| CR.42 Falco | |
|---|---|
 Two CR.42's of 162aSquadriglia, 161° "Autonomous Terrestrial Fighter Group", Aegean Islands 1940 | |
| General information | |
| Type | Fighter |
| National origin | Italy |
| Manufacturer | Fiat Aviazione |
| Status | Out of service |
| Primary users | Regia Aeronautica |
| Number built | 1,817–1,819[1][2][3] |
| History | |
| Manufactured | c. February 1939 – late 1943 |
| Introduction date | 1939 |
| First flight | 23 May 1938 |
| Retired | 1948Spanish Air Force[4] |
| Developed from | Fiat CR.32 |
TheFiat CR.42Falco (Falcon, plural:Falchi) is a single-seatsesquiplanefighter developed and produced by Italian aircraft manufacturerFiat Aviazione. It served primarily in the ItalianRegia Aeronautica in the 1930s and during theSecond World War.
The CR.42 was an evolution of Fiat’s earlierCR.32 fighter, featuring a more powerfulsuperchargedFiat A.74R1C.38 air-cooledradial engine and aerodynamic improvements to its relatively clean exterior surfaces. The aircraft proved to be relatively agile in flight, a factor that had been attributed to its very lowwing loading and a sometimes decisive tactical advantage. RAF Intelligence praised its exceptional manoeuvrability, further noting that "the plane was immensely strong",[5] though it was technically outclassed by faster, more heavily armed monoplanes.[6] While primarily used as a fighter, various other roles were adopted for some variants of the type, such as theCR.42CN night-fighter model, theCR.42AS ground-attack aircraft, and theCR.42BBiposto twin-seat trainer aircraft.
During May 1939, the CR.42 entered service with theRegia Aeronautica; it was the last of the Fiat biplane fighters to enter front line service. By 10 June 1940, the date when Italy entered the Second World War, roughly 300 of the type had been delivered, which defended metropolitan cities, and important military installations at first. By the end of 1940, the Falco had been involved in combat on various fronts, including theBattle of France, theBattle of Britain,Malta,North Africa, andGreece. By the end of the war, Italian CR.42s had been used on further fronts, includingIraq, theEastern Front and the Italian mainland. Following the signing of theItalian armistice with theAllies on 8 September 1943, the type was relegated to use as a trainer by theItalian Co-Belligerent Air Force, while some Italian CR.42s were seized by the Germans and used by theLuftwaffe to perform ground-attack operations.
The CR.42 was produced and entered service in smaller numbers with the air forces of other nations, including Belgium, Sweden and Hungary. By the end of production, in excess of 1,800 CR.42s had been constructed, making it the most numerous Italian aircraft to be used during the Second World War.[7] Aviation author Przemyslaw Skulski has claimed that the fighter had performed at its best during its service with the Hungarian Air Force, specifically during its deployment againstSoviet forces on theEastern Front of the war, where it reportedly achieved a kill to loss ratio of 12 to 1.[8]
During the late 1930s, while a new generation ofmonoplane fighter aircraft were already beginning to be introduced across the various air services of Europe, there was still a considerable time before they would be developed and available enough to assume total responsibility for strategic air power operations.[9] By the outbreak of theSecond World War during September 1939, many powers still fielded biplanes amongst their air wings, such as the BritishGloster Gladiator and the Italian CR.42. As such, even as the first flights of the latter were being conducted during 1939, despite an acknowledgement of its effective obsolescence, it was also recognised that such biplanes would likely make a valued contribution in plentiful second-line roles.[9] This pragmatic observation turned out to be correct as not only would the CR.42 be built in greater numbers than any other Italian fighter of the war, it would also see action on every front in which theRegia Aeronautica fought upon.[9]
The CR.42 was basically an evolution of the design of the earlierFiat CR.32, which in turn had been derived from theCR.30 series created in 1932.[9] During theSpanish Civil War of the mid-1930s, theRegia Aeronautica had employed the CR.32 and had reportedly accomplished significant successes using the fighter. The positive combat experience gave sufficient encouragement to the type's principal manufacturer,Fiat Aviazione, for the company to produce a proposal for the development of a more advanced derivative of the design, incorporating the newly finalisedsupercharged Fiat A.74R1C.38 air-cooledradial engine and several other enhancements.[1] Key features of the fighter, which was designated as theCR.42, included its relatively clean aerodynamic exterior, a very strong structure, and a high level of maneuverability, a combination which had traditionally appealed to Italian pilots according to Cattaneo.[10]
According to aviation author Gianni Cattaneo, both the proposal and the concept of a developed biplane was well received by theRegia Aeronautica, having placed a high value on the agility of the platform, confidence may have also been high due to prior wars inEthiopia and Spain having been fought against relatively disorganised opposition, giving a somewhat deceptive impression of effectiveness.[11] During its formal military evaluation, the prototype CR.42 was tested against the rivalCaproni Ca.165 biplane fighter, and was judged to be the superior design, although the Ca.165 was a more modern design which boasted a higher speed, albeit at the cost of maneuverability. During flight tests, it demonstrated its ability to reach a top speed of 438 km/h (272 mph) at 5,300 m (17,400 ft) and 342 km/h (213 mph) at ground level. Climb rate was 1 minute and 25 seconds to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) and of 7 minutes and 20 seconds to 6,000 m (20,000 ft).[1][12]
