mulberry Bend Park at its opening in 1897; it is now known asColumbus Park.[32]
That the place known as "Five points" has long been notorious... as being the nursery where every species of vice is conceived and matured; that it is infested by a class of the most abandoned and desperate character.... [They] are abridged from enjoying themselves in their sports, from the apprehension... that they may be enticed from the path of rectitude, by being familiarized with vice; and thus advancing step by step, be at last swallowed up in this sink of pollution, this vortex of irremediable infamy.... In conclusion your Committee remark, that this hot-bed of infamy, this modernSodom, is situated in the very heart of your City, and near the centre of business and of respectable population.... Remove this nucleus—scatter its present population over a larger surface—throw open this part of your city to the enterprise of active and respectable men, and you will have effected much for which good men will be grateful.[note 2]
A major effort was made to clear the Old Brewery on Cross Street, described as "a vast dark cave, a black hole into which every urban nightmare and unspeakable fear could be projected."[33] The Old Brewery had formerly been Coulthard's Brewery, which was located on the outskirts of the town less than thirty years earlier in the 1790s. Later enveloped by the growing city, it was located on Cross Street just south of the Five Points intersection. The brewery became known as the "Old Brewery" after being converted to a tenement / boarding house in 1837. Its lower, high-ceilinged floor and the above two floors were converted into four floors of rundown apartments. The rent was cheap and attracted many low-income tenants, many of them immigrants. The only census record taken in 1850 reported 221 people living in 35 apartments, averaging 6.3 persons per apartment.[33] Accounts conflict as to the total number of people living in the Brewery flats, but all agreed that it was well over capacity.
The poverty seen throughout the Five Points was also displayed at the Old Brewery, and the women of the Home Mission took action. ThisMethodist charity group was determined to clean up Five Points. TheChristian Advocate, also calledThe Christian Advocate and Journal, a weekly New York newspaper published by theMethodist Episcopal Church, reported on the ongoing project in October 1853:
In a meeting held inMetropolitan Hall, in December 1851, such convincing proof was given of the public interest in this project, that the resolution was passed by the Executive Committee to purchase the Old Brewery. Other appeals were made to the public, and nobly met. That celebrated haunt was purchased, in a few months utterly demolished, and already a noble missionary building occupies its site.[34]
The New Mission House replaced the Old Brewery, under the direction of the Five Points Mission. It provided housing, clothes, food, and education as part of the charitable endeavor. The new building had 58 rooms available for living space, twenty-three more than the Old Brewery.
The area formerly occupied by Five Points was gradually redeveloped through the twentieth century.[35] In the west and south, it is occupied by major federal, state, and city administration buildings and courthouses known collectively asCivic Center, Manhattan. In addition Columbus Park,Collect Pond Park,Foley Square, and various facilities of theNew York City Department of Correction are clustered around lower Centre Street.[36]The Tombs jail/prison, in which many criminals from Five Points were incarcerated and quite a few executed, stood near the site of the City Prison Manhattan at 125 White Street;[37] the latter prison stood on the site until 2023.[38] The northeastern and eastern portion of Five Points is now within the sprawlingChinatown. Many tenement buildings dating from the late 19th century still line the streets in this area.Since 2021, the intersection of Worth and Baxter streets has been co-named "Five Points", a reference to the former neighborhood.[35]
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