Robert Mueller'sSpecial Counsel investigation (2017–2019)concluded that Russia interfered to favor Trump's candidacy and that, while the prevailing evidence "did not establish that members of the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government", possible obstructions of justice occurred during the course of that investigation. Trumpattempted to pressure Ukraine to announce investigations into Biden. This triggered Trump'sfirst impeachment by the House of Representatives on December18, 2019; he wasacquitted by the Senate on February5, 2020.
Trump later won the2024 election, becoming the second U.S. president to leave office after one term and later be elected for a second term.[a] He started hissecond presidency on January 20, 2025, as the 47th president.
Trump wasinaugurated on January 20, 2017, officially assuming the presidency at 12:00 pm, EST. He was sworn in byChief JusticeJohn Roberts.[2] In his seventeen-minute inaugural address, Trump painted a dark picture of contemporary America, pledging to end "American carnage" caused by urban crime and saying America's "wealth, strength, and confidence has dissipated" by jobs lost overseas.[3] He declared his strategy would be "America First."[2] The largest single-day protest in U.S. history, theWomen's March, took place the day after his inauguration and was driven by opposition to Trump and his policies and views.[4]
The Trump administration was characterized by record turnover, particularly among White House staff. By early 2018, 43% of senior White House positions had turned over.[5] The administration had a higher turnover rate in the first two and a half years than the five previous presidents did over their entire terms.[6]
By October 2019, one in 14 of Trump's political appointees were former lobbyists; less than three years into his presidency, Trump had appointed more than four times as many lobbyists than his predecessorBarack Obama did over the course of his first six years in office.[7]
Days after the presidential election, Trump selected RNC ChairmanReince Priebus as hischief of staff.[14] Trump chose Sessions for the position of attorney general.[15]
Trump fired numerousinspectors general of agencies, including those who were probing the Trump administration and close Trump associates. In 2020, hefired five inspectors general in two months.The Washington Post wrote, "For the first time since the system was created in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, inspectors general find themselves under systematic attack from the president, putting independent oversight of federal spending and operations at risk."[24]
Trump dismissedFBI DirectorJames Comey on May 9, 2017, saying he had accepted the recommendations of Attorney General Sessions andDeputy Attorney GeneralRod Rosenstein to dismiss Comey. Sessions's recommendation was based on Rosenstein's, while Rosenstein wrote that Comey should be dismissed for his handling of the conclusion of the FBI investigation into theHillary Clinton email controversy.[25] On May 10, Trump met Russian foreign ministerSergey Lavrov and Russian ambassadorSergey Kislyak in the Oval Office. Based on White House notes ofthe meeting, Trump told the Russians, "I just fired the head of the FBI. He was crazy, a real nut job... I faced great pressure because of Russia. That's taken off."[26] On May 11, Trump said in a videoed interview, "...regardless of recommendation, I was going to fire Comey... in fact, when I decided to just do it, I said to myself, I said, you know, this Russia thing with Trump and Russia is a made-up story."[27] On May 18, Rosenstein told members of the U.S. Senate that he recommended Comey's dismissal while knowing Trump had already decided to fire Comey.[28] In the aftermath of Comey's firing, the events were compared with those of the "Saturday Night Massacre" duringRichard Nixon's administration and there was debate over whether Trump had provoked aconstitutional crisis, as he had dismissed the man leading an investigation into Trump's associates.[29] Trump's statements raised concerns of potential obstruction of justice.[30] InComey's memo about a February 2017 meeting with Trump, Comey said Trump attempted to persuade him to abort the investigation into Flynn.[31]
Supreme Court nomineeAmy Coney Barrett and her family with Trump on September 26, 2020
After Republicans won control of the U.S. Senate in 2014, only 28.6 percent of judicial nominees were confirmed, "the lowest percentage of confirmations from 1977 to 2018".[32] At the end of the Obama presidency, 105 judgeships were vacant.[33] Senate Republicans, led by Senate Majority LeaderMitch McConnell, prioritized confirming Trump's judicial appointees, doing so rapidly.[34] By November 2018, Trump had appointed 29 judges to theU.S. courts of appeals, more than any modern president in the first two years of a presidential term.[35]
Trump ultimately appointed 226Article III federal judges and260 federal judges in total.[36] His appointees, who were usually affiliated with the conservativeFederalist Society,shifted the judiciary to the right.[37] A third of Trump's appointees were under 45 years old when appointed, far higher than under previous presidents.[37] Trump's judicial nominees were less likely to be female or ethnic minority than those of the previous administration.[38][39] Of Trump's judicial appointments to the U.S. courts of appeals (circuit courts), two-thirds were white men, compared to 31% of Obama nominees and 63% of George W. Bush nominees.[37][40]
Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch in January 2017 to fill the vacancy left by the death of JusticeAntonin Scalia in February 2016, which had not been filled by Obama because the Republican-majority Senate did not consider thenomination of Merrick Garland. The Senate confirmed Gorsuch in a mostlyparty-line vote of 54–45 in April 2017.[41] Gorsuch's confirmation was one of Trump's major first year accomplishments, made as part of a "100‑day pledge".[42]
Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh in July 2018 to replace retiring JusticeAnthony Kennedy, who was considered a key swing vote on the Supreme Court. The Senate confirmed Kavanaugh in a mostly party-line vote of 50–48 in October 2018 after allegations that Kavanaugh had attempted to rape another student when they were both in high school, which Kavanaugh denied.[43][44]
Trump's own staffers, subordinates, and allies frequently characterized Trump as infantile.[47] Trump reportedly eschewed reading detailed briefing documents, including thePresident's Daily Brief, in favor of receiving oral briefings.[48][49] Intelligence briefers reportedly repeated the President's name and title in order to keep his attention.[50][51] He was also known to acquire information by watching up to eight hours of television each day, most notablyFox News programs such asFox & Friends andHannity, whose broadcast talking points Trump sometimes repeated in public statements, particularly in early morning tweets.[52][53][54] Trump reportedly expressed anger if intelligence analyses contradicted his beliefs or public statements, with two briefers stating they had been instructed by superiors to not provide Trump with information that contradicted his public statements.[51]
Trump had reportedly fostered chaos as a management technique, resulting in low morale and policy confusion among his staff.[55][56] Trump proved unable to effectively compromise during the115th U.S. Congress, which led to significant governmentalgridlock and few notable legislative accomplishments despite Republican control of both houses of Congress.[57] Presidential historianDoris Kearns Goodwin found Trump lacked several traits of an effective leader, including "humility, acknowledging errors, shouldering blame and learning from mistakes, empathy, resilience, collaboration, connecting with people and controlling unproductive emotions."[58]
In January 2018,Axios reported Trump's working hours were typically around 11:00a.m. to 6:00p.m. (a later start and an earlier end compared to the beginning of his presidency) and that he was holding fewer meetings during his working hours in order to accommodate Trump's desire for more unstructured free time (labelled as "executive time").[59] In 2019,Axios published Trump's schedule from November 7, 2018, to February 1, 2019, and calculated that around sixty percent of the time between 8:00a.m. and 5:00p.m. was "executive time."[60]
Fact-checkers fromThe Washington Post[61] (orange), theToronto Star[62] andCNN[63][64] (blue) compiled data on "false or misleading claims", and "false claims", respectively. The peaks corresponded in late 2018 tothe midterm elections, in late 2019 to hisimpeachment inquiry, and in late 2020 to the presidential election. ThePost reported 30,573 false or misleading claims in four years,[61] an average of more than 20.9 per day.
