 | |
| Date | January 20, 1993; 32 years ago (1993-01-20) |
|---|---|
| Location | United States Capitol, Washington, D.C. |
| Organized by | Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies |
| Participants | Bill Clinton 42nd president of the United States — Assuming office William Rehnquist Chief Justice of the United States — Administering oath Al Gore 45th vice president of the United States — Assuming office Byron White Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States — Administering oath |
| ||
|---|---|---|
Personal 40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas 42nd President of the United States Tenure Appointments Presidential campaigns   | ||
The firstinauguration ofBill Clinton as the 42ndpresident of the United States was held on Wednesday, January 20, 1993, at the West Front of theUnited States Capitol inWashington, D.C. This was the 52nd inauguration and marked the commencement of the first term of Bill Clinton as president andAl Gore asvice president.[1] At 46 years, 154 days of age at the time of his first inauguration, Clinton was thethird-youngest person to become president, and the first from theBaby Boomer generation.
America's Reunion on the Mall was a two-day multi-stage festival as part of the 1993 Presidential Inaugural Celebration, held from January 17–19. One million people attended the event on theNational Mall betweenCapitol Hill and theWashington Monument. With tents stretching from the Capitol to the Washington Monument, it was reported to be the largest festival ever held on the Mall.[2] The two-hour outdoor concert that started the festival kicked off the Clinton/Gore Inaugural. Hundreds of thousands of people attended the free concert, which featured musiciansMichael Jackson,Aretha Franklin,Michael Bolton,Tony Bennett,Bob Dylan,Diana Ross, and rapperLL Cool J.[3] On that Sunday, Metrorail recorded 440,138 trips, breaking the Sunday record set at the April 5, 1992 March for Women's Lives and setting a record that would be broken the following 4 July.[4]
On January 17, President-elect Clinton addressed the crowd in a short bell-ringing ceremony to mark his inauguration, after leading a procession across theMemorial Bridge from Washington, DC, toArlington, Virginia. The ceremony included a brief videotape and statement from the crew of theSpace ShuttleEndeavour, and live video links fromNASA Mission Control in Houston, Texas, south central Los Angeles, Oklahoma, Nashville, San Francisco, Tallahassee, Little Rock, San Antonio, Philadelphia, Keams Canyon, Arizona, and Atlanta, where crowds had assembled to take part in a bell-ringing ceremony to show the unity of the nation. At 6 p.m., Clinton and Gore, with the help of their children, grasped the red rope attached to the bell and led the nation in a bell ringing ceremony. A spectacular display of fireworks ended the evening's public events.[5]
On January 19, Clinton visited theArlington National Cemetery to visit the graves ofJohn F. Kennedy andRobert F. Kennedy. The visit was not on Clinton's schedule, and only a small group of reporters and photographers were allowed to witness the gathering from 150 yards away. After kneeling at the graveside for a few moments, the Clintons each placed a white rose on the grave of Robert Kennedy, who wasshot June 5, 1968, while campaigning for the presidency. Clinton then walked alone to John F. Kennedy's grave and placed another white rose on the marker and knelt for several seconds before the grave. Clinton had met President Kennedy briefly as a teenager in 1963, and credits that encounter with leading him to enter public service.[6]
On January 19, 1993, a cast includingMichael Jackson,Barbra Streisand,Elton John,Chuck Berry,Little Richard,Judy Collins,Aretha Franklin,Michael Bolton, the Alvin Ailey Dance Troupe, comediansChevy Chase andBill Cosby, and actorsJack Lemmon,James Earl Jones,Warren Beatty, andEdward James Olmos, as well as a band of jazz all-stars composed ofT.S. Monk,Herbie Hancock,Wynton Marsalis,Clark Terry,Al Grey,Ron Carter,Grover Washington Jr.,Illinois Jacquet, andWayne Shorter performed at the 42nd Presidential Inaugural Gala at theCapital Centre inLandover, Maryland in Clinton's honour.[7][8]
A specially re-formedFleetwood Mac took the stage to perform"Don't Stop", Clinton'scampaign song.[9] "It was one of those experiences that you never forget," remarkedStevie Nicks. "Bill was very sparkly... Michael Jackson had lost his makeup and wanted to borrow some, so we sent over my foundation and it was not the right colour. He sent it back with a big 'thank you' note."[10]
Also on January 19, the Clintons took part in an event aimed at younger audiences at the Kennedy Center. Billed as two separate one-hour specials, theInaugural Celebration for Children and theInaugural Celebration for Youth were both aired live onDisney Channel.[11]
TheInaugural Celebration for Children was hosted byMarkie Post and featured appearances fromMr. Rogers,Kermit the Frog,Raffi,Emmylou Harris,Rosanne Cash, and the cast ofAdventures in Wonderland. Notably, during the finale of the special,Steve Whitmire perched the Kermit the Frog puppet on Hillary Clinton's shoulder as he sang during the final song, a photo of which appeared in newspapers across the country.
This was followed by theInaugural Celebration for Youth, which was hosted byWill Smith and featured appearances fromClarence Clemons,Boyz II Men,Celine Dion,Kenny Loggins,Vanessa Williams,Jay R. Ferguson,Al Gore, theJoffrey Ballet, the L.A. Youth Ensemble Theatre, and the cast ofThe Mickey Mouse Club.[12]
The inaugural ceremonies and luncheon for Clinton's inauguration were planned and executed by theJoint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, as all inaugurations since 1901 have been. SenatorWendell H. Ford chaired the committee for Clinton's first inauguration.[13] It is estimated that the committee spent $333 million on the inauguration.[14]
The ceremony began with the vice presidential oath of office.Byron White, theAssociate Justice, administered the oath toAlbert A. Gore Jr. The oath of office for the vice president is not specified in theConstitution, but Gore used the current form of the oath, which is also used by theSenators,Representatives, and other government officers:[15]
I Albert Gore Jr., do solemnly swear that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same, that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion, and I will well and faithfully perform the duties of the office on which I am about to enter, so help me God.