During late 1939, by which time a major European war already seemed inevitable, the CR.42 was ordered for theRegia Aeronautica.[10] The type had been ordered as just a single element of the largerR plan, under which Italy was to procure 3,000 new fighter aircraft, such as the monoplaneFiat G.50 and theMacchi C.200, to equip and expand its air services. According to Cattaneo, at the outbreak of the Second World War, the CR.42 was considered to be the best biplane in service.[10] Although the age of the biplane was noticeably already coming to a close by this point, a number of other foreign air forces expressed considerable interest in the new fighter. Once quantity production had been established, a number of early Falcos were delivered to foreign customers, even to the extent of re-directing aircraft originally intended for delivery to theRegia Aeronautica; these customers includedBelgium,Hungary andSweden.[13][14]
Soon after its introduction to service, Fiat developed a number of variants of the type. TheCR.42bis andCR.42ter featured increased firepower, while theCR.42CN was a dedicated night fighter model, theCR.42AS was optimised for performing ground attack missions, and theCR.42BBiposto commonly served in a twin-seat trainer role.[15] Of these, theBiposto, which was furnished with a longer fuselage than other models to enable a second seat to be placed in tandem with the pilot, became the most extensively modified of all the CR.42 variants. Its length was increased by 68 centimeters over the standard fighter, to a total of 8.94 m; the height was 23 centimeters less. Empty weight was only 40 kilograms (88 lb) more, as the wheel fairings had been removed. Overall weight was 2,300 kg. Top speed was 430 km/h at 5,300 meters, only 8 km/h less. Up to 1945, a pair of machine guns were commonly fitted. About 40 aircraft were produced by Agusta and Caproni Trento.[16]
In addition, various experimental configurations of the CR.42 was both studied and constructed for trial purposes. These included theI.CR.42 (Idrovolante= seaplane) and the re-enginedCR.42DB. Beginning in 1938, Fiat had worked on the I.CR.42, then gave the task to complete the project to CMASA factory in Marina di Pisa on the Tirreno sea coast. The only prototype was built in 1940. Tests started at the beginning of 1941, at theVigna di Valle base, onLake Bracciano, north of Rome. Top speed was 423 km/h, range was 950 km while ceiling was reduced to 9,000 m. Empty weight went from 1,720 to 1,850 kilograms (3,790 to 4,080 lb), full weight from 2,295 to 2,425 kilograms (5,060 to 5,346 lb).[citation needed]
TheCR.42DB was an attempt to improve the type's performance by installing aDaimler-Benz DB 601V12 engine of 753 kW (1,010 hp).[17] This prototype, MM 469), was flown by test pilot Valentino Cus in March 1941, overGuidonia Montecelio, near Rome. During test flights, it demonstrated its ability to attain a top speed of 518 km/h (322 mph), as well as a maximum ceiling of 10,600 metres (34,777 ft) and a range of 1,250 kilometres (780 mi). The project was cancelled as the biplane configuration did not offer any advantages over contemporary monoplane fighter designs. Although this variant never went into production, to the present day, the CR.42DB has continued to hold the distinction of being the fastest biplane to have ever flown.[18]
Historians are still not certain exactly how many CR.42s were manufactured. The most likely estimate is thought to be 1,819 aircraft in total, including the 63 CR.42LWs (51 according to some sources) produced underLuftwaffe control, and a further 140 fighters that were produced for the various export customers for the type.[citation needed]
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The Fiat CR.42 was a robust and relatively clean single-seat biplanefighter aircraft; in spite of the biplane configuration of the aircraft, it was a modern, "sleek-looking" design, based around a strong steel andalloy structure. The CR.42 was furnished with fixed mainlanding gear, the legs of which were attached to the underside of the lower wing stubs; both the legs wheels were enclosed withinstreamlinedfairings for aerodynamic reasons.[10] The upper wing was larger than its lower wing, a configuration known as asesquiplane.[1] The aircraft proved to be exceptionally agile in flight, a characteristic which had been attributed to be a result of the fighter's very lowwing loading. The very strong structure of the fighter enabled pilots to perform virtually all manoeuvres.[12] Shortcomings of the CR.42 included its slower speed in comparison to monoplanes, and a lack of armour, firepower and radio equipment.[10]
The CR.42 was typically powered by a singlesupercharged Fiat A.74R1C.38 air-cooledradial engine which, via a gearing apparatus, drove a metal three-blade Fiat-Hamilton Standard 3D.41-1 propeller of 2.9 metres (9 ft 6 in) diameter.[1] During the aircraft's development, particular attention was paid to the design of theNACA cowling which accommodated the engine; the cowling featured a series of adjustable flaps for cooling purposes. The engine bay incorporated afire extinguisher to be used in the event of a fire.[10] In terms of armament, the early CR.42s were outfitted with a single 7.7 mm and one 12.7 mmBreda-SAFAT machine gun, which was installed in the decking of the upper fuselage and fired directly through the propeller. As per Italian tradition, a counter for the rounds fired was present amongst the cockpit's instrumentation.[10]
The fuselage of the CR.42 was composed of aweldedsteel-tube triangulated framework built of light-alloy formers; while the forward fuselage was covered by metal panelling, fabric covered the exterior rear of the cockpit.[10] The rigidly-braced wings used a structure that was constructed mainly of lightduralumin alloys and steel; theleading edge was metal-skinned while the rest of the wing's exterior was covered with fabric.[1] The upper wing, which was the only one to be furnished withailerons, was joined in the center and supported above the fuselage via an inverted V-shaped cabane, while the lower wings were directly attached onto thelongerons within the base of the fuselage. The tail unit used acantilever arrangement, composed of a duralumin framework and fabric covering.[10]