The number and scale of Trump's statements in public speeches, remarks, andtweets identified as false by scholars, fact-checkers, and commentators were characterized as unprecedented for an American president,[65][66] and even unprecedented in U.S. politics.[67]The New Yorker called falsehoods a distinctive part of his political identity,[68] and they have also been described by Republican political advisorAmanda Carpenter as agaslighting tactic.[69] His White House had dismissed the idea ofobjective truth,[70] and his campaign and presidency have been described as being "post-truth",[71] as well as hyper-Orwellian.[72] Trump's rhetorical signature included disregarding data from federal institutions that was incompatible to his arguments; quoting hearsay, anecdotal evidence, and questionable claims in partisan media; denying reality (including his own statements); and distracting when falsehoods were exposed.[73]
During the first year of Trump's presidency,The Washington Post'sfact-checking team wrote that Trump was "the most fact-challenged politician" it had "ever encountered... the pace and volume of the president's misstatements means that we cannot possibly keep up."[74] The Post found that as president, Trump made more than 30,000 false or misleading claims, increasing from an average of six a day in his first year as president to 39 claims a day in his final year.[75] The most common false or misleading claims by Trump involved the economy and jobs, his border wall proposal, and his tax legislation; he had also made false statements regarding prior administrations,[76] as well as other topics, including crime, terrorism, immigration, Russia and the Mueller probe, theUkraine probe, immigration, and theCOVID-19 pandemic.[61] Senior administration officials had also regularly given false, misleading, or tortured statements to the news media,[77][78] which made it difficult for the news media to take official statements seriously.[77]
Rule of law
Shortly before Trump secured the 2016 Republican nomination,The New York Times reported "legal experts across the political spectrum say" Trump's rhetoric reflected "a constitutional worldview that shows contempt for theFirst Amendment, theseparation of powers, and therule of law," adding "many conservative and libertarian legal scholars warn that electing Mr. Trump is a recipe for aconstitutional crisis."[79] Political scientists warned that candidate Trump's rhetoric and actions mimicked those of other politicians who ultimately turnedauthoritarian once in office.[80] Some scholars have concluded that during Trump's tenure as president and largely due to his actions and rhetoric, the U.S. has experienceddemocratic backsliding.[81][82] Many prominent Republicans have expressed similar concerns that Trump's perceived disregard for the rule of law betrayed conservative principles.[83][84][85][86]
During the first two years of his presidency, Trump repeatedly sought to influence theDepartment of Justice to investigate Clinton,[87][88] theDemocratic National Committee,[89] and Comey.[90] He persistently repeated a variety of allegations, at least some of which had already been investigated or debunked.[91][92] In spring 2018, Trump told White House counselDon McGahn he wanted to order the Department of Justice to prosecute Clinton and Comey, but McGahn advised Trump such action would constitute abuse of power and invite possibleimpeachment.[93] In May 2018, Trump demanded that the Department of Justice investigate "whether or not the FBI/DOJ infiltrated or surveilled the Trump Campaign for Political Purposes," which the Department of Justice referred to itsinspector general.[94] Although it is not unlawful for a president to exert influence on the Department of Justice to open an investigation, presidents have assiduously avoided doing so to prevent perceptions of political interference.[94][95]
Sessions resisted several demands by Trump and his allies for investigations of political opponents, causing Trump to repeatedly express frustration, saying at one point, "I don't have an attorney general."[96] While criticizing the special counsel investigation in July 2019, Trump falsely claimed thatthe Constitution ensures that "I have to the right to do whatever I want as president."[97] Trump had on multiple occasions either suggested or promoted views of extending his presidency beyond normal term limits.[98][99]
Trump frequently criticized the independence of the judiciary for unfairly interfering in his administration's ability to decide policy.[100] In November 2018, in an extraordinary rebuke of a sitting president, Roberts criticized Trump's characterization of a judge who had ruled against his policies as an "Obama judge", adding "That's not law."[101] In October 2020, twenty Republican formerU.S. attorneys, among them appointees by each Republican president since Eisenhower, characterized Trump as "a threat to the rule of law in our country."Greg Brower, who worked in the Trump administration, asserted, "It's clear that President Trump views the Justice Department and the FBI as his own personal law firm and investigative agency."[102]
Trump talks to the press in the Oval Office on March 21, 2017, before signingS.422 (the NASA Transition Authorization Act).Trump speaks to reporters on the White House South Lawn in June 2019.
Early into his presidency, Trump developed a highly contentious relationship with the news media, repeatedly referring to them as the "fake news media" and "theenemy of the people."[103] As a candidate, Trump had refused press credentials for offending publications but said he would not do so if elected.[104] Trump both privately and publicly mused about taking away critical reporters'White House press credentials.[105] At the same time, the Trump White House gave temporary press passes to far-rightpro-Trump fringe outlets, such asInfoWars andThe Gateway Pundit, which are known for publishing hoaxes andconspiracy theories.[105][106][107]
On his first day in office, Trump falsely accused journalists of understating the size of the crowd at his inauguration and called the news media "among the most dishonest human beings on earth." Trump's claims were notably defended by Press SecretarySean Spicer, who claimed the inauguration crowd had been the biggest in history, a claim disproven by photographs.[108] Trump's senior adviserKellyanne Conway then defended Spicer when asked about the falsehood, saying it was an "alternative fact", not a falsehood.[109]
The administration frequently sought to punish and block access for reporters who broke stories about the administration.[110][111][112][113] Trump frequently criticized right-wing media outlet Fox News for being insufficiently supportive of him,[114] threatening to lend his support for alternatives to Fox News on the right.[115] On August 16, 2018, the Senate unanimously passed a resolution affirming that "the press is not the enemy of the people."[116]
The relationship between Trump, the news media, and fake news has been studied. One study found that between October7 and November 14, 2016, while one in four Americans visited afake news website, "Trump supporters visited the most fake news websites, which were overwhelmingly pro-Trump" and "almost 6in 10 visits to fake news websites came from the 10% of people with the most conservative online information diets."[117][118]Brendan Nyhan, one of the authors of the study, said in an interview, "People got vastly more misinformation from Donald Trump than they did from fake news websites."[119]
During a joint news conference, Trump said he was "very proud" to hearBrazilian presidentJair Bolsonaro use the term "fake news."[120]
In October 2018, Trump praised U.S. representativeGreg Gianforte for assaulting political reporterBen Jacobs in 2017.[121] According to analysts, the incident marked the first time the president has "openly and directly praised a violent act against a journalist on American soil."[122] Later that month, asCNN and prominent Democrats were targeted with mail bombs, Trump initially condemned the bomb attempts but shortly thereafter blamed the "Mainstream Media that I refer to as Fake News" for causing "a very big part of the anger we see today in our society."[123]
The Trump Justice Department obtained by court order the 2017phone logs or emailmetadata of reporters from CNN,The New York Times,The Washington Post,BuzzFeed, andPolitico as part of investigations into leaks of classified information.[124]
Trump continued his use ofTwitter following the presidential campaign. He continued to personally tweet from@realDonaldTrump, his personal account, while his staff tweet on his behalf using the official@POTUS account. His use of Twitter was unconventional for a president, with his tweets initiating controversy and becoming news in their own right.[125] Some scholars have referred to his time in office as the "first true Twitter presidency."[126] The Trump administration described Trump's tweets as "official statements by the President of the United States."[127] The federal judgeNaomi Reice Buchwald ruled in 2018 that Trump's blocking of other Twitter users due to opposing political views violated the First Amendment and he must unblock them.[128] The ruling was upheld on appeal.[129][130]
Twitter activity of Donald Trump from his first tweet in May 2009 to September 2017. Retweets are not included.
His tweets have been reported as ill-considered, impulsive, vengeful, andbullying, often being made late at night or in the early hours of the morning.[131][132][133] His tweets about a Muslim ban were successfully turned against his administration to halt two versions of travel restrictions from some Muslim-majority countries.[134] He has used Twitter to threaten and intimidate his political opponents and potential political allies needed to pass bills.[135] Many tweets appear to be based on stories Trump has seen in the media, including far-right news websites such asBreitbart and television shows such asFox & Friends.[136][137]
After close review of recent Tweets from the @realDonaldTrump account and the context around them we have permanently suspended the account due to the risk of further incitement of violence.
