 | This article needs to beupdated. The reason given is: the statistics are outdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(January 2025) |
.jpg)
Firefighting in the United States dates back to the earliestEuropean colonies in the Americas. Earlyfirefighters were simply community members who would respond to neighborhood fires with buckets. Thefirst dedicated volunteer fire brigade was established in 1736 inPhiladelphia. These volunteer companies were often paid by insurance companies in return for protecting their clients.
As cities grew this method became unreliable, and thefirst professional fire department was established inCincinnati in 1853. By the 20th century fire departments were forced to adapt to more modern hazards and dangers, such ashigh rise andhazardous material fires. They also began to expand their services to include other, non-fire, public safety needs including vehicle rescue andEMS service.[1] As of 2018, 62% of fire departments offered some form of emergency medical response.[2]
Firefighters in the United States today are organized along paramilitary lines, utilizing modern equipment, and are most often grouped into city or county departments. In 2025, professional fire departments protect 68% of the US population, with a total of 1,216,600 firefighters serving in 27,228 fire departments nationwide and responding to emergencies from 58,150fire stations.[2][3] Union firefighters are represented by theInternational Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF). TheNew York City Fire Department is the largest in the United States.
A fire department responds to a fire every 23 seconds throughout the United States.[4] Fire departments responded to 26,959,000 calls for service in 2020. Of these, 64.2% were for medical help, 8% werefalse alarms, and 3.9% were for actual fires.[5]
Since at least 1980, calls for fires have decreased as a proportion of total calls and in absolute numbers from 3,000,000 to 1,400,000 in 2011, while in the same period medical calls have increased from 5,000,000 to 19,800,000.[6][7] While some medical calls are dealt with only byambulances, it is common forfire engines to respond to them as well.[8]
The professionalization of American firefighting was largely a result of four factors: the steam fire engines, the fire insurance companies, that demanded the municipalization of firefighting, and the theory that suggested payment of wages would naturally result in improved service.[9] Paidfirefighters may beunion or non-union. Union American firefighters are represented and united in theInternational Association of Fire Fighters with headquarters inWashington, D.C.[dubious –discuss] However, many municipalities still rely on volunteer, paid on call, or part-time firefighters. These non full-time firefighters are rarely unionized, and their interests are represented by theNational Volunteer Fire Council.
TheUnited States Fire Administration provides national leadership to local fire services. Thefire departments report fires and other incidents according to theNational Fire Incident Reporting System, which maintains records of the incidents in a uniform manner. TheNational Fire Protection Association sets and maintains minimum standards and requirements for firefighting duties and equipment. The suppression ofwildfires is regulated by the United States Department of Agriculture, US Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. This is done through the National Wildland Coordination Center.
The two million fire calls that American fire departments respond to each year represent the highest figures in the industrialized world. During the average year between 2008 and 2017, 3,190 civilians died, 16,225 were injured, and property damage reached $14.7 billion.[10] Indirect costs, such as temporary lodging expenses, lost time at work, medical expenses, and psychological damages are equally high (the United States Fire Administration 1996). According to American Red Cross statistics, the annual losses from floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, and other natural disasters combined in the United States average just a fraction of those from fires. House fires in particular are one of the most commontragedies facing emergency disaster workers in recent history. According to the US Fire Administration, the United States has a more severe fire problem than generally perceived. In inner city Pennsylvania neighborhoods, house fires have greatly increased, especially in socially and economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. A trend in these specific house fires is that sixty percent of these houses do not have working smoke detectors. Additionally, these households are prone to using supplemental heating devices and substandard extension cords that are notUnderwriters Laboratories (UL) compliant. UL compliant extension cords are labeled with information as to the use, size, and rating of the cord.[11][full citation needed]
 | This sectionneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(January 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Firefighting in the United States can be traced back to the 17th century when, after a great conflagration inBoston in 1631, theMassachusetts Bay Colony passed a law banning smoking in public places.[12]
New Amsterdam established the colonies' first firefighting system in 1647.[13] Fire wardens inspected the houses and chimneys, fining for potential hazard. An eight-man team called a Rattle-Watch patrolled the streets at night. When a fire was detected, they shook wooden rattles to alert townspeople. In 1711 the concerned Americans formed the so-called mutual fire societies of approximately twenty members each. When fire struck a society member, other members rushed for assistance. The first water-pumping engines were imported toNew York in the 1730s.
Benjamin Franklin founded thefirst American volunteer fire company inPhiladelphia in 1736. Such companies were soon organized in other colonies. Among those who served as volunteer firefighters wereGeorge Washington,Alexander Hamilton,John Hancock,Samuel Adams andPaul Revere.[14] In 1818 the first known female firefighterMolly Williams rose to prominence inNew York, when she took her place with the men on the drag ropes and pulled thepumper to the fire through the deep snow. Volunteer firefighters were honored with frequentstanzas in urban newspapers and made the subject of heroizing prints by the popular American printmaking firmCurrier & Ives.Nathaniel Currier, of Currier & Ives, served as a volunteer firefighter inNew York City during the 1850s.
