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| Ferrari Dino engine | |
|---|---|
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Ferrari |
| Production | 1959–2004 |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | 60°-65°V6 90°V8 |
| Displacement | 1.5–4.0 L (91.5–244.1 cu in) |
| Cylinder bore | 70–93 mm (2.8–3.7 in) |
| Piston stroke | 57–79 mm (2.2–3.1 in) |
| Compression ratio | 7.7:1[1] - 11.2:1 |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel system | Carburetor/Electronic fuel injection |
| Fuel type | Gasoline |
| Cooling system | Water-cooled |
| Output | |
| Power output | 175–720 PS (129–530 kW; 173–710 hp) |
| Torque output | approx. 142–521 lb⋅ft (193–706 N⋅m)[2][3][4] |
| Chronology | |
| Successor | Ferrari-Maserati F136 engine |
TheFerrari Dino engine is a line of mechanically similarV6 andV8 engines produced byFerrari for about 40 years from the late 1950s into the early 2000s.
The idea for the engine came fromAlfredo "Dino" Ferrari, who was the son ofEnzo Ferrari. Dino suggested to Enzo Ferrari the development of aV6 engine forF2 at the end of 1955. Soon afterwards, Alfredo fell gravely ill, and he was diagnosed withmuscular dystrophy. While hospitalized, he discussed technical details about the engine with a recently hired engineer namedVittorio Jano. Dino would never live to see the engine; he died on June 30, 1956, at the age of 24.
The Dino V6 was Ferrari's first V6 engine. The Dino V8 engine was introduced later; the latter used aflat-planecrankshaft configuration.
The productionDino V6 began as a discussion between Vittorio Jano and Enzo and Dino Ferrari about the ideal 1.5 L engine for use in the 1957Formula Twoauto racing series. Jano, formerly ofAlfa Romeo andLancia, pressed for a conventional 60° V6 but the Ferraris were open-minded.
Jano's 60° design incorporated some of his ideas from theLancia Aurelia, and were used in a number ofFormula One, Formula Two, andGrand Prix cars from 1959 through the early 1960s. Appearing in 1958, it used a 77 mm × 71 mm (3.03 in × 2.80 in) bore and stroke for 1,984 cc (2.0 L) and produced 200 bhp (149 kW; 203 PS) in the196 S. A larger version was also produced, the 245 bhp (183 kW; 248 PS) 2,417 cc (2.4 L)Dino 246 S. These engines continued in the 1962Ferrari 196 SP and286 SP. The latter had a bore and stroke of 90 mm × 75 mm (3.54 in × 2.95 in) for 2,863 cc (2.9 L) and 260 PS (191 kW; 256 hp).
Ferrari designers began work on the first Dino V6 engine in 1956 and the engine was running by the end of the year.[5] The enginedisplaced 1,489 cc (1.5 L; 90.9 cu in). This engine was installed in theDino 156 F2 car and was first raced in theGrand Prix of Naples in April 1957, where it finished in third place behind two Lancia-Ferrari V8 Formula One cars.[5][6]
The result of the trio's creativity was the world's only 65° V6 engine. The extra 5° betweencylinder banks gave Ferrari the straight intakes he wanted. As this engine was not a true V6 but had a separatecrankpin for everyconnecting rod, the crankpins were offset by 55 degrees within every pair of cylinders. This ensured an evenfiring order for the complete engine as well as an even distance between firing pulses per cylinder bank. Thus the engine was as smoothly running as a conventional 60-degree V6, but had greatly enhanced potential for the design of harmonically balancedexhaust manifolds, giving much better performance. Although the Dino V6 was discontinued with the introduction of the V8 engine in theDino 308 GT4, the 65° design continues to this day: It reappeared on Ferrari's 1992456V12.
The 85 mm × 71 mm (3.35 in × 2.80 in) 2,417 cc (2.4 L; 147.5 cu in) engine used in the246 S produced 280 PS (276 bhp; 206 kW) withdual overhead camshafts pushing two valves per cylinder. Therear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout 1961Ferrari 246 SP used this same engine, as did the246 P F1. A bigger displacement engine (2,962 cc (3.0 L)) with 296 bhp (221 kW; 300 PS) was used for the 1959Dino 296 S.