Capt.Eric Brown, RN, Chief Naval Test Pilot and C.O. of the Captured Enemy Aircraft Flight, tested the Falco ofSergente Pietro Salvadori that had landed on Orfordness beach, on 11 November 1940. He reported the CR.42 was "remarkably fast" for a biplane, with a top speed of 270 mph (430 km/h) at 12,500 ft (3,800 m). The Falco had a "marginal stability which is the mark of a good fighter". Moreover, it was "brilliantly manoeuvrable, an acrobatic gem, but under-gunned and very vulnerable to enemy fire".[19]
During May 1939, the Fiat CR.42 entered operational service with the Regia Aeronautica; the 53°Stormo, based atTurin Caselle Airport, was the first unit to be equipped with the type.[20] On 10 June 1940, the date on which Italy entered the Second World War on the side of Germany, roughly 300 aircraft had been delivered. Italy had delayed its entry into the war in order to better prepare itself for combat; through the period commonly known as thePhoney War, theRegia Aeronautica activated many new squadrons and did all that was possible to speed up aircraft deliveries, including of the CR.42. Accordingly, further orders for the type were placed as a part of this expansion effort.[21]
Upon Italy's entry into the conflict, theFalchi were principally tasked with the defense of Italy's cities and military installations alike, such as Regia Aeronautica airbases andRegia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) bases. To some extent, the CR.42 continued to be used in this capacity right up until the signing of theItalian armistice with theAllies. By 8 September 1943, the day on which Italy formally surrendered to the Allies, only around 60 of these aircraft were still in a flyable condition. By the end of the CR.42's production during 1942, a total of 1,784 fighters had been constructed.[citation needed]
On numerous occasions, theFalco was engaged in dogfights against the British Gloster Gladiator, another biplane fighter, overMalta, and later against the BritishHawker Hurricane monoplane, sometimes resulting in unexpected successes. The maneuverability of theFalco was an aspect of particular concern to the RAF pilots that faced them. Aviation author Haining observed that: "A RAF Intelligence report in late October 1940 circulated to all pilots and their squadrons, with copies to Prime Minister,Winston Churchill, and the War Cabinet, declared: 'The manoeuvrability of the CR.42s, in particular their capacity to execute an extremely tight half roll, has caused considerable surprise to other pilots and undoubtedly saved many Italian fighters from destruction.'"[22]
On 13 June 1940, three days after entry of Italy into the war, 23 pilots from 23°Gruppo of 3°Stormo escorted a flight of tenFiat BR.20 bombers to bomb the French naval base ofToulon. Later that day, they attacked French Air Force base ofHyères, in theProvence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France, hitting approximately 50 enemy aircraft on the ground and destroying at least 20 of them.[23][24] Italian pilots from 151°Gruppo claimed the shooting down of a FrenchVought V.156F. On the same day, a CR.42 from 82aSquadriglia (13°Gruppo) took off to intercept a reconnaissance aircraft, but it failed to make contact and crashed during its landing, killing the pilot.[23][25]
On 15 of June, 67 CR.42s from the same units, plus 18°Gruppo (from 3°Stormo), attacked the airfields of Southern France. 27 biplanes from 150°Gruppo strafed the airfield of Cuers-Pierrefeu, betweenCuers and Pierrefeu-du-Var, with machine gun fire, causing around 15 V-156Fs to burst into flames.[23] Seven of the Fiats giving top-cover were intercepted byBloch MB.152s (Bloch MB.151s, according to other sources) from A.C.-3 that shot down aFalco and forced another to land. Italian pilots claimed four French fighters.[26] Subsequently, Fiats attacked the airfields ofLe Cannet-des-Maures and Puert Pierrefin, close to the border. This time the French fighter units reacted and the Fiats were attacked byDewoitine 520s from G.C.III/6.Regia Aeronautica aviators claimed 8–10 air victories and many aircraft destroyed on the ground. Fiat pilots were credited with the downing of three Bloch and five Dewoitine fighters,[27] in exchange for the loss of fiveFalchi.[28][29]
Following the Fall of France, an Italian air group of CR.42s and BR.20 bombers operated from Belgium during October and November 1940. This task force flew some offensive operations during the later stages of theBattle of Britain, but incurred a high loss rate. Cattaneo speculated that the light losses experienced during the Battle of France had persuaded theRegia Aeronautica that the type was considerably more effective than it was against the modern frontline fighter aircraft that it would be coming up against, and thus had encouraged this brief deployment.[30] In the present day, the RAF Museum at Hendon, London has a CR.42 on static display from this time; this aircraft had reportedly force-landed inSuffolk with a broken oil pipe, with the pilot surviving.
Over the skies ofMalta, the CR.42 encountered British Hurricanes for the first time on 3 July 1940. That day, Flying Officer Waters (P2614) shot down anSM.79 bomber five miles (eight kilometers) off Kalafrana, but he was soon attacked in turn by the escortingFalchi, who badly shot up his aircraft. Waters crashed on landing and his Hurricane was written off.[31] The Hurricane pilots soon discovered that the Italian biplanes could often outmaneuver their aircraft and that this was a crucial factor in any dogfight against them.
