First Continental Congress | |
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| Type | |
| Type | |
| History | |
| Established | September 5, 1774 |
| Disbanded | October 26, 1774 |
| Preceded by | Stamp Act Congress |
| Succeeded by | Second Continental Congress |
| Leadership | |
President | |
Secretary | |
| Seats | 56 from 12 of the13 colonies |
| Meeting place | |
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| Carpenters' Hall inPhiladelphia | |
| This article is part ofa series on the |
| United States Continental Congress |
|---|
 |
| Predecessors |
| First Continental Congress |
| Second Continental Congress |
| Congress of the Confederation |
| Members |
| Related |
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TheFirst Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates of twelve of theThirteen Colonies (Georgia did not attend) held from September 5 to October 26, 1774, atCarpenters' Hall inPhiladelphia at the beginning of theAmerican Revolution. The meeting was organized by the delegates after theBritish Navy implemented a blockade ofBoston Harbor and theParliament of Great Britain passed the punitiveIntolerable Acts in response to theBoston Tea Party.[1]
During the opening weeks of the Congress, the delegates conducted a spirited discussion about how the colonies could collectively respond to the British government's coercive actions, and they worked to make a common cause. As a prelude to its decisions, the Congress's first action was the adoption of theSuffolk Resolves, a measure drawn up by several counties in Massachusetts that included a declaration of grievances, called for a trade boycott of British goods, and urged each colony to set up and train its own militia. A less radical plan was then proposed to create aUnion of Great Britain and the Colonies, but the delegates tabled the measure and later struck it from the record of their proceedings.
The First Continental Congress agreed on aDeclaration and Resolves that included theContinental Association, a proposal for an embargo on British trade. They also drew up aPetition to the King pleading for redress of their grievances and repeal of the Intolerable Acts. That appeal was unsuccessful, leading delegates from the colonies to convene theSecond Continental Congress, also held in Philadelphia, the following May, shortly after theBattles of Lexington and Concord, to organize the defense of the colonies as theAmerican Revolutionary War.
The Congress met from September 5 to October 26, 1774, inCarpenters' Hall inPhiladelphia with delegates from 12 of theThirteen Colonies participating,Georgia being the one colony not to attend. The delegates were elected by the people of the respective colonies, the colonial legislature, or by theCommittee of Correspondence of a colony.[2]Loyalist sentiments outweighedPatriot views inGeorgia, leading that colony to not immediately join the revolutionary cause until the following year when it sent delegates to theSecond Continental Congress.[3]
Peyton Randolph of Virginia was elected as president of the Congress on the opening day, and he served through October 22 when ill health forced him to retire, andHenry Middleton of South Carolina was elected in his place for the balance of the session.Charles Thomson, leader of the Philadelphia Committee of Correspondence, was selected as the congressional secretary.[4] The rules adopted by the delegates were designed to guard the equality of participants and to promote free-flowing debate.[2]
As the deliberations progressed, it became clear that those in attendance were not of one mind concerning why they were there. Conservatives such asJoseph Galloway (Pennsylvania),John Dickinson (Pennsylvania),John Jay (New York), andEdward Rutledge (South Carolina) believed their task to be forging policies to pressure Parliament to rescind its unreasonable acts. Their ultimate goal was to develop a reasonable solution to the difficulties and bring about reconciliation between the Colonies and Great Britain. Others such asPatrick Henry (Virginia),Roger Sherman (Connecticut),Samuel Adams (Massachusetts), andJohn Adams (Massachusetts) believed their task to be developing a decisive statement of the rights and liberties of the Colonies. Their ultimate goal was to end what they felt to be the abuses of parliamentary authority and to retain their rights, which had been guaranteed under Colonial charters and the English constitution.[5]
Roger Sherman denied the legislative authority of Parliament, and Patrick Henry believed that the Congress needed to develop a completely new system of government, independent from Great Britain, for the existing Colonial governments were already dissolved.[6] In contrast to these ideas, Joseph Galloway put forward a "Plan of Union" which suggested that an American legislative body should be formed with some authority, whose consent would be required for imperial measures.[6][7]
In the end, the voices of compromise carried the day. Rather than calling for independence, the First Continental Congress passed and signed theContinental Association in itsDeclaration and Resolves, which called for a boycott of British goods to take effect in December 1774. After Congress signed on October 20, 1774, embracing non-exportation, they also planned nonimportation of slaves beginning December 1, which would have abolished the slave trade in the United States of America 33 years before it actually ended.[8]
The primary accomplishment of the First Continental Congress was a compact among the colonies to boycott British goods beginning on December 1, 1774, unless parliament should rescind the Intolerable Acts.[9]
Additionally, Great Britain's colonies in theWest Indies were threatened with a boycott unless they agreed to non-importation of British goods.[10] Imports from Britain dropped by 97 percent in 1775, compared with the previous year.[9] Committees of observation and inspection were to be formed in each Colony to ensure compliance with the boycott. It was further agreed that if the Intolerable Acts were not repealed, the colonies would also cease exports to Britain after September 10, 1775.[9]
TheHouses of Assembly of each participating colony approved the proceedings of the Congress, with the exception ofNew York.[11] The boycott was successfully implemented, but its potential for altering British colonial policy was cut off by the outbreak of hostilities in April 1775.
Congress also voted to meet again the following year if their grievances were not addressed satisfactorily. Anticipating that there would be cause to convene a second congress, delegates resolved to sendletters of invitation to those colonies that had not joined them inPhiladelphia, includingQuebec,Saint John's Island (now Prince Edward Island),Nova Scotia, Georgia,East Florida, andWest Florida.[12] Of these, only Georgia would ultimately send delegates to the next Congress.
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200th anniversary of the First Continental Congress commemorated on two 10-cent U.S.postage stamps of the 1971–1983Bicentennial Series | |
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Signatory page of the three-pageContinental Association signed by 53 of the 56 delegates |
Informational notes
Citations
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| Preceded by | First Continental Congress September 5 – October 26, 1774 | Succeeded by |
| 1774 |  | |
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