In the early days of the fire service, fire companies were, more or less, social organizations. Being an accepted member meant a certain social status in the community. Remnants of that social status can still be found today in the traditional style firefighter's parade helmets that resemble top hats worn by the early firefighters.[citation needed] Money that was used to help fund the organization was obtained by insurance company payouts from fighting fires. Firefighters could easily tell just which homeowners had fire insurance and who didn't byfire insurance marks located on the front of the home. Often it was a problem for homeowners who did not have insurance to have the fire company respond to a fire in their home and effectively remove belongings and such because the firefighters knew that there wouldn't be any money in it for them.
The first fire companies in Washington D.C. – the Union Fire Company, the Columbia Fire Company and the Anacostia Fire Company – were organized in 1804 to serve theWhite House, theCapitol and the neighborhood ofAnacostia, respectively. By the 1840s and 1850s the differences between companies within the same city had become quite significant.
With few exceptions like in Savannah, Georgia, firefighters deniedAfrican Americans the opportunity to join the companies or form their own ones.[citation needed] As early as 1818 in Philadelphia the local free black community attempted to form the African Fire Association. Meanwhile, some southern cities like Charleston and Savannah relied on African American labor.
American firefighters built, designed or assigned specifications for their equipment. Particularly, they dedicated themselves to the engines and viewed them as integral to thefire company identity.[15]
BlacksmithPatrick Lyon of Philadelphia was an innovator in building firefighting apparatus. In 1800, he patented a hand-pumped engine that was the most powerful in the United States,[16] and he built the first hose wagon in 1804, which eliminated the need forbucket brigades in cities.[17] Lyon's masterpiece was the hand-pumperDiligent, which, at 32-years-old, outperformed the new Cincinnati-built steam pumperYoung America in a famous 1852 contest.[18]
In 1853 the first practical, steam powered, fire engine was tested in Cincinnati (OH).[19] It was created by Abel Shawk,Alexander Bonner Latta, and Miles Greenwood. The engine was then namedUncle Joe Ross after a city council member.[20]
Before the 1850s, there were only volunteer fire companies.[citation needed] In 1853Cincinnati, Ohio, became the first city with afully paid fire department, followed 11 months later by theProvidence Fire Department in Providence, Rhode Island. In 1855 the Metropolitan Hook and Ladder Company Number 1 Firehouse, Washington's oldest extant firehouse, was built atMassachusetts Avenue. Then in 1859 came the fully paid Fire Force inIndianapolis (IFD) by the guidance and authority of MayorSamuel Dunn Maxwell going as far as to ban the volunteer departments from the city. As a proud Norse Celt, he vowed that "Indianapolis will only accept aggressive, paid firemen possessing the bravery and strength of a Highland Warrior and the dedication to battle like the Viking". Many volunteer companies disbanded around America's larger cities, however, volunteer fire departments still protect property and play an important role, as they do even today. Later the specialized life-saving units in American fire departments - the pompier corps - were formed.
In the 20th century, the nature of an American firefighter's job began to change. Structural firefighting was still the main purpose of the department, but more specialized training and education, such as for high-rise structure fires, confined space environments, and building construction education were included and emphasized. Other disciplines were taken on as responsibilities in lifesaving. An example of such is the practice ofParamedicine which debuted in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Presently, almost all fire departments across the United States have been trained in and perform technical rescue, vehicle rescue, high-angle rescue, wildland firefighting, and hazardous materials incidents. Additionally, almost all career departments as well as many volunteer departments have emergency medical assets at their immediate disposal.
Several notable events have killed many firefighters. Japanese planes attackedHonolulu Fire Department (HFD) personnel responding to theDecember 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, killing three. 343New York City Fire Department (FDNY) firefighters were killed when theWorld Trade Center collapsed during theattacks of September 11, 2001. In 2007, theSofa Super Store fire inCharleston, South Carolina, killed nine members of theCity of Charleston Fire Department.
In 2011, there were about 1.1 million firefighters in the country. 31% were paid, and the remainder volunteered. The nation has seen an increase in paid positions; an 8.6% decrease in volunteers from 2008 to 2011.[21] As of 2018[update], this decline continued, with 33% or 370,000 beingcareer firefighters and 67% or 745,000 beingvolunteers.[2]
 | This section has multiple issues. Please helpimprove it or discuss these issues on thetalk page.(Learn how and when to remove these messages) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
|
Fire companies and units come in several types. Note that the names below are not standard and have numerous local variations. Examples of these units are described below.