Pilot Officer Jock Barber remembered: "On my first combat, the 9 of July, I attacked the leader of aSquadriglia of Falcos, while [Flight Lieutenant] George Burges attacked an SM.79 bomber. When I shot the CR.42 at a range of 100 yards [91 meters], he did a flick-roll and went spinning down. I found myself engaged in dogfighting with the remaining CR.42s. This went down to about 10,000 feet [3,000 meters]; by then I had used up all my ammunition without much success, although I am convinced I got quite a few strikes on the leader in the initial combat. I realized pretty quickly that dogfighting with biplanes was just not on. They were so manoeuvrable that it was very difficult to get in a shot, and I had to keep diving and turning to keep myself from being shot down. George had by this time disappeared so I stuck my nose down and, with full throttle, was very thankful to get out of the way."[32]
A week later, a dozen CR.42s from 23°Gruppo appeared in the sky over Malta for a reconnaissance. Flight Lieutenants Peter Keeble and Burges scrambled to intercept them, and the resulting action greatly impressed the Malta defenders with the CR.42's maneuvering capability. Keeble attacked one CR.42 – probably the aircraft (MM4368) flown bySottotenente Mario Benedetti of 74aSquadriglia that crashed, killing its pilot, but then came under attack himself by theFalchi ofTenente Mario Pinna andTenente Oscar Abello. Keeble tried to dogfight with the Italians, but his engine was hit and his Hurricane dived into the ground at Wied-il-Ghajn, nearFort Rinella, and blew up; he was the first pilot to be killed in action at Malta.[33] This was the first recorded air victory in the Second World War of the CR.42 against the Hurricane. Shortly after Keeble's loss, a meeting of all the pilots and senior staff was called to discuss the best ways of countering the agile CR.42. A suggestion was made that the Hurricane should put down a bit of flaps as this might enable it to turn with the CR.42, but the only realistic proposal was to climb above these aircraft to be in an advantageous position.[34]Nevertheless, Cattaneo noted that the Hurricane gradually proved itself to be superior to the CR.42.[35]
As the war went on, the CR.42 had been superseded in the day fighter role by more advanced aircraft, but found a renewed niche performing the night fighter mission.[14] TheFalco served as the main night fighter of theRegia Aeronautica, even though it was not equipped withradar and often lacked radio equipment. SomeFalco night fighters were equipped with extended exhaust pipes to hide the exhaust flame. Additionally, 2 spotlights were fitted under the wings of some of the night fighters. The first night interception was performed on the night of 13–14 August 1940 byCapitanoGiorgio Graffer, when he located and opened fire on a BritishArmstrong Whitworth Whitley bomber that had been sent to attackTurin. When his guns jammed, Graffer rammed the bomber before bailing out. The bomber had been badly damaged and subsequently crashed into the English Channel whilst attempting to return to its base.[36]
One of the most successful night interceptions took place on the night of 25 August 1942. That day, in an attempt to oppose RAF night intruder missions that were hammering Italian airfields, the 4°Stormo borrowed four radio-equipped CR.42s, by 208a and 238aSquadriglie of the 101°Gruppo Bombardamento a Tuffo, based at Abar Nimeir, to use them as night interceptors.[37][14] According to Cattaneo, the CR.42 achieved a degree of success as a night fighter, proving itself to be effective against RAF bombers that were bombing industrial targets throughout northern Italy during 1942.[14]
In autumn 1940,Regia Aeronautica sent 18°Gruppo (of 56°Stormo) in Belgium with 83a, 85a and 95aSquadriglia equipped with CR.42s as part of theCorpo Aereo Italiano, an independent air corps for operations against Great Britain.[38]On 11 and 23 November 1940, multiple CR.42s flew two raids against England.Luftwaffe aircraft frequently experienced difficulties in maintaining formation flight with the slower biplanes. Even though slower, with an opencockpit, many units lacking radio, and armed with only a pair of machine guns (a pair of 12.7 mm/.5 in or a combination of former and a 7.7 mm/.303 in Breda-SAFAT), theFalchi could easily outturn the Hurricanes and the Spitfires opposing it and usually proved difficult to hit. "The CR 42 turned to fight using all the aeroplane's manoeuvrability. The pilot could get on my tail in a single turn, so tightly was he able to pull round."[39] As the RAF intelligence report stated, theFalchi were hard targets. "As I fired he half rolled very tightly and I was completely unable to hold him, so rapid were his manoeuvres. I attacked two or three more and fired short bursts, in each case the enemy aircraft half-rolled very tightly and easily and completely out-turned me. In two cases as they came out of their rolls, they were able to turn in almost on my tail and opened fire on me."[40]
Against British monoplanes, the CR.42s were not always outclassed; one Italian pilot's account is as follows: "I engaged one of the British fighters from a range of between 40 to 50 metres (131 to 164 ft). Then I saw a Spitfire, which was chasing another CR.42, and I got in a shot at a range of 150 metres (492 ft). I realised that in a manoeuvered flight, the CR.42 could win or survive against Hurricanes and Spitfires, though we had to be careful of a sweep from behind. In my opinion, the English .303 bullet was not very effective. Italian aircraft received many hits which did no material damage and one pilot even found that his parachute pack had stopped a bullet."[41] During the winter of 1940/1941, the CR.42s were transferred back to the Mediterranean theatre.[42]
While flying the Falco in Africa Orientale Italiana (A.O.I),Mario Visintini became the top biplane fighter ace of the Second World War (having achieved 16 kills) and Luigi Baron and Aroldo Soffritti became the second and third Fiat CR. 42 top scoring aces, having made 12 and 8 air victories respectively.[43] Moreover, during that short and difficult campaign, the Fiat fighters were responsible for the destruction of a large number of RAF andSouth African Air Force (SAAF) aircraft, both in the air and on the ground, including a number of Hurricanes.[44]
