In European academic traditions,fine art (or,fine arts) is made primarily foraesthetics orcreative expression, distinguishing it frompopular art,decorative art orapplied art, which also either serve some practical function (such aspottery or most metalwork) or is generally of limited artistic quality in order to appeal to the masses. In the aesthetic theories developed in theItalian Renaissance, the highest art was that which allowed the full expression and display of the artist's imagination,[1] unrestricted by any of the practical considerations involved in, say, making and decorating ateapot. It was also considered important that making the artwork did not involve dividing the work between different individuals with specialized skills, as might be necessary with a piece of furniture, for example.[2] Even within the fine arts, there was ahierarchy of genres based on the amount of creative imagination required, withhistory painting placed higher thanstill life.
Historically, the five main fine arts werepainting,sculpture,architecture,music, andpoetry. Other "minor or subsidiary arts" were also included, especially performing arts such astheatre anddance, which were counted as "among the most ancient and universal."[3] In practice, outside education, the concept is typically only applied to thevisual arts. Theold master print anddrawing were included as related forms to painting, just as prose forms of literature were to poetry. Today, the range of what would be considered fine arts (in so far as the term remains in use) commonly includes additional modern forms, such asfilm,photography, andvideo production/editing, as well as traditional forms made in a fine art setting, such asstudio pottery andstudio glass, with equivalents in other materials.
One definition offine art is "a visual art considered to have been created primarily foraesthetic and intellectual purposes and judged for its beauty and meaningfulness, specifically, painting, sculpture, drawing, watercolor, graphics, and architecture."[4] In that sense, there are conceptual differences between the fine arts and the decorative arts or applied arts (these two terms covering largely the same media). As far as the consumer of the art was concerned, the perception of aesthetic qualities required a refined judgment usually referred to as having goodtaste, which differentiated fine art from popular art and entertainment.[5]
The word "fine" does not so much denote the quality of the artwork in question, but the purity of the discipline according to traditional European canons.[6] Except in the case of architecture, where a practical utility was accepted, this definition originally excluded the "useful" applied or decorative arts, and the products of what were regarded ascrafts. In contemporary practice, these distinctions and restrictions have become essentially meaningless, as the concept or intention of the artist is given primacy, regardless of the means through which it is expressed.[7]
The term is typically only used for Western art from the Renaissance onwards, although similar genre distinctions can apply to the art of other cultures, especially those ofEast Asia. The set of "fine arts" are sometimes also called the "major arts", with "minor arts" equating to the decorative arts. This would typically be for medieval and ancient art.
According to some writers, the concept of a distinct category of fine art is an invention of theearly modern period in the West. Larry Shiner in hisThe Invention of Art: A Cultural History (2003) locates the invention in the 18th century:"There was a traditional "system of the arts" in the West before the eighteenth century. (Other traditional cultures still have a similar system.) In that system, an artist or artisan was a skilled maker or practitioner, a work of art was the useful product of skilled work, and the appreciation of the arts was integrally connected with their role in the rest of life. "Art", in other words, meant approximately the same thing as the Greek word "techne", or in English "skill", a sense that has survived in phrases like "the art of war", "the art of love", and "the art of medicine".[8]Similar ideas have been expressed byPaul Oskar Kristeller,Pierre Bourdieu, andTerry Eagleton (e.g.The Ideology of the Aesthetic), though the point of invention is often placed earlier, in theItalian Renaissance;Anthony Blunt notes that the termarti didisegno, a similar concept, emerged in Italy in the mid-16th century.[9]
But it can be argued that theclassical world, from which very little theoretical writing on art survives, in practice had similar distinctions. The names of artists preserved in literary sources are Greek painters and sculptors, and to a lesser extent the carvers ofengraved gems. Several individuals in these groups were very famous, and copied and remembered for centuries after their deaths. The cult of the individual artistic genius, which was an important part of the Renaissance theoretical basis for the distinction between "fine" and other art, drew on classical precedent, especially as recorded byPliny the Elder. Some other types of object, in particularAncient Greek pottery, are often signed by their makers or the owner of the workshop, probably partly to advertise their products.
The decline of the concept of "fine art" is dated byGeorge Kubler and others to around 1880. When it "fell out of fashion" as, by about 1900,folk art was also coming to be regarded as significant.[10] Finally, at least in circles interested inart theory, ""fine art" was driven out of use by about 1920 by the exponents of industrial design ... who opposed a double standard of judgment for works of art and for useful objects".[11] This was among theoreticians; it has taken far longer for the art trade and popular opinion to catch up. However, over the same period of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the movement of prices in the art market was in the opposite direction, with works from the fine arts drawing much further ahead of those from the decorative arts.