In February 2020, Trump tweeted criticism of the prosecutors' proposed sentence for Trump's former aideRoger Stone. A few hours later, the Justice Department replaced the prosecutors' proposed sentence with a lighter proposal. This gave the appearance of presidential interference in a criminal case and caused a strong negative reaction. All four of the original prosecutors withdrew from the case; more than a thousand former Department of Justice lawyers signed a letter condemning the action.[145][146] On July 10, Trump commuted the sentence of Stone days before he was due to report to prison.[147]
In response to the mid-2020George Floyd protests, some of which resulted in looting,[148] Trump tweeted on May 25 that "when the looting starts, the shooting starts." Not long after, Twitter restricted the tweet for violating the company's policy on promoting violence.[149] On May 28, Trump signed an executive order which sought to limit legal protections of social media companies.[150]
On January 8, 2021, Twitter announced that they had permanently suspended Trump's personal account "due to the risk of furtherincitement of violence" following theCapitol attack.[151] Trump announced in his final tweet before the suspension that he would not attend theinauguration of Joe Biden.[152] Other social media platforms likeFacebook,Snapchat,YouTube and others also suspended the official handles of Donald Trump.[153][154]
Trump had mixed success in delivering on his domestic policy campaign promises, which included limiting immigration, fortifying public infrastructure, cutting taxes, and repealing theAffordable Care Act.[155] He also worked to encourage space exploration, implement theTax Cuts and Jobs Act, work on deregulation, address economic growth and unemployment, and work on trade.[156]
Theforeign policy positions expressed by Trump during his presidential campaign changed frequently, so it was "difficult to glean a political agenda, or even a set of clear, core policy values ahead of his presidency".[160] Under a banner of "America First", the Trump administration distinguished itself from past administrations with frequent open admiration of authoritarian rulers and rhetorical rejections of key human rights norms.[161]
Despite pledges to reduce the number of active duty U.S. military personnel deployed overseas, the number was essentially the same three years into Trump's presidency as they were at the end of Obama's.[162]
Trump and Vice PresidentMike Pence at the welcoming ceremony for Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffMark Milley (left) on September 30, 2019. Outgoing chairman GeneralJoseph Dunford (right) and Secretary of DefenseMark Esper (center-right) are present
As a candidate and as president, Trump called for a major build-up of American military capabilities. Trump announced in October 2018 that the United States would withdraw from theIntermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty with Russia. The goal was to enable the United States to counter increasing Chinese intermediate nuclear missile capabilities in the Pacific.[171] In December 2018, Trump complained about the amount the United States spends on an "uncontrollablearms race" with Russia and China. Trump said that the $716billion which the United States was spending on the "arms race" was "Crazy!". He had previously praised his own increased defense spending, five months earlier. The total fiscal 2019 defense budget authorization was $716billion, although missile defense and nuclear programs made up about $10billion of the total.[172][173]
During 2018, Trump falsely asserted that he had secured the largest defense budget authorization ever, the first military pay raise in ten years, and thatmilitary spending was at least 4.0% of GDP, "which got a lot bigger since I became your president".[174]
Controversy arose in November 2019 after Trump pardoned or promoted three soldiers accused or convicted ofwar crimes.[175] The most prominent case involvedEddie Gallagher, a Navy SEAL team chief who had been reported to Navy authorities by his own team members forsniping at an unarmed civilian girl and an elderly man. Gallagher facedcourt martial for the murder of a wounded teenage combatant, among other charges. The medic of his SEAL team was granted immunity to testify against him, but on the witness stand the medic reversed what he had previously told investigators and testified that he himself had murdered the teenage combatant. Gallagher was subsequently acquitted of the murder charge against him, and the Navy demoted him to the lowest possible rank due to his conviction on another charge. The Navy later moved to strip Gallagher of hisTrident pin and to eject him from the Navy. Trump intervened to restore Gallagher's rank and pin. Many military officers were enraged by Trump's intervention, as they felt it disrupted principles of military discipline and justice.Secretary of the NavyRichard Spencer protested Trump's intervention and was forced to resign; in his resignation letter, he sharply rebuked Trump for his judgment in the matter. Trump told a rally audience days later, "I stuck up for three great warriors against thedeep state."[176][177][178]
The Trump administration sharply increased the frequency ofdrone strikes compared to the preceding Obama administration, in countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, Syria and Yemen,[179][180] rollbacked transparency in reporting drone strike deaths,[181] and reduced accountability.[182] In March 2019, Trump ended the Obama policy of reporting the number of civilian deaths caused by U.S. drone strikes, claiming that this policy was unnecessary.[183]
The number of U.S. troops deployed to Afghanistan decreased significantly during Trump's presidency. By the end of Trump's term in office troop levels in Afghanistan were at the lowest levels since the early days of the war in 2001.[184] Trump's presidency saw an expansion of drone warfare and a massive increase in civilian casualties from airstrikes in Afghanistan relative to the Obama administration.[181]
In 2020, U.S. casualties in Afghanistan reached their lowest level for the entire war.[189] In Iraq, casualties increased, being significantly higher in Trump's term than Obama's second term.[190]
Following the collapse of the Afghan government and thefall of Kabul in August 2021, accusations byOlivia Troye surfaced onTwitter of the Trump Administration deliberately obstructing the visa process for Afghans who had helped U.S. efforts in Afghanistan.[191]
On January 19, 2021, Secretary of StateMike Pompeo announced that the Department of State had determined that "genocide and crimes against humanity" had beenperpetrated by China against theUyghurMuslims and otherethnic minorities inXinjiang.[192] The announcement was made on the last day of Trump's presidency. The incoming president,Joe Biden, had already declared during hispresidential campaign, that such a determination should be made.[192] On January 20, 2021, Pompeo along with other Trump administration officials were sanctioned by China.[193]
After initially adopting a verbally hostile posture[194] towardNorth Korea and its leader,Kim Jong Un, Trump quickly pivoted to embrace the regime, saying he and Kim "fell in love".[195] Trump engaged Kim by meeting him at two summits,in June 2018 andFebruary 2019, an unprecedented move by an American president, as previous policy had been that a president's simply meeting with the North Korean leader would legitimize the regime on the world stage. During the June 2018 summit, the leaders signed a vague agreement to pursue denuclearization of the Korean peninsula, with Trump immediately declaring "There is no longer a Nuclear Threat from North Korea."[196] Little progress was made toward that goal during the months before the February 2019 summit, which ended abruptly without an agreement, hours after the White House announced a signing ceremony was imminent.[197] During the months between the summits, a growing body of evidence indicated North Korea was continuing its nuclear fuel, bomb and missile development, including by redeveloping anICBM site it was previously appearing to dismantle – even while the second summit was underway.[198][199][200][201] In the aftermath of the February 2019 failed summit, the Treasury department imposed additional sanctions on North Korea. The following day, Trump tweeted, "It was announced today by the U.S. Treasury that additional large scale Sanctions would be added to those already existing Sanctions on North Korea. I have today ordered the withdrawal of those additional Sanctions!"[202] On December 31, 2019, theKorean Central News Agency announced that Kim had abandoned his moratoriums on nuclear and intercontinental ballistic missile tests, quoting Kim as saying, "the world will witness a new strategic weapon to be possessed by the DPRK in the near future."[203][204] Two years after the Singapore summit, the North Korean nuclear arsenal had significantly expanded.[205][206]
In October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish presidentRecep Tayyip Erdoğan, the White House acknowledged that Turkey would be carrying out aplanned military offensive into northern Syria; as such,U.S. troops in northern Syria were withdrawn from the area to avoid interference with that operation. The statement also passed responsibility for the area's capturedISIS fighters to Turkey.[209] Congress members of both parties denounced the move, including Republican allies of Trump like SenatorLindsey Graham. They argued that the move betrayed the American-allied Kurds, and would benefit ISIS, Russia, Iran and Bashar al-Assad's Syrian regime.[210] Trump defended the move, citing the high cost of supporting the Kurds, and the lack of support from the Kurds in past U.S. wars.[211] Within a week of the U.S. pullout, Turkey proceeded to attack Kurdish-controlled areas in northeast Syria.[212] Kurdish forces then announced an alliance with the Syrian government and its Russian allies, in a united effort to repel Turkey.[213]
During the first Trump administration, U.S.–Iran relations deteriorated sharply as Trump abandonedObama's engagement strategy. TheU.S. withdrew from the nuclear deal (JCPOA),[214] reimposed sanctions, and launched amaximum pressure campaign that imposed over 1,500 sanctions and severely damaged Iran's economy.[215] In response, Iran escalated uranium enrichment[216] and ruled out talks.[217] Tensions rose through 2019 with oil tanker attacks,a downed U.S. drone, and cyber retaliation.[218] The crisis peaked in early 2020 after the U.S.killed Iranian GeneralQasem Soleimani,[219] prompting Iranian missile strikes. Relations remained hostile through the end of Trump’s term.