During 1940, threesquadriglie stationed inItalian East Africa —Ethiopia,Italian Eritrea, andItalian Somaliland — were equipped with CR.42s. The 412a – the most experiencedSquadriglia – was based in Gura (with the 414aSquadriglia) and inMassawa. The 413aSquadriglia was inAssab. Fighting there began in June 1940 and lasted until the autumn of 1941. The Italians met mostly British bombers and reconnaissance aircraft, destroying many of them. On 12 June 1940, 412aSquadriglia attacked nineVickers Wellesley bombers from 47 Squadron aboveAsmara, andTenente Carlo Canella claimed the first CR.42 victory in East Africa, a Wellesley that was heavily damaged and forced to crash-land. Two days later, the 412aSquadriglia again intercepted a pair of Wellesleys, this time from 14 Squadron, that were trying to bomb Massawa.Tenente Mario Visintini, for the first of his 16 air victories in East Africa, shot down the Wellesley flown by Pilot Officer Plunkett.[45][46]
Dogfights usually occurred when enemy airfields were being attacked. But fierce air battles took place at the beginning of November 1940, during the British offensive against the Italian forts ofGallabat andMetemma, along the Sudan border. TheRegia Aeronautica was dominant in these fights, sometimes even against more powerful opponents. The most successful day was on 6 November when the CR.42s achieved seven confirmed victories against the Gladiators, for no losses.[47] In the air duels fought during 1940, losses however were also suffered: at least six Fiats were destroyed and about a dozen damaged.[48] Operations involving the CR.42 were typically hampered by wider logistical issues; the Royal Navy had prevented Italian supplies reaching East Africa and aerial transportation alone proved to be insufficient.[49]
It was on theNorth African front that the CR.42 was most extensively used.[30] At the beginning of the war inItalian North Africa, there were 127 CR.42s from the 13°Gruppo (2°Stormo) atCastel Benito and from the 10° and 9°Gruppo of 4°Stormo inBenina, including reserve aircraft. According to some historians, it was in the North African theatre that the CR.42 performed at its best.[1] Experienced Italian pilots, the majority of them being veterans of the Spanish Civil War, employed the exceptional manoeuvrability of the CR.42 to great effect, enabling successful attacks against RAF Gladiators, Hurricanes and Spitfires and often forcing their opponents "...to adopt the tactic that Messerschmitt pilots had used against them: to avoid dogfights and to attack them with sudden dives."[50][page needed]
Initially, the Falco was pitted against the contemporary Gloster Gladiator andHawker Hart (the latter being operated by the South African Air Force) biplanes,[50][page needed] as well as theBristol Blenheim fast bombers of the RAF, opposing which they were able to achieve a measurable level of success. On 29 June, a group of CR.42s from 2°Stormo scrambled to intercept an inbound formation of Blenheims, estimated as totalling nine aircraft, that were in the process of bombing the airfield ofTobruk T2. During the ensuing engagement, the Italian pilots claimed to have shot down six of the British bombers, probably from No.113 Squadron, which that day reported as having lost three aircraft.[51]
On 8 August 1940, in an aerial duel between comparable rivals, a flight of 16 CR.42s from 9° and 10°Gruppi of 4°Stormo were "bounced" by 14 Gladiators ofNo.80 Squadron RAF over Gabr Sàleh (about 65 kilometres southeast ofEl Adem and 35 kilometres east of Bir El Gubi). Four of the CR.42s were shot down while four more were force-landed and later recovered. In return, the Italian pilots claimed to have downed five Gladiators in thedogfight (three shared amongst the pilots of 10°Gruppo and two shared by the 73aSquadriglia pilots) along with two probables (the 90aSquadriglia’s Diary reported six victories), with two Gladiators actually lost (one pilot for each side was killed in action), but the combat was a nasty day for the best unit fielded in North Africa. 4°Stormo was the mainstay of Italian fighter force in Africa, and its 73aSquadriglia was the best unit, yet that day lost five CR.42s (included the ones eventually recovered).[52] That air combat highlighted the advantages of the Gladiator over the CR.42, especially radio equipment that could permit coordinated attacks, and the Gladiator's superior low altitude overall performance, with a markedly superior horizontal manoeuvrability over theFalchi.[52]
The Gladiator was viewed as being superior to the Fiat in regards to its combat equipment also. The 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT could fire an effective explosive bullet, but the Gladiator's Brownings were able to shoot 2.5 more rounds per second than the synchronized Italian machine guns. However, the CR.42 was capable of superior performance; it was much faster at about 3,000 feet (900 m) thanks to its smaller wing area, constant-speed propeller and the superior power of its engine, which could provide up to 960 horsepower (720 kW) for short periods at emergency rating.[53] The overall exchange ratio between CR.42 and Gladiator is difficult to assess, but Håkan Gustavsson and Slongo rated the Gladiator with an advantage about 1.2–1.9:1.[54]
Eventually, on 31 October 1940, theFalchi scored their first confirmed air victories inNorth Africa against the Hawker Hurricane. During the air battle overMersa MatruhSergente Maggiore Davide Colauzzi andSergente Mario Turchi from 368aSquadriglia, while escorting SM.79 bombers, shot down the Hurricanes of33 Squadron that were flown by 26-year-old Canadian Flying Officer Edmond Kidder Leveille (RAF no. 40837) – who was forced to bail out but was killed when his parachute failed to deploy completely – and Flying Officer Perry St Quintin (Hurricane P3724), who made a forced landing atQasaba with a holed fuel tank.[51]
Notwithstanding these successes, it became increasingly evident that the Fiat CR.42 was unable to operate effectively against the more modern monoplanes of which increasingly larger numbers were being fielded. Over time, the type was able to rely only on its considerable manoeuvrability andRegia Aeronautica piloting skills as potential advantages against its opposition. Italian losses were, however, stemmed when the more advancedMacchi C.200 and theMesserschmitt Bf 109 andMesserschmitt Bf 110 ofLuftflotte 4, arrived in the theatre during April 1941. The CR.42s were progressively relegated to performing ground-attack operations instead, leaving interception duties to the more capable monoplanes.[55]
