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Budget and debt in the United States of America
Major dimensions Economy Expenditures Federal budget Financial position Gov't spending Military budget Public debt Taxation Unemployment Wealth inequality
Contemporary issues Bowles–Simpson Commission Bush tax cuts Continuing resolution Debt ceiling history Deficit reduction Fiscal cliff Healthcare reform Political debates Social Security debate "Starve the beast" Subprime mortgage crisis Trillion-dollar coin 2008 financial crisis 2013 budget sequestration Debt-ceiling crises 2011 2013 2023 2023 removal of Kevin McCarthy Government shutdowns 1980 1981, 1984, 1986 1990 1995–1996 2013 Jan 2018 2018–2019 2025
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Thefinancial position of the United States includesassets of at least $269trillion (269,000,000,000,000) (1576% ofGDP) anddebts of $145.8 trillion (852% of GDP) to produce anet worth of at least $123.8 trillion (723% of GDP).^[a] GDP in 2014 Q1 decline was due to foreclosures and increased rates of household saving. There were significant declines in debt to GDP in each sector except the government, which ran large deficits to offsetdeleveraging or debt reduction in other sectors.^[1]

As of 2009, there was $50.7 trillion of debt owed by US households, businesses, and governments, representing more than 3.5 times the annualgross domestic product of theUnited States.^[2] As of the first quarter of 2010, domestic financial assets^[b] totaled $131 trillion and domestic financial liabilities $106 trillion.^[3] Tangible assets in 2008 (such asreal estate andequipment) for selected sectors^[c] totaled an additional $56.3 trillion.^[5]

Since 2020, Simko et al. have provided updates to the financial position of the United States.^[6]

Net worth is the sum of assets (both financial and tangible) minus liabilities for a given sector.^[7] Net worth is a valuable measure ofcreditworthiness and financial health since the calculation includes both financial obligations and the capacity to service those obligations.^[8]

The net worth of the United States and its economic sectors has remained relatively consistent over time. The total net worth of the United States remained between 4.5 and 6 times GDP from 1960 until the 2000s, when it rose as high as 6.64 times GDP in 2006, principally due to an increase in the net worth of US households in the midst of theUnited States housing bubble. The net worth of the United States sharply declined to 5.2 times GDP by the end of 2008 due to declines in the values of US corporate equities and real estate in the wake of thesubprime mortgage crisis and the2008 financial crisis. Between 2008 and 2009, the net worth of US households had recovered from a low of 3.55 times GDP to 3.75 times GDP, while nonfinancial business fell from 1.37 times GDP to 1.22 times GDP.^[5]

The net worth of American households and non-profits constitutes three-quarters of total United States net worth – in 2008, 355% of GDP. Since 1960, US households have consistently held this position, followed by nonfinancial business (137% of GDP in 2008) and state and local governments (50% of GDP in 2008). The financial sector has hovered around zero net worth since 1960, reflecting itsleverage, while the federal government has fluctuated from a net worth of -7% of GDP in 1946, a high of 6% of GDP in 1974, to -32% of GDP in 2008.^[5]

Some figures are missing land and nonproduced nonfinancial assets.

SOURCE: Federal Reserve Bank Z-1 Flow of Funds Statement, End of 2011 Accounts^[11]

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2010 Accounts^[12]

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2010 Accounts^[13]

TheFederal Reserve issues routine reports on the flows and levels of debt in theUnited States. As of the first quarter of 2010, the Federal Reserve estimated that total public and private debt owed by American households, businesses, and government totaled $50 trillion, or roughly $175,000 per American and 3.5 times GDP.^[14]

Interest payments on debt by US households, businesses, governments, and nonprofits totaled $3.29 trillion in 2008. The financial sector paid an additional $178.6 billion in interest ondeposits.^[15]

In 1946, the total USdebt-to-GDP ratio was 150%, with two-thirds of that held by the federal government. Since 1946, the federal government's debt-to-GDP ratio has since fallen by nearly half, to 54.8% of GDP in 2009. The debt-to-GDP ratio of the financial sector, by contrast, has increased from 1.35% in 1946 to 109.5% of GDP in 2009. The ratio for households has risen nearly as much, from 15.84% of GDP to 95.4% of GDP.^[2]

In April 2011,International Monetary Fund said that, "The US lacks a "credibility strategy" to stabilise its mounting public debt, posing a small but significant risk of a new global economic crisis.^[16]

In 1946, the US financial sector owed $3 billion of debt, or 1.35% of GDP. By 2009 this had increased to $15.6 trillion, or 109.5% of GDP.^[2]

Most debt owed by the US financial sector is in the form of federalgovernment sponsored enterprise (GSE) issues and agency-backed securities.^[17] This refers to securities guaranteed and mediated by federal agencies and GSEs such asGinnie Mae,Fannie Mae, andFreddie Mac, among others. This group also includes themortgage pools that are used as collateral incollateralized mortgage obligations.^[18] The proportion of financial sector debt owed in the form of GSE and federally related mortgage pools has remained relatively constant – $863 million or 47% of total financial sector debt in 1946 was in such instruments; this has increased to 57% of financial sector debt in 2009, although this now represents over $8 trillion.^[17]