In October 2018, amid widespread condemnation of Saudi Arabia for the murder of prominent Saudi journalist and dissidentJamal Khashoggi, the Trump administration pushed back on the condemnation.[233] After the CIA assessed that Saudi crown prince Mohammad bin Salman ordered themurder of Khashoggi, Trump rejected the assessment and said the CIA only had "feelings" on the matter.[234]
Since theSix Day War in 1967, the United States had consideredIsraeli settlements in the occupiedWest Bank to be "illegitimate". This status changed in November 2019 when the Trump administration shifted U.S. policy and[235] declared "the establishment of Israeli civilian settlements in the West Bank is notper se inconsistent with international law."[236]
As Donald Trump lost the election bid against Joe Biden, the U.S. State Department notified Congress about its plans to sell 18 sophisticated armedMQ-9B aerial drones to theUnited Arab Emirates, under a deal worth $2.9 billion. The drones were expected to be equipped with maritime radar, and the delivery was being estimated by 2024.[244] Besides, another informal notification was sent to the Congress regarding the plans of providing the UAE with $10 billion of defense equipment, including precision-guided munitions, non-precision bombs and missiles.[245]
American intelligence sources found theRussian governmentattempted to intervene in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump,[246] and that members of Trump's campaign were in contact with Russian government officials both before and after the election.[247] In May 2017, the Department of Justice appointedRobert Mueller as special counsel toinvestigate "any links and/or coordination between Russian government and individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump, and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation".[248]
During his January 2017 confirmation hearings as the attorney general nominee before the Senate, then-Senator Jeff Sessions appeared to deliberately omit two meetings he had in 2016 with Russian ambassadorSergey Kislyak, when asked if he had meetings involving the 2016 election with Russian government officials. Sessions later amended his testimony saying he "never met with any Russian officials to discuss issues of the campaign".[249] Following his amended statement, Sessions recused himself from any investigation regarding connections between Trump and Russia.[250]
In May 2017, Trump discussedhighly classified intelligence in anOval Office meeting with the Russian foreign ministerSergey Lavrov and ambassadorSergey Kislyak, providing details that could expose the source of the information and how it was collected.[251] A Middle Eastern ally[c] provided the intelligence which had the highest level of classification and was not intended to be shared widely.[251]The New York Times reported, "sharing the information without the express permission of the ally who provided it was a major breach of espionage etiquette, and could jeopardize a crucialintelligence-sharing relationship."[251] The White House, throughNational Security AdvisorH. R. McMaster, issued a limited denial, saying the story "as reported" was incorrect[253] and that no "intelligence sources or methods" were discussed.[254] McMaster did not deny that information had been disclosed.[255] The following day Trump said on Twitter that Russia is an important ally against terrorism and that he had an "absolute right" to share classified information with Russia.[256] Soon after the meeting, American intelligence extracted a high-level covert source from within the Russian government, on concerns the individual could be at risk due, in part, to Trump and his administration repeatedly mishandling classified intelligence.[257]
In October 2017, former Trump campaign advisorGeorge Papadopoulos pleaded guilty to one count of making false statements to the FBI regarding his contacts with Russian agents. During the campaign he had tried repeatedly but unsuccessfully to set up meetings in Russia between Trump campaign representatives and Russian officials.[258]
Trump went to great lengths to keep details of his private conversations with Russian presidentPutin secret, including in one case by retaining his interpreter's notes and instructing the linguist to not share the contents of the discussions with anyone in the administration. As a result, there were no detailed records, even in classified files, of Trump's conversations with Putin on five occasions.[259][260]
Of Trump's campaign advisors and staff, six of them were indicted by the special counsel's office; five of them (Michael Cohen,Michael Flynn,Rick Gates,Paul Manafort,George Papadopoulos) pleaded guilty, while one has pleaded not guilty (Roger Stone).[261] As of December 2020, Stone, Papadopoulos, Manafort, and Flynn have been pardoned by Trump, but not Cohen or Gates.[262]
On June 12, 2019, Trump asserted he saw nothing wrong in accepting intelligence on his political adversaries from foreign powers, such as Russia, and he could see no reason to contact theFBI about it. Responding to a reporter who told him FBI directorChristopher Wray had said such activities should be reported to the FBI, Trump said, "the FBI director is wrong." Trump elaborated, "there's nothing wrong with listening. If somebody called from a country, Norway, 'we have information on your opponent' – oh, I think I'd want to hear it." Both Democrats and Republicans repudiated the remarks.[263][264][265][266]
The New York Times reported in June 2021 that in 2017 and 2018 the Justice Department subpoenaedmetadata from theiCloud accounts of at least a dozen individuals associated with theHouse Intelligence Committee, including that of ranking Democratic memberAdam Schiff andEric Swalwell, and family members, to investigate leaks to the press about contacts between Trump associates and Russia. Records of the inquiry did not implicate anyone associated with the committee, but upon becoming attorney generalBill Barr revived the effort, including by appointing a federal prosecutor and about six others in February 2020.The Times reported that, apart from corruption investigations, subpoenaing communications information of members of Congress is nearly unheard-of, and that some in the Justice Department saw Barr's approach as politically motivated.[267][268] Justice Department Inspector GeneralMichael Horowitz announced an inquiry into the matter the day after theTimes report.[269]
In February 2018, when Mueller indicted more than a dozen Russians and three entities for interference in the 2016 election, Trump asserted the indictment was proof his campaign did not collude with the Russians.The New York Times noted Trump "voiced no concern that a foreign power had been trying for nearly four years to upend American democracy, much less resolve to stop it from continuing to do so this year".[270]
In July 2018, the special counsel indicted twelve Russian intelligence operatives and accused them of conspiring to interfere in the 2016 U.S. elections, by hacking servers and emails of the Democratic Party and theHillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign.[271] The indictments were made beforeTrump's meeting with Putin in Helsinki, in which Trump supported Putin's denial that Russia was involved and criticized American law enforcement and intelligence community (subsequently Trump partially walked back some of his comments). A few days later, it was reported that Trump had actually been briefed on the veracity and extent of Russian cyber-attacks two weeks before his inauguration, back in December 2016, including the fact that these were ordered by Putin himself. The evidence presented to him at the time included text and email conversations between Russian military officers as well as information from a source close to Putin.[272]
On March 22, 2019, Mueller submitted the final report to Attorney General William Barr. Two days later, Barr sent Congress afour-page letter, describing what he said were the special counsel's principal conclusions in the report. Barr added that, since the special counsel "did not draw a conclusion" on obstruction,[273] this "leaves it to the Attorney General to determine whether the conduct described in the report constitutes a crime".[274] Barr continued: "Deputy Attorney GeneralRod Rosenstein and I have concluded that the evidence developed during the Special Counsel's investigation is not sufficient to establish that the President committed an obstruction-of-justice offense."[275][276]
Volume I discusses about Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election, concluding that interference occurred "in sweeping and systematic fashion" and "violated U.S. criminal law".[280][281] The report detailed activities by theInternet Research Agency, a Kremlin-linked Russian troll farm, to create a "social media campaign that favored presidential candidate Donald J. Trump and disparaged presidential candidate Hillary Clinton",[282] and to "provoke and amplify political and social discord in the United States".[283] The report also described how the Russian intelligence service, theGRU, performedcomputer hacking and strategic releasing of damaging material from the Clinton campaign andDemocratic Party organizations.[284][285] To establish whether a crime was committed by members of the Trump campaign with regard to Russian interference, investigators used the legal standard for criminalconspiracy rather than the popular concept of "collusion", because a crime of "collusion" is not found in criminal law or theUnited States Code.[286][287]
According to the report, the investigation "identified numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign", and found that Russia had "perceived it would benefit from a Trump presidency" and the 2016 Trump presidential campaign "expected it would benefit electorally" from Russian hacking efforts. Ultimately, "the investigation did not establish that members of the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities."[288][289] However, investigators had an incomplete picture of what had really occurred during the 2016 campaign, due to some associates of the Trump campaign providing false or incomplete testimony, exercising theprivilege against self-incrimination, and having deleted, unsaved, or encrypted communications. As such, the Mueller report "cannot rule out the possibility" that information then unavailable to investigators would have presented different findings.[290]