The Fiat CR.42 was the mainRegia Aeronautica front-line fighter when theGreco-Italian War broke out during late 1940. Sixty-fourFalcos (out of 179 fighters) were deployed in air bases inAlbania: inDrenovë (Korçë), with 160°Gruppo and inTirana, with 363a, 364a and 365aSquadriglie of 24°Gruppo.[56] In Greece, on the whole, the fighting was fairly difficult for theFalco pilots, despite an overinflated claim to have achieved a ratio kill/losses of 5.6 to 1. TheRegia Aeronautica coped withRoyal Hellenic Air Force's (RHAF) obsolete reconnaissance aircraft, such as theBreguet Br.19, without any problems, but had significant difficulties dealing with the Greek fighters such as thePZL P.24, theBloch MB.151s and the Gloster Gladiator, the Italians suffering losses at a higher rate than they were achieving themselves, losing over 68 aircraft and shooting down just 20 in return.[57][58] Two days after the start of the war, on 30 October, there was the first air battle. SomeHenschel Hs126s of 3/2 Flight of 3 ObservationMira took off to locate Italian Army columns. But they were intercepted and attacked by Fiat CR.42s of 393aSquadriglia. A first Henschel was hit and crashed, killing its observer,Pilot Officer Evanghelos Giannaris, the first Greekaviator to die in the war. A second Hs 126 was downed overMount Smolikas, killing Pilot Officer Lazaros Papamichail andSergeant Constantine Yemenetzis. The first CR.42 victories were credited to Fernando Zanni and Walter Ratticchieri.[59] On 4 November 1940, three CR.42s jumped three RHAF Breguet from 2Mira, sent to attack the3rd Julia Alpine Division retreating from a mountain pass nearMetsovo. A Breguet was shot down, one crash-landed and the third returned to base, though badly shot up.[60]
At the beginning of November, the Greeks received support by the Royal Air Force and on 4 November sixVickers Wellingtons from70 Squadron attackedValona. CR.42s pilots shot down two British bombers and damaged two more.[59] Fortunes started to reverse, on 18 November, the first day of Greek army counter-attack. While a CR.42 shot down a GreekBristol Blenheim, during a dogfight with Greek fighters, 393aSquadriglia damaged four PZL P.24s but lost three Fiats.[59] On the same day, a flight of 20 Gladiators from RAF80 Squadron landed in Athens.[61] While deployed in North Africa, the CR.42 pilots had been able to achieve a clear superiority over the Gladiators but in Greece, they suffered more heavy losses. The superiority of the Gloster was achieved in part as a result of its enclosed cockpit, which was an advantage when operating in the cold winter sky, while the R/T radio allowed for the adoption of more effective tactics that made it possible to ambush the Italian CR.42 formations, as well as the superior quality of the British aces of 80 Squadron, commanded byMarmaduke Pattle. The majority of the Italian pilots shot down and killed in Greece were new arrivals, fresh from flying schools; these pilots frequently insisted on direct engagements against the more manoeuvrable British biplanes, leading to unfavourable dogfights.[62] In the Greco-Italian War, CR.42 pilots claimed 162 kills, for the loss of 29 aircraft. By July 1943, CR.42s were still equipped by 383aSquadriglia Assalto (Ground Attack Squadron) based in Zara and in September 1943, by 392a (in Tirana) and 385aSquadriglie Autonome.[63]
During April 1941,Rashid Ali led apro-Axis coup in Iraq. In response, British Army units began moving into the area to quell the rebellion, many of which made landfall nearBasra.[64] Germany and Italy dispatched support to Ali's forces in the form of Messerschmitt Bf 110s, Savoia-Marchetti SM.79s and CR.42s, which were quickly put into action against the British. TheRegia Aeronautica sent 155aSquadriglia (namedSquadriglia speciale Irak) equipped with the improvedCR.42 Egeo version, which was furnished with a radio set and a 100-litre auxiliary tank, the latter of which increased the fighter's operational range (typically 800 km at 380 km/h) up to 1,100 km at economical speed. In Iraq, theRegia Aeronautica was only operational for four days (28–31 May 1941), during which their aircraft were reportedly painted in Iraqi colours.[65]
On 22 May 1941, a flight of CR.42s took off fromAlghero and flew up to 900 km toValona (one of which crashed on landing),Rhodes,Aleppo andMosul. A total of 11 Fiat biplanes flew together with a single SM.79 and aSM.81, which served as "pathfinders" and transport aircraft, while a further three SM.82s transported weapons for the campaign. On 23 May, the Italian aircraft arrived in Iraq. Six days later[66](on 28 May according to other sources), the CR.42s, in what was to prove the final air-to-air combat of the brief campaign, intercepted and engaged a formation of RAF Blenheims,[N 1] claiming twoNo. 94 Squadron Gladiators, with the loss of one CR.42 shot down by a Gladiator flown by Wg Cdr Wightman, close to Khan Nuqta.[23] Three of the CR.42s were damaged during combat and were subsequently abandoned in Iraq. The seven survivors of the engagement were withdrawn with great difficulty, since the SM.79 "pathfinder" had been destroyed on the ground by the RAF, despite being located further away at Aleppo airfield, Syria. The Axis effort to reinforce the Iraqi insurgents was insufficient and the coup had quickly been put down; however, this contributed to the decision to invade Syria that resulted in a substantial diversion during an already critical moment for the Allies. While retreating, 164aSquadriglia CR.42s were used to defend Pantelleria.[65]
The first foreign purchaser of the CR.42 was theRoyal Hungarian Air Force (MKHL), which placed orders for 52 aircraft during mid-1938. TheHungarians, while aware that the CR.42 was conceptually outdated in comparison to the newer generation of monoplanes, had considered the rapid re-equipment of their fighter component to be of vital importance.[67] Additionally, the Italian government had expressed its willingness to forgo CR.42 delivery positions in order to expedite the re-equipment of the Hungarian units. By the end of 1939, a total of 17 CR.42s had been delivered to Hungary, where they were promptly issued to 1.Vadász Ezred (1st Fighter Wing), which began conversion from the earlier CR.32. Its two groups of two squadrons, 1./IVadász Osztály (Fighter Group) at Szolnok and the 1./IIVadász Osztály at Mátyásföld, Budapest, received their full complement of fighters during mid-1940.[68]