Bonds represent the next largest part of financial sector debt. In 1946, bonds represented 6% of financial sector debt, but by 1953 this proportion had risen to 24%. This remained relatively constant until the late 1970s; bonds fell to 14% of financial sector debt in 1981.^[17] This coincided withFederal Reserve chairmanPaul Volcker's strategy of combatingstagflation by raising thefederal funds rate; as a result theprime rate peaked at 21.5%, making financing throughcredit markets prohibitively expensive.^[19] Bonds recovered in the 1980s, representing approximately 25% of financial sector debt throughout the 1990s; however, between 2000 and 2009, bonds issued by the financial sector had increased to 37% of financial sector debt, or $5.8 trillion.^[17]

Bonds and GSE/federal agency-backed issues represent all but 12% of financial sector debt in 2009.^[17]

In 1946, US households and non-profits owed $35 billion of debt or 15.8% of GDP. By 2009 this figure had risen to $13.6 trillion or 95.4% of GDP.^[2]Home mortgage debt in 1946 represented 66.5% ofhousehold debt;consumer credit represented another 24%. By 2009, home mortgage debt had risen to 76% of household debt and consumer credit had fallen to 18.22%.^[20] According to the McKinsey Global Institute, the2008 financial crisis was caused by "unsustainable levels of household debt." The ratio of debt to household income rose by about one-third from 2000 to 2007.^[21] The US currently has the twelfth highest debt to GDP ratio among advanced economies.^[21]

In 1946, US nonfinancial businesses owed $63.9 billion of debt or 28.8% of GDP. By 2009 this figure had risen to $10.9 trillion or 76.4% of GDP.^[2]

In 1946, US state and local governments owed $12.7 billion of debt or 5.71% of GDP. By 2009 this figure had risen to $2.4 trillion or 16.5% of GDP.^[2]

In 2016, state and local governments owed $3 trillion and have another $5 trillion in unfunded liabilities.^[22]

State and local governments have significant financial assets, totaling $2.7 trillion in 2009. In 2009, these included $1.3 trillion in credit market debt (that is, debt owed by other sectors to state and local governments). These figures do not include state and local retirement funds.^[23] State and local retirement funds held $2.7 trillion in assets at the end of 2009.^[24]

In 1946, the federal government owed $251 billion of debt or 102.7% of GDP. By 2009 this figure had risen to $7.8 trillion, but the federal government's debt-to-GDP ratio had fallen to 54.75%.^[2]

In February 2024, the total federal government debt grew to $34.4 trillion after having grown by approximately $1 trillion in both of two separate 100-day periods since the previous June.^[25]

The federal government held $1.4 trillion in assets at the end of 2009. This is more than double the assets held by the federal government in 2007 ($686 billion), mainly due to the acquisition ofcorporate equities, credit market debt, and cash. The federal government held $223 billion in corporate equity at the beginning of 2009; this had fallen to $67.4 billion at the end of that year.^[23]

These figures do not include federal government retirement funds. Federal government retirement funds held $1.3 trillion in assets at the end of 2009.^[26]

These figures also do not include debt that the federal government owes to federal funds and agencies such as theSocial Security Trust Fund. It also does not include "unfunded liabilities" to entitlement programs such asSocial Security andMedicare either as debt or accounting liabilities.^[27] According to official government projections, the Medicare is facing a $37 trillion unfunded liability over the next 75 years, and the Social Security is facing a $13 trillion unfunded liability over the same time frame.^[28]

Since 2010, the U.S. Treasury has been obtainingnegative real interest rates on government debt.^[29] Such low rates, outpaced by theinflation rate, occur when the market believes that there are no alternatives with sufficiently low risk, or when popular institutional investments such as insurance companies,pensions, or bond, money market, and balancedmutual funds are required or choose to invest sufficiently large sums in Treasury securities to hedge against risk.^[30][31]Lawrence Summers,Matthew Yglesias and other economists state that at such low rates, government debt borrowing saves taxpayer money, and improves creditworthiness.^[32][33] In the late 1940s through the early 1970s, the US and UK both reduced their debt burden by about 30% to 40% of GDP per decade by taking advantage of negative real interest rates, but there is no guarantee that government debt rates will continue to stay so low.^[30][34] In January, 2012, the U.S. Treasury Borrowing Advisory Committee of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association unanimously recommended that government debt be allowed to auction even lower, at negative absolute interest rates.^[35]

Figures of total debt typically do not include other financial obligations such asderivatives. Partly this is due to the complexities of quantifying derivatives – theUnited States Comptroller of the Currency reports derivative contracts in terms ofnotional value,^[36] net currentcredit exposure,^[37] andfair value,^[38] among others.