Volume II covered obstruction of justice. The report describedten episodes where Trump may have obstructed justice as president, plus one instance before he was elected.[291][292] The report said that in addition to Trump's public attacks on the investigation and its subjects, he had also privately tried to "control the investigation" in multiple ways, but mostly failed to influence it because his subordinates or associates refused to carry out his instructions.[293][294] For that reason, no charges against the Trump's aides and associates were recommended "beyond those already filed".[291] The special counsel could not charge Trump himself once investigators decided to abide by anOffice of Legal Counsel (OLC) opinion that a sitting president cannot stand trial,[295][296] and they feared charges would affect Trump's governing and possibly preempt his impeachment.[296][297] In addition, investigators felt it would be unfair to accuse Trump of a crime without charges and without a trial in which he could clear his name,[295][296][293] hence investigators "determined not to apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes".[296][298][299][300]
Since the special counsel's office had decided "not to make a traditional prosecutorial judgment" on whether to "initiate or decline a prosecution", they "did not draw ultimate conclusions about the President's conduct". The report "does not conclude that the president committed a crime",[282][301] but specifically did not exonerate Trump on obstruction of justice, because investigators were not confident that Trump was innocent after examining his intent and actions.[302][303] The report concluded "that Congress has authority to prohibit a President's corrupt use of his authority in order to protect the integrity of the administration of justice" and "that Congress may apply the obstruction laws to the president's corrupt exercise of the powers of office accords with our constitutional system of checks and balances and the principle that no person is above the law".[299][303][293]
On May 1, 2019, following publication of the special counsel's report, Barr testified before theSenate Judiciary Committee, during which Barr said he "didn't exonerate" Trump on obstruction as that was not the role of the Justice Department.[304] He declined to testify before theHouse Judiciary Committee the following day because he objected to the committee's plan to use staff lawyers during questioning.[305] Barr also repeatedly[306] failed to give the unredacted special counsel's report to the Judiciary Committee by its deadline of May 6, 2019.[307] On May 8, 2019, the committee voted to hold Barr incontempt of Congress, which refers the matter to entire House for resolution.[308] Concurrently, Trump assertedexecutive privilege via the Department of Justice in an effort to prevent the redacted portions of the special counsel's report and the underlying evidence from being disclosed.[309] Committee chairmanJerry Nadler said the U.S. is in aconstitutional crisis, "because the President is disobeying the law, is refusing all information to Congress".[310] SpeakerNancy Pelosi said Trump was "self-impeaching" by stonewalling Congress.[311]
Following release of the Mueller report, Trump and his allies turned their attention toward "investigating the investigators".[312] On May 23, 2019, Trump ordered theintelligence community to cooperate with Barr's investigation of the origins of the investigation, granting Barr full authority to declassify any intelligence information related to the matter. Some analysts expressed concerns that the order could create a conflict between the Justice Department and the intelligence community over closely guarded intelligence sources and methods, as well as open the possibility Barr could cherrypick intelligence for public release to help Trump.[313][314][315][316]
Upon announcing the formal closure of the investigation and his resignation from the Justice Department on May 29, Mueller said, "If we had had confidence that the president clearly did not commit a crime, we would have said so. We did not, however, decide as to whether the president did commit a crime."[317] During his testimony to Congress on July 24, 2019, Mueller said that a president could be charged with obstruction of justice (or other crimes) after the president left office.[318]
Amid accusations by Trump and his supporters that he had been subjected to an illegitimate investigation, in May 2019, Barr appointed federal prosecutorJohn Durham to review the origins of the Crossfire Hurricane investigation.[319] By September 2020, Durham's inquiry had expanded to include the FBI's investigation of the Clinton Foundation during the 2016 campaign.[320]
In November 2017, Sessions appointed U.S. AttorneyJohn Huber to investigate the FBI's surveillance ofCarter Page andconnections between theClinton Foundation andUranium One, starting in November 2017.[321] The investigation ended in January 2020 after no evidence was found to warrant the opening of a criminal investigation.[322] Special Counsel Robert Mueller's April 2019 report documented that Trump pressured Sessions and the Department of Justice to reopen the investigation into Clinton's emails.[323]
The Trump administration was characterized by a departure from ethical norms.[324][325] Unlike previous administrations of both parties, the Trump White House did not observe a strict boundary between official government activities and personal, political, or campaign activities.[324][326][327] Some critics went so far as to describe Trump as bringingkleptocracy to America.[328][329][330][331][332][333]
Role of lobbyists
During the 2016 campaign, Trump promised to "drain the swamp" – a phrase that usually refers to entrenched corruption and lobbying in Washington, D.C. – and he proposed a series of ethics reforms.[334] However, according to federal records and interviews, there was a dramatic increase in lobbying by corporations and hired interests during Trump's tenure, particularly through Pence's office.[335] About twice as many lobbying firms contacted Pence, compared to previous presidencies, among them representatives of major energy firms and drug companies.[335] In many cases, the lobbyists charged their clients millions of dollars for access to the vice president, then donated the money to Pence's political causes.[335]
Among the administration's first policies was a five-year ban on serving as a lobbyist after working in the executive branch.[334] However, as one of his final acts of office, Trump rolled back that policy, thus allowing administration staff to work as lobbyists.[336]
Potential conflicts of interest
Map shows the number of companies owned by Donald Trump[337] that are operating in each country:
Trump's presidency was marked by significant public concern aboutconflict of interest stemming from his diverse business ventures. In the lead up to his inauguration, Trump promised to remove himself from the day-to-day operations of his businesses.[338] Trump placed his sonsEric Trump andDonald Trump Jr. at the head of his businesses claiming they would not communicate with him regarding his interests. However, critics noted that this would not prevent him from having input into his businesses and knowing how to benefit himself, and Trump continued to receive quarterly updates on his businesses.[339] As his presidency progressed, he failed to take steps or show interest in further distancing himself from his business interests resulting in numerous potential conflicts.[340] Ethics experts found Trump's plan to address conflicts of interest between his position as president and his private business interests to be entirely inadequate.[341] Unlike every other president in the last 40 years, Trump did not put his business interests in ablind trust or equivalent arrangement "to cleanly sever himself from his business interests".[341] In January 2018, a year into his presidency, Trump owned stakes in hundreds of businesses.[342]Anne Applebaum noted how Trump properties, including Trump Tower, has been used forlaundering money bykleptocrats around the world (though there is no evidence Trump knew that was going on) and that two-thirds of the sales in Trump-owned properties went to anonymous buyers in 2017, raising potentialconflicts-of-interest with a sitting president of the United States.[343]
After Trump took office, thewatchdog groupCitizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, represented by a number of constitutional scholars, sued him[344] for violations of theForeign Emoluments Clause (aconstitutional provision that bars the president or any other federal official from taking gifts or payments from foreign governments), because his hotels and other businesses accept payment from foreign governments.[344][345][346] CREW separately filed a complaint with theGeneral Services Administration (GSA) overTrump International Hotel Washington, D.C.; the 2013 lease that Trump and the GSA signed "explicitly forbids any elected government official from holding the lease or benefiting from it".[347] The GSA said it was "reviewing the situation".[347] By May 2017, theCREW v. Trump lawsuit had grown with additional plaintiffs and alleged violations of theDomestic Emoluments Clause.[348] In June 2017, attorneys from the Department of Justice filed a motion to dismiss the case on the grounds that the plaintiffs had no right to sue[349] and that the described conduct was not illegal.[350] Also in June 2017, two more lawsuits were filed based on theForeign Emoluments Clause:D.C. and Maryland v. Trump,[351][352] andBlumenthal v. Trump, which was signed by more than one-third of the voting members ofCongress.[353]United States District JudgeGeorge B. Daniels dismissed the CREW case on December 21, 2017, holding that plaintiffs lackedstanding.[354][355]D.C. and Maryland v. Trump cleared three judicial hurdles to proceed to thediscovery phase during 2018,[356][357][358] with prosecutors issuing 38 subpoenas to Trump's businesses and cabinet departments in December before theFourth Circuit Court of Appeals issued astay days later at the behest of the Justice Department, pending hearings in March 2019.[359][360][361] NBC News reported that by June 2019 representatives of 22 governments had spent money at Trump properties.[362] In January 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the lawsuits as Trump was no longer president.[363]