Some of the CR.42s in Hungarian service were armed with a single 12.7 mm (0.50 in) Gebauer GKM Machine Gun 1940.M (Gebauer Kenyszermeghajtasu Motorgeppuska, or "Gebauer Positive-Driven Motor-Machine Gun"); these were fixed twin-barrel guns that were driven via the crankshaft of the aircraft's engine. In total, the MKHL ordered 70 CR.42s but, through a barter which included the exchange of a capturedYugoslavianSavoia-Marchetti SM.79, they received an additional two CR.42s during 1941. The Hungarian CR.42s were first used in combat against neighbouring Yugoslavia during April 1941.[69] During the short conflict in the Balkans, the MKHL reportedly lost two of their CR.42s.[70]
In mid-June, CR.42 fighters equipped several MKHL units: 1/3.'Kör ász'F.S. and 1/4.'Szent György' F.S. both based inBudapest-Mátyásföld; 2/3. 'Ricsi' F.S. (in Bustyaháza) and 2/4. 'Repülö tör' F.S. (inMiskolc).[71][72]On 27 June 1941, Hungary declared war on the Soviet Union and, on that same day, Hungarian CR.42s received their baptism of fire when 2/3. Squadron escorted bomber formations againstStanislau, today Ivano-Frankivsk, in Ukraine.[67] Ensign László Kázár was hit by Soviet anti-aircraft fire while strafing, leading to his crash landing behind enemy lines. On the same day, Sergeant Árpád Kertész, from the same unit, claimed the first victory, shooting down a Soviet reconnaissance plane. The 2/3. Squadron flew many sorties until the middle of July escorting bombers and strafing enemy airfields. They claimed six additional kills, losing a single aircraft on 12 July, when 2nd Lieutenant Gyõzõ Vámos collided in a dogfight with a Polikarpov I-16 and bailed out, surviving.[73] On 11 August, Hungarian Fiats escorted sixCaproni Ca.135s, commanded by Sen Lt Szakonyi, on their way to bomb a 2 km (6,560 ft) bridge across theSouthern Bug River in the city ofNikolayev, on theBlack Sea. On the way back the Capronis were intercepted by a flight of SovietPolikarpov I-16 fighters. The escorting Hungarian CR.42s shot down five I-16s while sustaining no losses amongst their own.[67] After the German 11th Army captured Nikolayev on 16 August, the commander ofLuftflotte 4, Col Gen Lohr, decorated the successful Hungarian crews at Sutyska.[74]
The Hungarian CR.42s were later used in the ground attack role againstSoviet forces until December 1941. Although typically outclassed by more modern types, the Hungarian CR.42s scored 25 destroyed, one probable, one damaged (according to other sources[8] they claimed 24 plus two Soviet planes in the air) and one aircraft destroyed on the ground,[75] losing two planes to Soviet fighters.[8] For a time, the surviving CR.42s were relegated to training roles. During spring 1944, a night assault CR.42 Squadron was formed. These aircraft were equipped with flame dampers and bomb racks for the carriage of four 50 kg bombs; however, these planes were reportedly not used operationally. The majority of Hungary's CR.42s were lost in training accidents and strafing attacks by U.S. aircraft during 1944. It is believed that a single HungarianFalco survived the war.[8]
During 1939, a mission fromBelgium'sAviation Militaire purchased a batch of 40 CR.42s for a total price of 40 million francs.[76] On 6 March 1940, the first of these arrived in Belgium but was destroyed in a landing accident. The CR.42s were mainly delivered to theEvere Établissements Généraux de l'Aéronautique Militaire, which were responsible for their assembly. The first operational squadron, IIèmeGroup de Chasse (Fighter Group) based atNivelles, received its full complement of 15 while other units still awaited further deliveries.[77] The exact quantity of CR.42s delivered to Belgium prior to the German attack on 10 May 1940 has been estimated by historians to fall between 24 and 27 aircraft, the last of which having been transported to France and lost in the railway station atAmiens. However, photographic evidence suggests that the total number of CR.42s delivered was 30. On 9 May, squadrons operating theFalchi were the 3rd "Cocotte rouge", with 14, and the 4th, "Cocotte Blanche", with 11 aircraft. In addition to those, the planes of Major Lamarche and two others (R.21 and R.27) in a hangar atNivelles were not serviceable, while another was at Airfield Number 41 with mechanical trouble.[78]
The Fiat CR.42s were first to be blooded inBelgium; after their initial encounters with the vastly superior Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters of theLuftwaffe, the entire contingent of Fiats was quickly overwhelmed, although the Belgian pilots fought with great skill. The Belgian CR.42s fought from the first day of the invasion, when they attacked a formation of attacking Ju 52s (from 17/KGzbV 5) in theTongeren area, forcing one to crash-land nearMaastricht.[77] The Fiats were then jumped by the escorting Bf 109s from I./JG.1 but, thanks to their superior agility, managed to safely return to base. That day, the Belgian pilots claimed to have downed a further four German aircraft: three Do 17 bombers and a single Bf 109, while the Stukas of I./St.2 destroyed no less than 14 CR.42s at Brustem airfield.[79]
In a total of 35 missions flown, the CR.42s downed at least five and probably even eight[80] enemy aircraft including aDornier Do 17,Junkers Ju 52 and the vaunted Bf 109 for a loss of two of their own. The only two confirmed Bf 109E losses were scored by Charles Goffin.[81] After capitulation, the five surviving Fiat CR.42s were brought into a French Air Force depot in Fréjorques, where they were later found by the Germans.[80] Their final fate is not known.[77] Overall, the total claims made by Belgian CR.42 pilots were: eight Do 17, four Bf 109 and a single Ju 52.[82]