In theart trade the term retains some currency for objects from before roughly 1900 and may be used to define the scope of auctions or auction house departments and the like. The term also remains in use intertiary education, appearing in the names of colleges, faculties, and courses. In the English-speaking world this is mostly in North America, but the same is true of the equivalent terms in other European languages, such asbeaux-arts in French orbellas artes in Spanish.
The conceptual separation of arts and decorative arts or crafts that have often dominated in Europe and the US is not shared by all other cultures. But traditionalChinese art had comparable distinctions, distinguishing withinChinese painting between the mostly landscapeliterati painting ofscholar gentlemen and the artisans of the schools of court painting and sculpture. Although high status was also given to many things that would be seen as craft objects in the West, in particular ceramics,jade carving, weaving, and embroidery, this by no means extended to the workers who created these objects, who typically remained even more anonymous than in the West. Similar distinctions were made inJapanese andKorean art. InIslamic art, the highest status was generally given tocalligraphy, architects and the painters ofPersian miniatures and related traditions, but these were still very oftencourt employees. Typically they also supplied designs for the bestPersian carpets, architecturaltiling and other decorative media, more consistently than happened in the West.
Latin American art was dominated by European colonialism until the 20th century, when indigenous art began to reassert itself inspired by theConstructivist Movement, which reunited arts with crafts based upon socialist principles. In Africa,Yoruba art often has a political and spiritual function. As with the art of the Chinese, the art of the Yoruba is also often composed of what would ordinarily be considered in the West to be craft production. Some of its most admired manifestations, such as textiles, fall in this category.
Painting as a fine art means applying paint to a flat surface (as opposed for example to painting a sculpture, or a piece of pottery), typically using several colours. Prehistoric painting that has survived was applied to natural rock surfaces, and wall painting, especially on wet plaster in thefresco technique was a major form until recently. Portable paintings on wood panel or canvas have been the most important in the Western world for several centuries, mostly intempera oroil painting. Asian painting has more often used paper, with the monochromeink and wash painting tradition dominant inEast Asia. Paintings that are intended to go in a book or album are called "miniatures", whether for a Westernilluminated manuscript or inPersian miniature and itsTurkish equivalent, orIndian paintings of various types.Watercolour is the western version of painting in paper; forms usinggouache, chalk, and similar mediums without brushes are really forms of drawing.
Mosaics are images formed with small pieces of stone or glass, calledtesserae. They can be decorative or functional. An artist who designs and makes mosaics is called a mosaic artist or a mosaicist. AncientGreeks andRomans created realistic mosaics. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy, were popular as the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders.[12] Early Christianbasilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. The most famousByzantine basilicas decorated with mosaics are theBasilica of San Vitale fromRavenna (Italy) andHagia Sophia fromIstanbul (Turkey).
Printmaking covers the making of images on paper that can be reproduced multiple times by aprinting process. It has been an important artistic medium for several centuries, in the West and East Asia. Major historic techniques includeengraving,woodcut andetching in the West, andwoodblock printing in East Asia, where the Japaneseukiyo-e style is the most important. The 19th-century invention oflithography and then photographic techniques have partly replaced the historic techniques. Older prints can be divided into the fine artOld Master print andpopular prints, with book illustrations and other practical images such as maps somewhere in the middle.
Except in the case ofmonotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each print is considered an original, as opposed to a copy. The reasoning behind this is that the print is not a reproduction of anotherwork of art in a different medium – for instance, a painting – but rather an image designed from inception as a print. An individual print is also referred to as an impression. Prints are created from a single original surface, known technically as amatrix. Common types of matrices include: plates of metal, usually copper or zinc forengraving oretching; stone, used for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts, linoleum forlinocuts and fabric in the case ofscreen-printing. But there are many other kinds. Multiple nearly identical prints can be called anedition. In modern times each print is often signed and numbered forming a "limited edition". Prints may also be published in book form, asartist's books. A single print could be the product of one or multiple techniques.
Calligraphy is a type of visual art. A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner".[13] Modern calligraphy ranges from functional hand-lettered inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the abstract expression of the handwritten mark may or may not compromise the legibility of the letters.[13] Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may create all of these; characters are historically disciplined yet fluid and spontaneous, improvised at the moment of writing.[14][15][16]
Fine art photography refers to photographs that are created to fulfill the creative vision of the artist. Fine art photography stands in contrast to photojournalism and commercial photography. Photojournalism visually communicates stories and ideas, mainly in print and digital media. Fine art photography is created primarily as an expression of the artist's vision, but has also been important in advancing certain causes.Depiction of nudity has been one of the dominating themes in fine-art photography.
