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First Council of Lyon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Thirteenth ecumenical council (1245)
First Council of Lyon
Date1245
Accepted byCatholic Church
Previous council
Fourth Council of the Lateran
Next council
Second Council of Lyon
Convoked byPope Innocent IV
PresidentPope Innocent IV
Attendance250
TopicsEmperor Frederick II, clerical discipline,Crusades,Great Schism
Documents and statements
thirty-eight constitutions, deposition of Frederick,Seventh Crusade, red hat forcardinals, levy for the Holy Land
Chronological list of ecumenical councils
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Innocent IV – Council of Lyon

TheFirst Council of Lyon (Lyon I) was the thirteenthecumenical council, as numbered by theCatholic Church, taking place in 1245. This was the first ecumenical council to be held outsideRome'sLateran Palace after theGreat Schism of 1054.

Proceedings

[edit]

The First General Council of Lyon was presided over byPope Innocent IV. Innocent IV, threatened byHoly Roman EmperorFrederick II, arrived atLyon on 2 December 1244, and early the following year he summoned the Church's bishops to the council later that same year. Some two hundred and fifty prelates responded including the Latin patriarchs ofConstantinople,Antioch, andAquileia and 140 bishops. The Latin EmperorBaldwin II of Constantinople, CountsRaymond VII of Toulouse andRaymond Berenguer IV of Provence were among those who participated. With Rome under siege by Emperor Frederick II, the pope used the council toexcommunicate and depose the emperor withAd Apostolicae Dignitatis Apicem,[1] as well as the KingSancho II of Portugal.[2] The council also directed a new crusade (theSeventh Crusade), under the command of KingLouis IX of France, to reconquer theHoly Land.[3]

At the opening, on 28 June, after the singing of theVeni Creator Spiritus, Innocent IV preached on the subject of the five wounds of the Church and compared them to his own five sorrows: (1) the poor behaviour of bothclergy andlaity; (2) the insolence of theSaracens who occupied the Holy Land; (3) the GreatEast-West Schism; (4) the cruelties of theTatars in Hungary; and (5) the persecution of the Church by the Emperor Frederick.

The council of Lyon was rather poorly attended. Since the great majority of those bishops and archbishops present came from France, Italy and Spain, while theByzantine Greeks and the other countries, especiallyGermany, were but weakly represented, the ambassador of Frederick,Thaddaeus of Suessa, contested itsecumenicity in the assembly itself.[4] In a letter, Innocent IV had urgedKaliman I of Bulgaria to send representatives. In the bullCum simus super (25 March 1245), he also urged theVlachs,Serbs,Alans,Georgians,Nubians, theChurch of the East and all the other Eastern Christians not in union with Rome to send representatives. In the end, the only known non-Latin cleric present was Peter, thebishop of Belgorod and vicar of themetropolitanate of Kiev, who provided Innocent with intelligence on the Mongols prior to the council. His information, in the form of theTractatus de ortu Tartarorum, circulated among attendees.[5]

The condemnation of the emperor was a foregone conclusion. The objections of the ambassador, that the accused had not been regularlycited, that the pope was plaintiff and judge in one, and that therefore the whole process was anomalous, achieved as little success as his appeal to the future pontiff and to a truly ecumenical council.[6]

At the second session on 5 July, thebishop of Calvi and a Spanish archbishop attacked the emperor's behaviour, and in a subsequent session on 17 July, Innocent pronounced the deposition of Frederick. The deposition was signed by one hundred and fifty bishops and theDominicans andFranciscans were given the responsibility for its publication. However, Innocent IV did not possess the material means to enforce the decree.

The Council of Lyon promulgated several other purely disciplinary measures:

  • It obliged theCistercians to paytithes
  • It approved the Rule of theGrandmontines
  • It decided the institution of theOctave of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin
  • It prescribed thatcardinals were to wear ared hat[7]
  • It prepared thirty-eight constitutions which were later inserted byBoniface VIII in his Decretals, the most important of which decreed a levy of a twentieth on every benefice for three years for the relief of the Holy Land.[8]

Among those attending wasThomas Cantilupe who was made a papal chaplain and given a dispensation to hold his benefices in plurality.[9]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Bellitto 2002, p. 57.
  2. ^Martínez 2010, p. 380.
  3. ^Addington 1994, pp. 59–60.
  4. ^Biller 2000, pp. 229–230.
  5. ^Maiorov 2019, pp. 10–11.
  6. ^Mirbt 1911, p. 177.
  7. ^Richardson 2019, p. 541.
  8. ^Dondorp & Schrage 2010, p. 44.
  9. ^Ambler 2017, p. 148.

Sources

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  • Addington, Larry H. (1994).The Patterns of War Through the Eighteenth Century. Indiana University Press.ISBN 978-0253205513.
  • Ambler, S. T. (2017).Bishops in the Political Community of England, 1213–1272. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0198754022.
  • Bellitto, Christopher M. (2002).The General Councils:A History of the Twenty-One Church Councils from Nicaea to Vatican II. Paulist Press.ISBN 978-0809140190.
  • Biller, Peter (2000).The Measure of Multitude: Population in Medieval Thought. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0198206323.
  • Dondorp, Hary; Schrage, Eltjo J.H. (2010). "The Sources of Medieval Learned Law". In Cairns, John W.; du Plessis, Paul J. (eds.).The Creation of the Ius Commune: From Casus to Regula. Vol. 7. Edinburgh University Press.ISBN 978-0748638970.
  • Hefele, Karl Joseph von (1913). H. Leclercq (tr.).Histoire des conciles d'après les documents originaux.(in French and Latin).Vol V, part 2. Paris: Letouzey, 1913.
  • Maiorov, Alexander V. (2019). "The Rus Archbishop Peter at the First Council of Lyon".The Journal of Ecclesiastical History.71 (1):1–20.doi:10.1017/s0022046919001143.S2CID 211652664..
  • Martínez, H. Salvador (2010).Alfonso X, the Learned. Translated by Cisneros, Odile. Brill.ISBN 978-9004181472.
  • Wikisource This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Mirbt, Carl Theodor (1911). "Lyons, Councils of". InChisholm, Hugh (ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 176–177.
  • Richardson, Carole M. (2019). "The Cardinal's Wardrobe". In Hollingsworth, Mary; Pattenden, Miles; Witte, Arnold (eds.).A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal. Brill. pp. 535–556.ISBN 978-9004310964.
  • Wolter, Hans; Holstein, Henri (1966).Histoire des conciles œcuméniques: Lyon I et Lyon II.(in French). Pars: Éditions de l'Orante, 1966.

External links

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  1. ^Even though the Council was moved to Ferrara in 1438 and later to Florence, some bishops refused to move and remained in a parallel Council at Basel.
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