At noon, theoath of office was administered to Clinton byChief JusticeWilliam Rehnquist. The oath was sworn on aKing James Bible, which was given to him by his grandmother. Standing beside him were his daughterChelsea and his wifeHillary, who was holding the Bible opened toGalatians 6:9.[16]
Clinton recited the following, as prescribed by theConstitution:
I, William Jefferson Clinton, do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. [So help me God.]
Clinton, the firstDemocratic president in 12 years (sinceJimmy Carter), then delivered hisinaugural address. In the 1,598-word speech, Clinton informed the nation of his intentions as a leader.[17] Clinton portrayed change as a positive factor, not something to be feared. He reminded his audience that America has a history of overcoming challenges through bold action and re-creating itself for the better in the process using examples such asthe Great Depression andthe Civil War. As the first president elected in thepost–Cold War era, Clinton stressed the importance of renewal for America, and hinted that he would work to make positive change in America.[18] "The Star Spangled Banner", the American national anthem and "God Bless America", an American patriotic song, were both played following Clinton's address.
After Clinton's inaugural address,Maya Angelou recited her poem "On the Pulse of Morning". The poem, which Angelou wrote specifically for the inauguration, shared common themes to Clinton's inaugural address, including change, responsibility, and the president's and the citizenry's role in establishing economic security. Angelou became the second poet in history to read a poem at a presidential inauguration, asRobert Frost was the first, who recited a poem atJohn F Kennedy's inauguration in 1961.[19]
Since 1937, the inauguration ceremonies have included one or more prayers. During Clinton's first inauguration,Rev. Billy Graham, who also delivered invocations during the first inauguration on George W Bush, and the second Inauguration of Bill Clinton, gave an invocation and benediction:
Our God and our Father, we thank you for this historic occasion when we inaugurate our new President and Vice-President. We thank you for the moral and spiritual foundations which our forefathers gave us and which are rooted deeply in scripture. Those principles nourished and guided us as a nation in the past, but we cannot say that we are a righteous people. We've sinned against you. We'vesown to the wind and are reaping the whirlwind of crime, drug abuse, racism, immorality, and social injustice. We need to repent of our sins and turn by faith to you.And now, on this twentieth day of January, 1993, we commit to you President-elect Clinton and Vice-President-elect Gore, who you have permitted to take leadership at this critical time in our nation's history. Help them always to see the office to which they've been elected as a sacred trust from you. We pray that you will bless their wives who will share so much of the responsibility and burdens. Make President-elect Clinton know that he is never really alone but that the eternal God can be his refuge and he can turn to you in every circumstance. Give him the wisdom you've promised to those who ask and the strength that you alone can give. We thank you for his predecessor President Bush and the dedication he gave to this office. Bless him as he and Mrs. Bush continue their dedicated service to our country in other spheres. We commit this inaugural ceremony to you and ask that the memory of this event may always remind us to pray for our leaders. I pray this in the name of the one that's called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, the Everlasting Father and the Prince of Peace. Amen.[20]
The Clinton Inauguration drew what was, at the time, the second largest crowd ever at an inauguration, an estimated 800,000. The Johnson Inauguration had drawn an estimated 1.2 million and Obama's later drew 1.9 million in 2008 and 1 million in 2012, placing it in the 4th largest spot as of 2017.[21] The large crowd resulted in a single-day Metro record of 811,257 trips, a record that would last 11 years and 4 months - the longest lasting record in Metrorail history - until it was broken by the Reagan Funeral Procession.[22][23]
Weather conditions for 12 noon atWashington National Airport, located 3.1 miles from the ceremony, were: 39 °F (4 °C), wind 8 mph, and clear.[24]
Following the inaugural ceremony on the west front of the U.S. Capitol, President Clinton,First LadyHillary Clinton, Vice President Al Gore and Tipper Gore escorted former presidentGeorge H. W. Bush and former first ladyBarbara Bush to a departure ceremony on the east side of the U.S. Capitol. George H. W. Bush and his wife Barbara then departed on a plane to return toHouston,Texas.[25]
Clinton and Gore were guests of honor at a luncheon held by theUnited States Congress immediately following the inaugural ceremony. The luncheon was held inStatuary Hall and was attended by the leadership of both houses of Congress as well as guests of the president and vice president. By tradition, former presidentGeorge H. W. Bush and former vice presidentDan Quayle did not attend.[26]
After the luncheon, Clinton and his wife made their way downPennsylvania Avenue tothe White House, followed by a procession of ceremonial military regiments, citizens' groups, marching bands, and floats.[27] The Clintons traveled in a limousine down Pennsylvania Avenue to the cheers of a large crowd lining the street. The Clintons got out of the limousine to walk the final few blocks to the White House, followed by the Gores a few minutes later.[28]
After the parade, the president, vice president and their families attended the 11 official inaugural balls held in their honor. Sites for these balls includedNational Air and Space Museum,D.C. Armory,D.C. Convention Center,Kennedy Center,National Building Museum,Old Post Office Pavilion (Youth Ball),Omni Shoreham Hotel,S. Dillon Ripley Center,[30]Sheraton Washington Hotel,Union Station, and theWashington Hilton.[31]
| |||||||||
| Politics |
| ||||||||
| Electoral History |
| ||||||||
| Environment | |||||||||
| Technology | |||||||||
| Recognition | |||||||||
| Books | |||||||||
| Family |
| ||||||||
.jpg)