Engine companies or pumper companies operate units that pour water onto a fire and perform other duties at different emergency calls. Modern engine companies or pumper companies almost always operate "triple-combination" units that have a pump, a tank of water, and hoses. This company has the primary responsibility of supplying water to a fire scene, to locate and confine the fire, and to extinguish the fire. Some engine companies or pumper companies are equipped for some levels of medical first response.[22] Engine Companies or Pumper Companies have a varied number of personnel on board but there is usually a Driver or Engineer, an officer (Either a Lieutenant orCaptain) and either two, three, or more firefighters.[citation needed]
Truck companies or ladder companies operate units that carry ladders and an aerial device and other equipment to access buildings above ground level and assist in other emergencies. Some truck companies or ladder companies have been designated "quint trucks". Primarily, the truck company or ladder company performs the ladder work and supplies master streams to the fireground. The truck company or ladder company also performs structural ventilation and overhaul, primary and secondary search & rescue, securing of utilities, and often supplies rapid intervention teams. Some ladder trucks also have rescue tools and medical equipment on board. There are several types of ladder companies or truck companies in the United States fire service. This includes Hook and Ladder Companies, Tower Ladder Companies, Aerial Tower Companies, etc. Some aerial ladder trucks will also act as quint trucks if necessary. The number of personnel on Truck Companies or Ladder Companies depends on the Response profile and department.
Heavy rescue companies operate units that carry a large variety of tools and equipment to assist in the search and rescue of victims at an incident such as a fire, traffic collision or other situations. It may or may not provide emergency medical response and may or may not transport patients to a hospital depending on its response profile. TheNew York City Fire Department has five heavy rescue companies. TheChicago Fire Department has four rescue squads in service. Some departments, including theAlbany (New York) Fire Department; the Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) Fire Department andBaltimore City Fire Department have only one heavy rescue company in service. A variety of specialized equipment and tools are found on a Heavy Rescue Company apparatus. This includes The Jaws Of Life Hydraulic Rescue Tool Systems (Spreaders, Cutters, Combi Tools, Rams, Etc.), specialized power saws, air bags, specialized air, electric and battery-operated breaching, breaking and cutting tools, specialized cutting torches, cribbing, rope rescue equipment, hazardous materials response equipment, emergency medical services equipment and other types of specialized tools and equipment. Heavy Rescue Company Units have a varied number of personnel on board depending on their department and response profile.[citation needed]
This type of unit has many different local and regional definitions. In the New York City Fire Department and Baltimore City Fire Department, for example, a squad company is a hybrid company consisting of an apparatus equipped with supplies necessary to perform some levels of rescue operations as well as tools and equipment necessary for engine company and truck company operations. In some areas it is identical to a rescue unit or a medic company. A squad in the Los Angeles County Fire Department is a small truck which is the primary response vehicle for rescue and medical responses. it carries a small amount of firefighting, rescue and medical equipment. A fictional squad example is Squad 51 from the TV showEmergency!. It was used by two paramedics in the Los Angeles County Fire Department to respond to a variety of emergencies from medical calls to fire incidents and others.
Medic units/ambulance units are units that provideEmergency Medical Services (EMS),often at the Paramedic/Advanced Life Support response level or Emergency Medical Technician/Basic Life Support response level. Many fire services offer some form of medical response and ambulance units or medic companies may or may not transport patients to hospitals. Cardiac monitors and defibrillators, cardiac drugs, oxygen equipment, intubation and airway management supplies, and other equipment are found on Ambulance Units and Medic Units.[citation needed]
Quint is short forquintuple-combination engine. This unit has the three items that an engine does—pump, tank, hose—but also carries ground ladders and has an aerial device and specialized equipment and tools for certain situations.
Hazardous materials companies operate specialized units that deal with the mitigation of hazardous materials events. This truck may carry tools and equipment to deal with such events as train derailments, large vehicle accidents, industrial accidents, CBRNE events, and other situations that may threaten the public. Non-sparking tools, generators, tarps and other items are found on a Hazardous Materials Company apparatus.
Tanker units and tender trucks are units that have a large water tank. They may or may not also have a pump.
A brush patrol unit is usually built on a heavy duty pickup chassis with equipment for fighting brush fires. A brush unit typically responds with an engine to major fires, though the brush unit may also respond alone.
Depending on the department, a helicopter may be in use as an air ambulance or a suppression and fire observation tool for brush fires. Some are even used for both as in the case of departments likethe Los Angeles Fire Department. These units have specialized emergency medical services equipment or firefighting tools to help at certain rescue incidents or fire scenes.
A chief officer vehicle is a command car containing a lower ranking chief officer in command of a subdivision of a department that contains usually around three or more fire stations and companies/units that respond to large fires, mass casualty incidents, and any emergency with more than one unit responding. These vehicles have equipment that assist in providing command and control at fires or other incidents.