In March 2018,The New York Times reported thatGeorge Nader had turned Trump's major fundraiserElliott Broidy "into an instrument of influence at the White House for the rulers of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates... High on the agenda of the two men... was pushing the White House to remove Secretary of StateRex W. Tillerson," a top defender of theIran nuclear deal in Donald Trump's administration, and "backing confrontational approaches to Iran and Qatar".[364]
Transparency, data availability, and record keeping
The Washington Post reported in May 2017, "a wide variety of information that until recently was provided to the public, limiting access, for instance, to disclosures about workplace violations, energy efficiency, and animal welfare abuses" had been removed or tucked away. The Obama administration had used the publication of enforcement actions taken by federal agencies against companies as a way to name and shame companies that engaged in unethical and illegal behaviors.[365]
The Trump administration stopped the longstanding practice of logging visitors to the White House, making it difficult to tell who had visited the White House.[365][366] In July 2018,CNN reported that the White House had suspended the practice of publishing public summaries of Trump's phone calls with world leaders, bringing an end to a common exercise from previous administrations.[367]
In January 2024, theWhite House Medical Unit and its pharmacy caught the media's attention when theDepartment of Defense Office of Inspector General issued aninvestigation report focused on prescription drug records and care between 2017 and 2019, describing improper recording of prescriptions, disposal of controlled substances, and verification of identities, among other problems. The pharmacy dispensed expensive brand-name products for free, and the Unit spent considerable amounts of money on healthcare for numerous ineligible White House staff members, employees, and contractors.[368][369][370]
Trump refused to follow the rules of thePresidential Records Act, which requires presidents and their administrations to preserve all official documents and turn them over to the National Archives. Trump habitually tore up papers after reading them, and White House staffers were assigned to collect the scraps and tape them back together for the archives.[371] He also took boxes of documents and other items with him when he left the White House; the National Archives later retrieved them.[372][373] Some of the documents he took with him were discovered to be classified, including some at the "top secret" level.[374][375] Trump sometimes used his personal cellphone to converse with world leaders so that there would be no record of the conversation.[376] By May 2022, federal prosecutors had empaneled a grand jury to investigate possible mishandling of documents by Trump and other officials in his White House.[377]
Hatch Act violations
In the first three and a half years of Trump's term, theOffice of Special Counsel, an independent federal government ethics agency, found 13 senior Trump administration officials in violation of theHatch Act of 1939, which restricts the government employees' (other than the president's and vice president's) involvement in politics; 11 of the complaints were filed by the activist groupCitizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW).[324][326] By comparison, CREW stated that it was aware of only two findings ofHatch Act violations during the eight years of the Obama administration.[324]
Henry Kerner, head of theOffice of Special Counsel, found in a report released in November 2021 that at least 13 administration officials demonstrated "willful disregard" for the Hatch Act, including "especially pernicious" behavior in the days before the 2020 election.[378][379]
Security clearances
In March 2019,Tricia Newbold, a White House employee working on security clearances, privately told theHouse Oversight Committee that at least 25 Trump administration officials had been granted security clearances over the objections of career staffers. Newbold also asserted that some of these officials had previously had their applications rejected for "disqualifying issues", only for those rejections to be overturned with inadequate explanation.[380][381][382]
After the House Oversight Committee subpoenaed former head of White House security clearancesCarl Kline to give testimony, the administration instructed Kline not to comply with the subpoena, asserting that the subpoena "unconstitutionally encroaches on fundamental executive branch interests".[383][384] Kline eventually gave closed-door testimony before the committee in May 2019, but House Democrats said he did not "provide specific details to their questions".[385]
On August 12, 2019, an unnamed intelligence official privately filed a whistleblower complaint withMichael Atkinson, theinspector general of the Intelligence Community (ICIG), under the provisions of theIntelligence Community Whistleblower Protection Act (ICWPA).[386] The whistleblower alleged that Trump had abused his office in soliciting foreign interference to improve his own electoral chances in 2020. The complaint reports that in a July 2019 call, Trump had asked Ukrainian presidentVolodymyr Zelensky to investigate potential 2020 rival presidential candidate Joe Biden and his sonHunter Biden, as well as matters pertaining to whether Russian interference occurred in the 2016 U.S. election with regard to Democratic National Committee servers and the company Crowdstrike. Trump allegedly nominated his personal lawyer Rudy Giuliani and Attorney General William Barr to work with Ukraine on these matters. Additionally, the whistleblower alleged that the White House attempted to "lock down" the call records in a cover-up, and that the call was part of a wider pressure campaign by Giuliani and the Trump administration to urge Ukraine to investigate the Bidens. The whistleblower posits that the pressure campaign may have included Trump cancelling Vice President Mike Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip, and Trump withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019.[387][388][389][390]
Inspector General Atkinson found the whistleblower's complaint both urgent and credible, so he transmitted the complaint on August 26 toJoseph Maguire, the actingDirector of National Intelligence (DNI). Under the law, Maguire was supposed to forward the complaint to the Senate and House Intelligence Committees within a week. Maguire refused, so Atkinson informed the congressional committees of the existence of the complaint, but not its content.[391][392] The general counsel for Maguire's office said that since the complaint was not about someone in the intelligence community, it was not an "urgent concern" and thus there was no need to pass it to Congress. Later testifying before the House Intelligence Committee on September 26, Maguire said he had consulted with the White House Counsel and the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel, of which the latter office gave him the rationale to withhold the complaint.[393] Maguire also testified: "I think the whistleblower did the right thing. I think he followed the law every step of the way."[394]
On September 22, Trump confirmed that he had discussed with Zelensky how "we don't want our people like Vice President Biden and his son creating to the corruption already in the Ukraine."[395] Trump also confirmed that he had indeed temporarily withheld military aid from Ukraine, offering contradicting reasons for his decision on September 23 and 24.[396]
On September 24, House SpeakerNancy Pelosi announced the start of a formalimpeachment inquiry.[397] On September 25, the White House released a non-verbatim transcript of thephone call between Trump and Zelensky; while the members and staff of congressional intelligence committees were allowed to read the whistleblower complaint.[392] On September 26, the White House declassified the whistleblower's complaint, so Schiff released the complaint to the public.[392] The non-verbatim transcript corroborated the main allegations of the whistleblower's report about the Trump–Zelensky call.[398] The non-verbatim transcript stated that after Zelensky discussed the possibility of buying American anti-tank missiles to defend Ukraine, Trump instead asked for a favor, suggesting an investigation of the company Crowdstrike, while later in the call he also called for an investigation of the Bidens and cooperation with Giuliani and Barr.[399][400] On September 27, the White House confirmed the whistleblower's allegation that the Trump administration had stored the Trump–Zelensky transcript in a highly classified system.[401]
Following these revelations, members of congress largely divided along party lines, with Democrats generally in favor of impeachment proceedings and Republicans defending the president.[402] Ukraine envoyKurt Volker resigned and three House committees issued a subpoena to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to schedule depositions for Volker and four other State Department employees, and to compel the release of documents.[403][404] Attention to the issue also led to further revelations by anonymous sources. These included the misuse of classification systems to hide records of conversations with Ukrainian, Russian, and Saudi Arabian leaders, and statements made toSergei Lavrov andSergey Kislyak in May 2017 expressing a lack of concern about Russian interference in U.S. elections.[405][406]
Use of the Office of President
Trump often sought to use the office of the presidency for his own interest. Under his leadership, the Justice Department, which is traditionally independent from the president, became highly partisan and acted in Trump's interest.[407][408][409][410]Bloomberg News reported in October 2019 that during a 2017 Oval Office meeting, Trump had asked Secretary of State Rex Tillerson to pressure the Justice Department to drop a criminal investigation ofReza Zarrab, an Iranian-Turkish gold trader who was a client of Trump associate Rudy Giuliani. Tillerson reportedly refused.[411]
Trump attempted to host the2020 G7 Summit at hisDoral Golf Resort, from which he could have made significant profits.[412] Trumpvisited his properties 274 times during his presidency. Government officials were charged as much as $650 per night to stay at Trump's properties.[413]