Architecture is frequently considered a fine art, especially if itsaesthetic components are spotlighted – in contrast tostructural-engineering orconstruction-management components. Architectural works are perceived as cultural and politicalsymbols and works of art. Historicalcivilizations often are known primarily through their architectural achievements. Such buildings as thepyramids ofEgypt and the RomanColosseum are cultural symbols, and are important links in public consciousness, even whenscholars have discovered much about past civilizations through other means. Cities, regions, and cultures continue to identify themselves with, and are known by, their architectural monuments.[17]
With some modern exceptions,pottery is not considered as fine art, but "fine pottery" remains a valid technical term, especially inarchaeology. "Fine wares" are high-quality pottery, often painted, moulded or otherwise decorated, and in many periods distinguished from "coarse wares", which are basic utilitarian pots used by the mass of the population, or in the kitchen rather than for more formal purposes.
Even when, as withporcelain figurines, a piece of pottery has no practical purpose, the making of it is typically a collaborative and semi-industrial one, involving many participants with different skills.
TheDavid Vases; 1351 (the Yuan dynasty); porcelain, cobalt blue decor under glaze; height: 63.8 cm;British Museum (London)
Renaissance oval basin or dish with subject from Amadis of Gaul; circa 1559–1564; maiolica; overall: 6 × 67.3 × 52.4 cm;Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
Sculpture in stone survives far better than works ofart in perishable materials, and often represents the majority of the surviving works (other thanpottery) from ancient cultures; conversely, traditions of sculpture in wood may have vanished almost entirely. However, most ancient sculpture was brightly painted, and this has been lost.[18]
Conceptual art is art in which the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns.The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused practice ofidea-based art that often defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text. However, through its association with theYoung British Artists and theTurner Prize during the 1990s, its popular usage, particularly in theUK, developed as a synonym for allcontemporary art that does not practice the traditional skills ofpainting andsculpture.[19]
Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements.
Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments.
The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike, "art of the Muses").
Fine arts film is a term that encompasses motion pictures and the field of film as a fineart form. Afine arts movie theater is a venue, usually a building, for viewing such movies.Films are produced byrecording images from the world withcameras, or by creating images usinganimation techniques orspecial effects. Films arecultural artifacts created by specificcultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an importantart form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method foreducating – orindoctrinating – citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by usingdubbing orsubtitles thattranslate the dialogue.
Cinematography is the discipline of makinglighting andcamera choices when recording photographicimages for thecinema. It is closely related to the art ofstill photography, though many additional issues arise when both the camera and elements of the scene may be in motion.
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside ofHollywood, or other majorstudio systems. An independent film (orindie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from amajor movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term ποίησις (poiesis, "to make") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as sound symbolism, phonaesthetics and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.[21]
Electronic media – perhaps the newest medium for fine art, since it utilizes modern technologies such as computers from production to presentation. Includes, amongst others, video, digital photography, digital printmaking and interactive pieces.
Textiles, includingquilt art and "wearable" or "pre-wearable" creations, frequently reach the category of fine art objects, sometimes like part of an art display.
Origami – The last century has witnessed a renewed interest in understanding the behavior of folding matter with contributions from artists and scientists. Origami is different from other arts: while painting requires the addition of matter, and sculpture involves subtraction, origami does not add or subtract: it transforms. Origami artists are pushing the limits of an art increasingly committed to its time, with a bloodline ending in technology and spacecraft. Its computational aspect and shareable quality (empowered by social networks) are parts of the puzzle that is making origami a paradigmatic art of the 21st century.[22][23][24]
The Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts is a Chinese national university based in Guangzhou which provides Fine Arts and Design Doctoral, Master and bachelor's degrees.
Juilliard School, New York, NY is aperforming arts conservatory established in 1905. It educates and trains undergraduate and graduate students in dance, drama, and music. It is widely regarded as one of the world's leadingmusic schools, with some of the most prestigious arts programs.[37][38][39]
ArtCenter College of Design, Pasadena, CA is a nonprofit, private college founded in 1930. ArtCenter offers undergraduate and graduate programs in a wide variety of art and design fields, as well as public programs for children and high school students.U.S. News & World Report also ranks Art Center's Art, Industrial Design and Media Design Practices programs among the top 20 graduate schools in the U.S.[40]
^Guerzoni, G. (2011).Apollo and Vulcan: The Art Markets in Italy, 1400–1700. Michigan State University Press. p. 27.ISBN978-1-60917-361-6. Retrieved4 July 2020.Observing these tensions, George Kubler was led to affirm in 1961: "The seventeenth-century academic separation between fine and useful arts first fell out of fashion nearly a century ago. From about 1880 the conception of 'fine art' was ..."
^Frank Rich (2003).Juilliard. Harry N. Abrams. pp. 10.ISBN0-8109-3536-8.Juilliard grew up with both the country and its burgeoning cultural capital of New York to become an internationally recognized synonym for the pinnacle of artistic achievement.
Antonio Luis Ramos Molina,La magia de la química fotográfica: El quimigrama. Conceptos, técnicas y procedimientos del quimigrama en la expresión artística, In:Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Granada 2018.
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