The 65° Dino V6 continued in racing after 1962, and made its way to the street as well. The 60° unit was no longer being developed after the SP-series. Ferrari needed to have the engine in 500 production vehicles tohomologate it for racing use. The company worked withFiat to develop asports car to house it, and thefront-engine, rear-wheel-drive layoutFiat Dino project was born.
In competition, the 1965Dino 166 P used a tiny 1,593 cc (1.6 L; 97.2 cu in) version of the 65° unit. Both bore and stroke were different from the earlier engine at 77 mm × 57 mm (3.03 in × 2.24 in) and output was impressive at 175 PS (129 kW; 173 bhp). Bore was up to 86 mm (3.39 in) for the 218 PS (215 bhp; 160 kW) 1,987 cc (2.0 L; 121.3 cu in) version found that same year in theDino 206 SP as well as the 1966Dino 206 S.
In 1968, Ferrari debuted its ownDino 206 GT, the company's firstmid-engined road car. It used the 2.0 L engine from the 206 Stransversely-mounted between the rear wheels. In compared with racing 206 S version the engine of road 206 GT was detuned to 180 PS (178 bhp; 132 kW). After producing just 152 cars, Ferrari bumped the bore and stroke up from 86 mm × 57 mm (3.39 in × 2.24 in) to 92.5 mm × 60 mm (3.64 in × 2.36 in) for 2,419 cc (2.4 L; 147.6 cu in). This increased power to 195 PS (192 bhp; 143 kW) at 7600 rpm and 226 N⋅m; 166 lbf⋅ft (23 kg⋅m) at 5500 rpm, but theengine block was now made ofcast iron rather than aluminium.
The same V6 engine was handed off toLancia for use in itsWRC-champStratos in the early 1970s, but Ferrari's Dino had moved on to 8 cylinders.
Applications:
The Dino V8, now bored to 81 mm (3.19 in) and the stroke remained at 71 mm (2.80 in), replaced the V6 in the next line of street Dinos to be produced by Ferrari, the 1973GT4 and 1975GTB "308" cars. Although the model name suggests 3.0 L, the V8 displaced only 2,927 cc (2.9 L) which rounds down to 2.9 L and was anotherDOHC 2-valve design.
Applications:
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The 1980 "i" models addedfuel injection to the existing 2,927 cc (2.9 L) engine.
Applications:
4 valves per cylinder were added for the 1982308 andMondialQuattrovalvole (or QV), bringing power back up to the pre-FI high of 245 PS (180 kW; 242 bhp).
A very unusual Dino Quattrovalvole was used in theLancia Thema 8·32. It was based on the 308 QV's engine, but used a cross-planecrankshaft rather than the Ferrari-type flat-plane. The engine was constructed byDucati rather than Ferrari,[citation needed] and was produced from 1986 through 1991.
The Quattrovalvole was also used by Lancia for their attempt at theWorld Sportscar Championship with theLC2. The engine wastwin-turbocharged and destroked to 2.65 litres, but produced 720 PS (530 kW; 710 bhp) in qualifying trim. The engine was later increased to 3.0 litres and increased power output to 828 PS (609 kW; 817 bhp).
Applications:
These small V8 variants were chiefly intended for the domestic market, where cars with engines larger than two-litre incurred in an almost doubled 38%value added tax.
In 1975 the company introduced theDino 208 GT4. The bore was reduced from 81 to 66.8 mm (3.19 to 2.63 in) but the stroke remained at 71 mm (2.80 in). Output was reduced as well, from 255 to 170 PS (188 to 125 kW; 252 to 168 bhp).Applications:
1982 saw the introduction of the208 Turbo. The 208 Turbo featured 220 PS (162 kW; 217 bhp), more than thefuel injected 308 from the previous year. Except for the non-intercooled 208 Turbo engine, all the forced induction F1 and road engines from 1980 to 1989 were designed and developed byNicola Materazzi due to his experience with fuels,[7][8] engines, combustion, turbo, andComprex which he had accumulated in his career withMobil,Lancia, andOsella.