In the lead up to the 2020 election, Trump andPostmaster GeneralLouis DeJoy, a close ally of Trump, sought to hamper theU.S. postal service by cutting funding and services, a move which would prevent postal votes from being counted during the COVID-19 pandemic.[414]
Trump fired, demoted, or withdrew nominations of numerous government officials in retaliation for actions that projected negatively on his public image or harmed his personal or political interests, including Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) DirectorJames Comey,[415] Deputy FBI DirectorAndrew McCabe, U.S. Attorney GeneralJeff Sessions,[416] and Director of National IntelligenceJoseph Maguire.[417]
In December 2020, shortly before Christmas and in his last month in office, Trump granted 26 people full pardons and commuted the sentences of three others convicted of federal crimes. Those who benefitted included his former campaign advisor Paul Manafort, advisor and personal friend Roger Stone andCharles Kushner, father of Trump's son-in-law and confidant Jared Kushner.[418] In the final hours of his presidency,Donald Trump pardoned nearly 74 people, including rappers, financiers, and former members of congress. Those pardoned include his former senior adviserSteve Bannon,Jared Kushner's friend charged with cyberstalking,Ken Kurson; a real estate lawyer, Albert Pirro; and rappers prosecuted on federal weapons offenses,Lil Wayne andKodak Black. Trump also pardoned his former fundraiserElliott Broidy, who failed to register as a lobbyist for a foreign individual.[419] Broidy also lobbied the U.S. government to end the investigations in the1MDB scandal.[420]
According to several reports, Trump's and his family's trips in the first month of his presidency cost U.S. taxpayers nearly as much as President Obama's travel expenses for an entire year. When Obama was president, Trump frequently criticized him for taking vacations which were paid for with public funds.[421]The Washington Post reported that Trump's atypically lavish lifestyle is far more expensive to the taxpayers than what was typical of previous presidents and could end up in the hundreds of millions of dollars over the whole of Trump's term.[422]
A June 2019 analysis by theWashington Post found that federal officials and GOP campaigns had spent at least $1.6million at businesses owned by Trump during his presidency.[423] This was an undercount, as most of the data on spending by government officials covered only the first few months of Trump's presidency.[423]
Trump officially announced hisreelection campaign for theRepublican nomination in the2020 presidential election on June 18, 2019.[425] Trump did not face any significant rivals for the 2020 Republican nomination, with some state Republican parties cancelling the presidential primaries in the states.[426] Trump's Democratic opponent in the general election was former vice presidentJoe Biden of Delaware. The election on November 3 was not called for either candidate for several days. On November 7, the Associated Press along with mainstream media called the race for Joe Biden.[427]
It was the first presidency since that ofHerbert Hoover in 1932 in which a sitting president was defeated and his party lost its majorities in both chambers of Congress.[428]
DemocratJoe Biden defeated Trump in the 2020 presidential election
Trump refused to concede, and the administration did not begin cooperating with president-elect Biden's transition team until November 23.[429][430] In late December 2020, Biden and his transition team criticized Trump administration political appointees for hampering the transition and failing to cooperate with the Biden transition team on national security areas, such as the Defense and State departments, as well as on the economic response to the COVID-19 pandemic, saying that many of the agencies that are critical to their security have incurred enormous damage and have been hollowed out – in personnel, capacity and in morale.[431][432] Throughout December and January, Trump continued to insist that he had won the election. He filed numerous lawsuits alleging election fraud, tried topersuade state and federal officials tooverturn the results, and urged his supporters to rally on his behalf.[433] Although most resulting lawsuits were either dismissed or ruled against by numerous courts,[434][435][436] Trump nonethelessconspired with hiscampaign team tosubmit documents in several states (all of which had been won by Biden) whichfalsely claimed to be legitimate electoral certificates for President Trump and Vice PresidentMike Pence.[437][438] After the submission of these documents, the Trump campaign intended that thepresiding officer of the United States Senate, eitherPresident of the Senate Pence orPresident pro temporeChuck Grassley, would claim to have the unilateral power to rejectelectors during theJanuary 6, 2021 vote counting session; the presiding officer would reject all electors from the several states in which the Trump campaign had submitted false documents, leaving 232 votes for Trump and 222 votes for Biden, thereby overturning the election results in favour of Trump.[439][440][441][442] The plans for January 6 failed to come to fruition after Pence refused to follow the campaign's proposals.[443][444]
Trump's statement during the U.S. Capitol attack on January 6, 2021. The video was originally posted on Twitter and shared on other social media before being removed from all platforms for violating various policies
During an initial rally earlier that morning, Trump encouraged his supporters to march to the U.S. Capitol.[445][446] Subsequently, pro-Trump attendees marched to the Capitol building, joined other protesters, and stormed the building.[447] Congress was in session at the time, conducting theElectoral College vote count and debating the results of the vote. As the protesters arrived, Capitol security evacuated the Senate and House of Representatives chambers and locked down several other buildings on the Capitol campus.[448] Later that evening, after the Capitol was secured, Congress went back into session to discuss the Electoral College vote, finally affirming at 3:41a.m. that Biden had won the election.[449]
Five casualties occurred during the event: one Capitol Police officer, and four stormers or protesters at the Capitol, including one rioter shot by police inside the building.[450] At least 138 police officers were injured.[451] Threeimprovised explosive devices were reported to have been found: one each on Capitol grounds, at theRepublican National Committee andDemocratic National Committee offices.[452]
Following the Capitol attack, several cabinet-level officials and White House staff resigned, citing the incident and Trump's behavior.[453]
On January 7, the day after the Electoral College results were certified by Congress, Trump tweeted a video in which he stated, "A new administration will be inaugurated on January 20th. My focus now turns to ensuring a smooth, orderly and seamless transition of power."[454] TheState Department subsequently told diplomats to affirm Biden's victory.[455]
On January 12, the House voted in favor of requesting that the vice president remove Trump from office per theTwenty-fifth Amendment; hours earlier, Pence had indicated that he opposed such a measure.[456] The next day, the House voted 232–197 toimpeach Trump on a charge of "incitement of insurrection". Ten Republican representatives joined all Democratic representatives in voting to impeach Trump. Trump is the first and only president to be impeached twice.[457] On February 13, the Senate voted 57–43 toconvict Trump on a charge of inciting insurrection, ten votes short of the required two-thirds majority, and he was acquitted. Seven Republican senators joined all Democratic and independent senators in voting to convict Trump.[458][459]
President Trump's first farewell address on January 19, 2021
Trump gave afirst farewell address the day prior to theinauguration of Joe Biden. In it he stressed his economic and foreign policy record, and said the country can never tolerate "political violence".[460] Trump did not attend Biden's inauguration, becoming the first departing president in 152 years to refuse to attend his elected successor's inauguration,[461][462] but he did honor another tradition by leaving Biden a letter on theResolute desk in the White House.[463][464]
In the 2018 presidential rankings by the Siena College Research Institute, Trump ranked as the third-worst president in history.[465]C-SPAN's 2021 President Historians Survey ranked Trump as the fourth-worst president overall and the worst in the leadership characteristics of Moral Authority andAdministrative Skills. Trump's best rated leadership characteristic was Public Persuasion, where he ranked 32nd out of the 44 presidents.[466] Trump ranked last in both the 2018 and 2024 surveys of theAmerican Political Science Association Presidents and Executive Politics section, with self-identified Republican historians ranking Trump in their bottom five presidents.[467]
At the time of the 2016 election, polls byGallup found Trump had a favorable rating around 35 percent and an unfavorable rating around 60 percent, while Clinton held a favorable rating of 40 percent and an unfavorable rating of 57 percent.[468] 2016 was the first election cycle in modern presidential polling in which both major-party candidates were viewed so unfavorably.[469][470][471][472] By January 20, 2017,Inauguration Day, Trump's approval rating average was 42 percent, the lowest rating average for an incoming president in the history of modern polling;[473] during his term it was an "incredibly stable (and also historically low)" 36 percent to 40 percent.[474][475] According to Gallup, Trump's approval rating peaked at 49 percent in several polls in early 2020; this makes him the only president to never reach a 50 percent approval rating in the Gallup poll dating to 1938.[476]
^Trump later falsely asserted, "President Obama wanted to meet and chairman Kim would not meet him. The Obama administration was begging for a meeting."[208]
^Revealed to be Israel the day after publication in the press.[252]
^abc17 days of the 115th Congress (January 3, 2017 – January 19, 2017) took place under President Obama, and 17 days of the 117th Congress (January 3, 2021 – January 19, 2021) took place during Trump's first presidency, with the Republicans also briefly have held a majority in the Senate until January 20, 2021.