Similar to a chief vehicle, the EMS supervisor or EMS captain vehicle contains a chief officer or other officers for emergency medical services which usually responds to large emergencies, and is usually tasked with directing medical resources on scene. These units have specialized equipment to help these members give instructions and provide command and control at certain scenes. These Units are also designed to carry a large assortment of Emergency Medical Services Supplies and provide medical assistance at certain emergency incidents.
![[icon]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg) | This sectionneeds expansion with: an explanation on what each category is, with citations. You can help byadding to it.(January 2025) |
U.S. firefighters work under the auspices of fire departments (also commonly called fire protection districts, fire divisions, fire companies, fire bureaus, and fire-rescue companies, etc.). These departments are generally organized as local orcounty government subsidiaries,special-purpose district entities ornot-for-profit corporations. They may be funded by the parent government, through millage, fees for services, fundraising or charitable contributions. Some state governments and the federal government operate fire departments to protect their wildlands, e.g.,California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE),[23]New Jersey Forest Fire Service,[24]USDA Forest Service – Wildland Firefighting Workforce[25] and Forest Service Aviation.[26] Many military installations, major airports and large industrial facilities also operate their own fire departments.
A small number of U.S. fire departments areprivatized, that is, operated byfor-profit corporations on behalf of public entities.Knox County, Tennessee is among the largest public entities protected by privatized fire departments.[27]
Most larger urban areas have career firefighters. Most rural areas have volunteer or paid on-call firefighters. Smaller towns and suburban areas may have either. 74% of career firefighters are in departments that protect 25,000 or more people. 95% of volunteer firefighters are in departments that protect fewer than 25,000 people and more than half of these are in small, rural departments protecting fewer than 2,500 people. Departments range in size from a handful of firefighters to over 11,400 sworn firefighters and 4,600 additional personnel in the New York City Fire Department. These additional personnel include uniformedemergency medical technicians (EMTs) andparamedics. Many U.S. fire departments haveemergency medical service corps (EMS), which may be structurally separate from or combined with their firefighting operations, including firefighters cross-trained as EMTs and paramedics.
According to the National Fire Department Registry, in January 2025[update] there were 1,207,800 firefighters in the United States (this includes career, volunteer and paid per call firefighters as well as civilian staff and non-firefighting personnel). Of these, 14.7% are mostly or entirely career and 85.3% are mostly or entirely volunteer. These firefighters operate out of 52,314 registered fire departments.[3] In 2016, career firefighters represented 15% of all departments but protected approximately two thirds of the U.S. population. Meanwhile, 85% of fire departments were volunteer or mostly volunteer and protected approximately one third of the population.[28]
Like most U.S. police departments or law enforcement agencies, U.S. fire departments are usually structured in a paramilitary manner. Firefighters are sworn, uniformed members of their departments. Rank-and-file firefighters are equivalent to enlisted personnel; supervisory firefighters are command officers with ranks such as lieutenant, captain, battalion chief, deputy chief and assistant chief, division chief, district chief, etc. Fire departments, especially larger ones, may also be organized into military-style echelons, such as companies, battalions and divisions or districts. Fire departments may also have unsworn or non-uniformed members in non-firefighting capacities such as administration and civilian oversight, e.g., a board of commissioners. While adhering to a paramilitary command structure, most fire departments operate on a much less formal basis than the military.
Firefighting in the United States is becoming more of a profession than it once was. Historically, especially in smaller departments, little formal training of firefighters was required. Now, most states require both career and volunteer firefighters to complete a certificate program at a fire academy. This often includes certifications in Firefighter 1 and 2,[29] as well as Hazardous Materials Awareness & Operations,[30] in accordance withNFPA training standards. Associate's, bachelor's and master's degree programs in firefighting disciplines are available at colleges and universities. Such advanced training is becoming ade facto prerequisite for command in larger departments. The U.S. Fire Administration operates theNational Fire Academy, which also provides specialized firefighter training.
| This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(January 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
There is no single standard system of rank insignia in use, but certain ranks are common. Many variations in insignia systems make use of the voice trumpet, a type ofmegaphone, and these are frequently referred to as a "bugle."
Additional ranks outside the normal chain may exist; sergeants, majors, and inspectors are other ranks used by some departments. According to the 1986 Anchorage Fire Department Explorer Handbook, Anchorage Fire Department used a single gold bugle for inspectors, and both single silver bugle and single gold bar for lieutenants, depending upon assignment.
Many fire departments use cuff stripes as well as bugles or military style insignia on their dress uniforms. Typically, they are the same in number and color as the bugles / stars worn, but variations exist.
Many departments also frequently display seniorityService stripes (hash marks) on the lower left sleeve of a dress uniform jacket, or sometimes long-sleeved uniform shirts, with years of service varying greatly between individual departments (each stripe typically represents anywhere from 2–5 years of service).