Applications:
Theturbo also served as a development platform for the forthcoming 1984288 GTOsports car. That famous Ferrari was meant forGroup B racing, with a 2,855 cc (2.9 L) version of the 308's engine (bore was down by 1 mm (0.04 in) to meet the regulations of the class). WithIHItwin-turbochargers, aBehrintercooler, andWeber-Marellifuel injection, the GTO boasted 400 PS (294 kW; 395 bhp) from Dino's engine.
Applications:
The 1985328 and3.2 Mondial used a bored and stroked 3.0QV V8 to 83 mm × 73.6 mm (3.27 in × 2.90 in) version called theTipo F105CB. Thatnaturally aspirated 3,186 cc (3.2 L) engine boasted 270 PS (199 kW; 266 bhp).
Applications:
Two prototypeFerrari 408 4RMs from 1987 and 1988 used a 90° rear and longitudinally mounted 4.0 litre (3,999.7 cc) V8 that produces 221 kW (296 hp; 300 PS) at 6,250 rpm and 373 N⋅m (275 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4500 rpm. The engine has a compression ratio of 9.8: 1 and a bore and stroke of 93 mm and 73.6 mm respectively, bringing total displacement to 3 999.66 cm³ (4.0 L). The engine also features double overhead camshafts with four valves per cylinder, as well as Weber-Marelli fuel injection anddry sump lubrication.[12]
A transverse mounted transaxle version of the engine called the F117A was built and tested by Ferrari as a possible option for the upcoming348 but was decided against due to Ferrari's preference for smaller displacement high revving engines. A twin turbocharged version was also reportedly tested, producing 450 PS (331 kW; 444 hp) at 6800 rpm and 510 N⋅m (376 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4000 rpm.[13]
In 1987, theF40sports car debuted with theTipo F120A engine. The 2.9 L (2,936.25 cc) Dino-based engine now had abore xstroke of 82 mm × 69.5 mm (3.23 in × 2.74 in) and 16 psi (1.1 bar) ofturbo boost for 351.5 kW (478 PS; 471 hp) at 7000 rpm and 577 N⋅m (426 lbf⋅ft) oftorque at 4000 rpm while the US designated engines, code named theTipo F120 D were rated at 356 kW (484 PS; 477 hp).
Applications:
TheTipo F120 B, used in the Ferrari F40 LM, retained the same displacement as the F120A, but the output of the IHI turbochargers was upped to 2.6 bar (38 psi) and the compression ratio was increased to 8.0:1 for 720 hp (540 kW; 730 PS) at 7500 rpm.[14][15]
Applications:
The 1989 introduction of the348 andMondial t saw the Dino V8 pushed to 3.4 L (3,405 cc) with a bore x stroke of 85 mm × 75 mm (3.35 in × 2.95 in). Power was up to 300 PS (296 bhp; 221 kW) in the Tipo F119D/G, and revised as the Tipo F119H with 320 PS (316 bhp; 235 kW) in later Ferrari 348s.
Applications:
The 1994F355 includedtheir first production5-valve engine, and sported a 2 mm (0.08 in) longer stroke for 3.5 L (3,496 cc) and 380 PS (375 bhp; 279 kW). ThisTipo F129B was used from 1994 through 1998. It was revised as theTipo F129C, debuting in 1998 and used through 1999.
Applications:
The 1999360 Modena retained the 85 mm (3.35 in) bore of the F355 engine and the 5-valve per cylinder layout, but increased the stroke to 79 mm (3.11 in), to raise the displacement again to 3.6 L (3,586 cc) and 400 PS (395 bhp; 294 kW). Modifications to the intake/exhaust and an increased 11.2:1compression ratio produced 425 PS (419 bhp; 313 kW) for the 360 Challenge Stradale. ThisTipo F131 was produced from 1999 through 2004.
Applications:
The Dino V8 was retired in 2004 with the introduction of the newFerrari-Maserati F136 engine used in theFerrari F430.
A newV12 engine family debuted in the 1992456 as theTipo F116. It featured the Dino 65° V angle with an 88 mm bore and the same 75 mm stroke as the Dino V8 found in the348, that was produced at the time of introduction.
It was then revised again as the "Tipo F133" and used in the front engined550 (5.5 litre) and later in575M Maranello and612 Scaglietti (5.75 litre).