^abThe Congress began with 51 Republicans, 48 Democrats (including 2 independents who caucus with the Democrats) and 1 vacancy in the Senate. Georgia's class 2 seat was vacant from the start until DemocratJon Ossoff was seated January 20, 2021. Georgia's class 3 Republican interim appointeeKelly Loeffler served until DemocratRaphael Warnock was also seated on January 20, 2021. The Republicans also briefly have held a majority in the Senate until January 20, 2021.
^The Congress began with 211 Republicans, 222 Democrats and 2 vacancies in the House.Louisiana's 5th district seat was vacant due to the death of Republican member electLuke Letlow before the term started.New York's 22nd district seat was also vacant due to the disputed election until RepublicanClaudia Tenney would later be declared a winner and sworn in February 11, 2021.
^Segers, Grace (June 12, 2020)."Washington Post fact checker talks about Trump and the truth".CBS News. RetrievedNovember 11, 2021.Glenn Kessler, the chief writer for the "Fact Checker" feature ofThe Washington Post, says that 'every president lies,' but President Trump is unique in the sheer scale and number of his falsehoods.... 'What is unique about Trump is that he misleads and says false things and lies about just about everything on a regular basis.'
^Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (August 7, 2017)."Many Politicians Lie. But Trump Has Elevated the Art of Fabrication".The New York Times. RetrievedMarch 11, 2019.President Trump, historians and consultants in both political parties agree, appears to have taken what the writer Hannah Arendt once called 'the conflict between truth and politics' to an entirely new level.
^Glasser, Susan (August 3, 2018)."It's True: Trump Is Lying More, and He's Doing It on Purpose".The New Yorker. RetrievedJanuary 10, 2019.for the President's unprecedented record of untruths... the previous gold standard in Presidential lying was, of course, Richard Nixon... the falsehoods are as much a part of his political identity as his floppy orange hair and the "Make America Great Again" slogan.
^Mueller ReportArchived April 19, 2019, at theWayback Machine, vol. I, p. 4: At the same time the IRA operation began to focus on supporting candidate Trump in early 2016, the Russian government employed a second form of interference: cyber intrusions (hacking) and releases of hacked materials damaging to the Clinton Campaign. The Russian intelligence service known as the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Army (GRU) carried out these operations. In March 2016, the GRU began hacking the email accounts of Clinton Campaign volunteers and employees, including campaign chairman John Podesta. In April 2016, the GRU hacked into the computer networks of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) and the Democratic National Committee (DNC). The GRU stole hundreds of thousands of documents from the compromised email accounts and networks. Around the time the DNC announced in mid-June 2016 the Russian government's role in hacking its network, the GRU began disseminating stolen materials through the fictitious online personas "DCLeaks" and "Guccifer 2.0". The GRU later released additional materials through the organization WikiLeaks.
^Mueller ReportArchived April 19, 2019, at theWayback Machine, vol. I, p. 2: In evaluating whether evidence about collective action of multiple individuals constituted a crime, we applied the framework of conspiracy law, not the concept of "collusion". In so doing, the Office recognized that the word "collud[e]" was used in communications with the Acting Attorney General confirming certain aspects of the investigation's scope and that the term has frequently been invoked in public reporting about the investigation. But collusion is not a specific offense or theory of liability found in the United States Code, nor is it a term of art in federal criminal law. For those reasons, the Office's focus in analyzing questions of joint criminal liability was on conspiracy as defined in federal law.
^Mueller ReportArchived April 19, 2019, at theWayback Machine, vol. II, p. 2: "Third, we considered whether to evaluate the conduct we investigated under the Justice Manual standards governing prosecution and declination decisions, but we determined not to apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes."
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Alexandre, Ilo, Joseph Jai-sung Yoo, and Dhiraj Murthy. "Make Tweets Great Again: Who Are Opinion Leaders, and What Did They Tweet About Donald Trump?."Social Science Computer Review 40.6 (2022): 1456–1477.onlineArchived March 2, 2023, at theWayback Machine
Baker, Joseph O., and Christopher D. Bader. "Xenophobia, Partisanship, and Support for Donald Trump and the Republican Party."Race and Social Problems 14.1 (2022): 69–83.
Pfiffner, James P. "President Trump and the Shallow State: Disloyalty at the Highest Levels."Presidential Studies Quarterly 52.3 (2022): 573–595.onlineArchived March 2, 2023, at theWayback Machine
Baker, Peter, and Susan Glasser.The Divider: Trump in the White House, 2017–2021 (2022)excerptArchived October 14, 2022, at theWayback Machine
Phipps, E. Brooke, and Fielding Montgomery. "'Only YOU Can Prevent This Nightmare, America': Nancy Pelosi As the Monstrous-Feminine in Donald Trump's YouTube Attacks."Women's Studies in Communication 45.3 (2022): 316–337.
Ruisch, Benjamin C., and Melissa J. Ferguson. "Changes in Americans' prejudices during the presidency of Donald Trump."Nature Human Behaviour 6.5 (2022): 656–665.onlineArchived March 2, 2023, at theWayback Machine
Dubinsky, Yoav. "Sports, Brand America and US public diplomacy during the presidency of Donald Trump." inPlace Branding and Public Diplomacy (2021) pp: 1–14.
Pfiffner, James P. "Donald Trump and the Norms of the Presidency."Presidential Studies Quarterly 51.1 (2021): 96–124.onlineArchived March 2, 2023, at theWayback Machine
Holzer, Harold.The Presidents vs. the Press: The Endless Battle Between the White House and the Media – from the Founding Fathers to Fake News (Dutton, 2020) pp. 402–443.online
Mercieca, Jennifer.Demagogue for president: The rhetorical genius of Donald Trump (Texas A&M University Press, 2020).
Barrett-Fox, Rebecca. "A King Cyrus president: How Donald Trump's presidency reasserts conservative Christians' right to hegemony."Humanity & Society 42.4 (2018): 502–522.
Jacobs, Nicholas; Milkis, Sidney.Subverting the Republic: Donald J. Trump and the Perils of Presidentialism. (University Press of Kansas, 2025)
Historiography, memory and teaching
Conway III, Lucian G., and Alivia Zubrod. "Are US Presidents becoming less rhetorically complex? Evaluating the integrative complexity of Joe Biden and Donald Trump in historical context."Journal of Language and Social Psychology 41.5 (2022): 613–625.
Fischer, Fritz. "Teaching Trump in the History Classroom."Journal of American History 108.4 (2022): 772–778; in college coursesonlineArchived March 2, 2023, at theWayback Machine
Karpman, Hannah E., and Rory Crath. "Teaching Note – Teaching Trumpism."Journal of Social Work Education (2022): 1–8.onlineArchived March 2, 2023, at theWayback Machine
Bauer, A. J. "The alternative historiography of the Alt-Right: Conservative historical subjectivity from the tea party to Trump." inFar-right revisionism and the end of history (Routledge, 2020) pp. 120–137.
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