The number commonly used by themedia isnotional value, which is a base value used to determine the size of the cash flows exchanged in the contract.^[39] Fair value (ormarket value) is the value of the contract either on the open market or as it is appraised by accountants. Fair value can be positive or negative depending on the side of the contract the party is on.^[38] Credit exposure is defined as the netloss which holders of derivatives would suffer if theircounterparties in those derivatives contractsdefaulted.^[37]

The notional value of derivative contracts held by US financial institutions is $216.5 trillion, or more than 15 times US GDP.^[36]

The fair value of US-held derivatives contracts in the first quarter of 2010 was $4,002 billion (28.1% of GDP) for positions with positive values (known as "derivatives receivables"), and $3,886 for positions with negative values (27.3% of GDP).^[38]Interest rate derivatives form by far the largest part of US derivative contracts by all measures, accounting for $3,147 billion or 79% of derivatives receivables.^[37]

The measure preferred by the Office of the Comptroller is net current credit exposure (NCCE), which measures the risk to banks and the financial system in derivatives contracts. The net current credit exposure (NCCE) of American financial institutions to derivatives in the first quarter of 2010 decreased to $359 billion or 2.5% of GDP, down from $800 billion at the end of 2008 due to the2008 financial crisis, when it stood at 5.5% of GDP. The difference between the market value of US derivatives and the credit exposure to the financial system is due tonetting – financial institutions tend to have many positions with their counterparties that have positiveand negative values, resulting in a much smaller exposure than the sum of the market values of their derivative positions.^[37] Netting reduces the credit exposure of the US financial system to derivatives by more than 90%, as compared to 50.6% at the beginning of 1998.^[40]

Derivatives contracts are overwhelmingly held by large financial institutions. The five largest US banks hold 97% of derivatives by notional value; the top 25 hold nearly 100%.^[40] Banks currently holdcollateral against their derivative exposures amounting to 67% of their net current credit exposure.^[41]

Foreign holdings of US assets are concentrated in debt. Americans own more foreign equity andforeign direct investment than foreigners own in the United States, but foreigners hold nearly four times as much US debt as Americans hold in foreign debt.

Of all US debt, 15.2% is owed to foreigners.^[14] Of the $7.9 trillion Americans owe to foreigners, $3.9 trillion is owed by the federal government. 48% of UStreasury securities are held by foreigners.^[43] Foreigners hold $1.28 trillion in agency- andgovernment sponsored enterprise-backed securities, and another $2.33 trillion in UScorporate bonds.^[42]

Foreigners hold 24% of domestic corporate debt^[44] and 17% of domestic corporate equity.^[45]

EconomistMartin Wolf explained in July 2012 that government fiscal balance is one of three major financialsectoral balances in the U.S. economy, the others being the foreign financial sector and the private financial sector. The sum of the surpluses or deficits across these three sectors must be zero bydefinition. In the U.S., a foreign financial surplus (or capital surplus) exists because capital is imported (net) to fund thetrade deficit. Further, there is a private sector financial surplus due to household savings exceeding business investment. By definition, there must therefore exist a government budget deficit so all three net to zero. The government sector includes federal, state and local. For example, the government budget deficit in 2011 was approximately 10% GDP (8.6% GDP of which was federal), offsetting a capital surplus of 4% GDP and a private sector surplus of 6% GDP.^[46]

Wolf argued that the sudden shift in the private sector from deficit to surplus forced the government balance into deficit, writing: "The financial balance of the private sector shifted towards surplus by the almost unbelievable cumulative total of 11.2 per cent of gross domestic product between the third quarter of 2007 and the second quarter of 2009, which was when the financial deficit of US government (federal and state) reached its peak...No fiscal policy changes explain the collapse into massive fiscal deficit between 2007 and 2009, because there was none of any importance. The collapse is explained by the massive shift of the private sector from financial deficit into surplus or, in other words, from boom to bust."^[46]

EconomistPaul Krugman also explained in December 2011 the causes of the sizable shift from private deficit to surplus: "This huge move into surplus reflects the end of the housing bubble, a sharp rise in household saving, and a slump in business investment due to lack of customers."^[47]

• Economy of the United States – discusses U.S. national debt and economic context
• FRED (Federal Reserve Economic Data)
• History of the U.S. public debt – a table containing historical debt data
• National debt by U.S. presidential terms
• Proposed bailout of U.S. financial system (2008)
• United States federal budget – analysis of federal budget spending and long-term risks
• Starve the beast (policy)

General:

• Balance of payments
• Government budget deficit
• Public debt – a general discussion of the topic

International:

• Global debt
• List of countries by current account balance
• List of public debt – list of the public debt for many nations, as a percentage of the GDP.

United States

• U.S. Congressional Budget Office
• Office of Management and Budget
• Death and Taxes: 2009Archived 2010-08-19 at theWayback Machine A graphical representation of the 2009 United States federal discretionary budget, including the public debt.
• United States – Deficit versus Savings rate from 1981 Historical graphical representation of the 12 month rolling Fiscal deficit versus the Savings rate of the United States. (since 1981)

Derivatives, the great unknown with respect to its impact on the total US cumulative debt

• 190K Derivative burden per US person
• US Cumulative Debt per person mentioned in a video onYouTube
• Video stating IMF, OECD & World Bank don't track Cumulative Debt per Person onYouTube
• German Households Owe More Than Greece's Do, a non-US case of the Cumulate Debt Per Person reference frame.

• Fiscal policy
• United States federal budgets
• Economy of the United States
• Government finances in the United States
• Debt

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