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Sweden was the largest export customer for the CR.42.[14] TheSwedish Air Force purchased various types of Italian combat aircraft during 1939–1941, as an emergency measure enacted in response to the outbreak of the Second World War. As a consequence of the war, no other nations were willing to supply fighter aircraft to a small neutral country, while Sweden's domestic production would be insufficient until at least 1943. Between February 1940 and September 1941, Sweden received a total of 72 CR.42s; these fighters were equipped with radio sets, 20-millimetre (0.79 in) armour plate behind the pilot and ski landing gear for winter operations. The Swedish aircraft were designatedJ 11.[83][84]
The J 11s were initially assigned to the F 9 wing, responsible for the air defence ofGothenburg, but were transferred to the newly establishedBråvalla Wing (F 13) inNorrköping in 1943 when F 9 received more advancedJ 22 fighters. The J 11s operating fromKiruna, in the north ofSweden, were equipped with a ski undercarriage. During the spring of 1942, the J 11s of 1. Division were transferred toLuleå airfield. The J 11s scrambled several times to intercept German aircraft that violated Sweden's borders, but usually failed to make contact with intruders.[67] The J 11s of 2. and 3. Divisions based in Gothenburg managed to intercept intruders a few times, forcing them to leave Swedish airspace.[85]
During their service in Swedish Air Force, the CR.42 suffered many accidents, sometimes because of the poor quality of materials that had been used by the Fiat factory. By the end of 1942, eight fighters had been lost, while 17 more had followed by the end of 1943. In total, in excess of 30 CR.42s were lost due to accidents and mechanical failure.[86] Swedish pilots appreciated the J 11's formidable close-in dogfighting abilities;[87] however, they would often complain about the type's low speed, insufficient armament and the open cockpits that were unsuited for the severe climate ofScandinavia.[86] By 1945, the Swedish CR.42s were considered to be obsolete.[88]
By 14 March 1945, the remaining J 11s of the F 13 wing were decommissioned for good by the Swedish Air Force. A total of 19 aircraft were sold to a civilian contractor,Svensk Flygtjänst AB, who used 13 of them as target tugs for at least one season,[67] although the type was not well suited for the role. Another six J 11s were delivered toSvensk Flygtjänst AB as a source for spare parts. Secondhand aircraft were given Swedish civil registrations. The last J 11 was removed from the register during 1949. A single surviving Swedish "Falco" was preserved.[86] It was stored at the F 3 wing; the aircraft had been deliberately "hidden away" with the intent of it being displayed in a future museum. Number NC.2453, marked as 9 9, is today on permanent static display in the Swedish Air Force Museum (Flygvapenmuseum) inLinköping.[86]
Shortly following the announcement of theItalian armistice of 1943, theLuftwaffe took over the majority of Regia Aeronautica aircraft. Among these aircraft were a number of CR.42s.[89] German Rüstungs-und-Kriegsproduktion Stab took control of Italy's northern aircraft industry; consequently, an order for 200 CR.42LW (LW=Luftwaffe) was placed with Fiat for use by theLuftwaffe. In German service, the type was used to conduct nighttime harassment operations and anti-partisan roles.[67] A number of the captured Fiats were allocated to training divisions as well. The CR.42 was nicknamed "Die Pressluftorgel" or "the Pneumatic Organ" byLuftwaffe trainee pilots, presumably because of its profusion of pneumatic systems.[90]
One of the German units to use the CR.42 wasNachtschlachtgruppe (NSGr.) 9, based inUdine. It was tasked with fighting against partisans in the region of theAlps,Istria andCroatia. During November 1943, the 1.Staffel received itsFalchi and, in January 1944, the unit was transferred to the airfield atCaselle, nearTurin, to operate against partisan units in the vicinity of the Southern Alps. On 28 January, the 2. Staffel was also equipped with the CR.42. The training of German pilots took place at a school inVenaria Reale.[89]
During February 1944, after news of the Allies' landing atAnzio, 1.Staffel and 2.Staffel, based atCentocelle Airport in Rome, attacked Allied units in southernLatium, which were conducted mostly during moonlit night raids. NSGr9 attacked enemy troops in theMonte Cassino area. The CR.42 proved to be useful as a light bomber at night, but subsequently NSGr9 began to be equipped with the Ju 87D. 2.Staffel kept using the Fiat biplanes until mid-1944. On 31 May, the unit still had 18Falchi, 15 of which were operational.[89]
As a consequence of Allied raids that damaged the Fiat factory in Turin, only 150 CR.42LWs were ultimately completed, of which 112 would reach operational condition.[91] Another German unit that used the type, both in Southern Italy and the Balkans, wasJagdgeschwader JG 107, which flew them as night fighters, fighter-bombers and fighter-trainers.[citation needed]
The CR.42LWs equipped to the newly formed 3./NSGr 7 in Zagreb, Croatia, in April 1944. By September 1944, 2.Staffel was transferred in Croatia too (atPleso) and the Fiats later equipped 1.Staffel also, inGraz,Austria.[90] On 8 February 1945, tenLuftwaffe CR.42LWs of Stab and 2.Staffel ofNachtschlachtgruppe 7, took off from their base inAgram-Gorica, Croatia, to strafe the airfield at Grabovica, used by partisan forces. At the last moment, they were diverted to attack partisans northwest ofSisak, during which they were attacked by a flight of AmericanP-38 Lightnings of the 14th Fighter Group. The American fighters shot down three Fiat biplanes, but two of the P-38s did not return to base. One of them was claimed by a German pilot, but this kill was not confirmed. According to authors Håkan Gustavsson and Ludovico Slongo, the unidentified German pilot's claim is the last known claimed victory of a biplane to occur.[53][90] There is doubt regarding the claim. The 14th Fighter Group's unit history does not record any losses on this date by the 37th Fighter Squadron, which reported the engagement with the biplanes. The two aircraft which failed to return to base were reported as lost to ground fire during a ground sweep near Vienna, and were in the 48th Fighter Squadron.[92]
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Data fromThe Fiat CR.42[88]
General characteristics
Performance
Armament
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Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
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