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Fergana (Uzbek:Fargʻona,Фарғона,pronounced[farʁɒna]), (Persian:فرغانه) orFerghana, alsoFarghana is a district-level city and the capital ofFergana Region in easternUzbekistan.[2] Fergana is about 320 km east ofTashkent, about 75 km southwest ofAndijan, and less than 20 km from theKyrgyzstan border. The modern city was founded in 1876.
Fergana first appears in written records in the 5th-century. However, archeological evidence demonstrates that the city had been populated since theChalcolithic period. Like many otherCentral Asian places in the sixth and seventh-centuries, Fergana was ruled by theWestern Turkic Khaganate. Although it was still predominantly inhabited by eastern Iranians, many Turks had also started to settle there.[3] The city of Fergana was refounded in 1876 as agarrison town and colonial appendage toMargilan (22 kilometres or13+1⁄2 miles to the northwest) by theRussian Empire.[citation needed]
Fergana Region is one of the centers of ancient culture inUzbekistan. Photographs ofStone Age settlements and rocks found in the area show that stone tools have been used by people in the valley sinceancient times. Excavations of theGreat Fergana Canal have played an important role in the study ofarchaeological monuments in the region. During the excavation of the canal, monuments from theBronze Age,slavery andland ownership were discovered and studied. Finds from the 5th century BC and early medieval period in the town ofQuva are well studied. Historical sources from the 10th to 11th century state that this city was the largest and most prosperous in the valley afterAkhsikath. Archaeological materials confirm that the city ofMargilan was a largevillage in the 10th century and took on the appearance of ahamlet in the 11th and 12th centuries.
It was initially namedNew Margelan (Russian:Новый Маргелан), then renamed Skobelov (Скобелев) in 1907 after the first Russian military governor of the Fergana Valley,Mikhail Skobelev. In 1924, after theSoviet Union's reconquest of the region from theBasmachi movement, the name was changed toFergana, after the province of which it was the centre.[4]
DuringWorld War I, the city was the location of a Russian prisoner-of-war camp for German and Austro-Hungarian POWs, including ethnicPolish conscripts, many of whom died totyphus.[5]
The industrial base of Fergana was developed in the 20th century. Industry in the city included textile manufacturing and a nitric fertiliser plant. Some of the industrial development was a result ofEvacuation in the Soviet Union during World War II.[6]
Fergana has been a center for oil production in the Fergana Valley since the region's firstoil refinery was built near the city in 1908. Since then, more refineries have been added, and Fergana is one of the most important centers of oil refining in Uzbekistan.Natural gas from western Uzbekistan is transported bypipeline to the valley, where it is used to manufacturefertilizer. TheGreat Fergana Canal, built almost entirely by hand during the 1930s, passes through the northern part of the city and was completed in 1939. During its construction, the canal and the city were widely photographed by the noted photographerMax Penson. With a western loan Fergana is able to modernize its refinery and also reduceair pollution[7] emissions.
Fergana has acool arid climate (KöppenBWk). Winters are cold and short, with a daily average low temperature of −2.6 °C (27.3 °F) and a daily average high of 4.8 °C (40.6 °F) in January; summers are hot, with an average low temperature of 20.6 °C (69.1 °F) and an average high of 35.1 °C (95.2 °F) in July. Annual precipitation is less than 188.1 millimetres or 7 inches, and most of this falls in winter and spring.
Climate data for Fergana (1991-2020, extremes 1881-present)
As of January 1, 2014, the city had a population of 340,600,[10] making it the 3rd largest city in theFergana Valley.
The town wasRussian for the first time after its foundation. In 1911 its population consisted of 11,892 people. Of themRussians were 7,534 (63%),Sarts were 2,590 (22%).[11] According to the 1926census, of the 14,275 inhabitants in the city, there were 7,942 Russians (55%), 667 wereUkrainians (4.6%), and 514 wereJews (3.6%), while there were only 3,011Uzbeks (21.0%).[12]
As of 2013, Fergana is virtuallymono-ethnic - of the city's 350,600 residents, 316,268 are Uzbek (90.0%).
In addition to Uzbeks, 12,084 Russians (3.4%), 3,114Tajiks (1.1%), 2,028Koreans (0.7%), and 626Tatars (0.2%) also live in Fergana. There are alsoAzerbaijanis,Armenians, Jews,Germans and representatives of othernations.
The population of Fergana city is approximately 321,800 as of 2024, was 314,400 as of 2023, and 299,200 as of 2022.[1]Uzbeks are the largest ethnic group, with Russian-speakers comprising about 25% of the city's population.[6]
Thanks to independence,Uzbek sport is developing. Sports are becoming more and more popular in all regions of the country. The fact that in recent years world and Asian champions in various sports have appeared inFergana Region testifies to the fact thatphysical culture andsports are becoming more and more popular among Fergana residents, especially among theyouth. In 1991 there were only 17stadiums in Fergana region, now there are 46,759 football fields and 33 moderntennis courts. Many sportsfacilities have been built in Fergana, such as Istiklol tennis complex, Kimyogar complex, swimming pool and Istiklol stadium, equipped with equipment that fully meets the world standards.
Fergana has a high proportion ofRussians,Koreans andTatars compared to other Fergana Valley cities. With its wide, tree-lined boulevards andRussian Empire-era buildings, and theRussian language spoken frequently on the streets, the city has a distinctly different feel from the rest of the region.[13]
Hill, John E. (2009)Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. John E. Hill. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina.ISBN978-1-4392-2134-1.
Watson, Burton. Trans. 1993.Records of the Grand Historian of China: Han Dynasty II. Translated from theShiji ofSima Qian. Chapter 123: "The Account ofDayuan," Columbia University Press. Revised Edition.ISBN0-231-08166-9;ISBN0-231-08167-7 (pbk.)
^Dates of renaming taken from Adrian Room,Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historical Sites, McFarland, 1997,ISBN0-7864-1814-1 (pbk) p.124
^Sula, Dorota (2017). "Pomoc Polakom – jeńcom w Imperium Rosyjskim w okresie I wojny światowej".Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny (in Polish).40. Opole: 94.ISSN0137-5199.
^abFlynn, Moya; Kosmarskaya, Natalya; Sabirova, Guzel (November 2014). "The Place of Memory in Understanding Urban Change in Central Asia: The Cities of Bishkek and Ferghana".Europe-Asia Studies.66 (9):1501–1524.doi:10.1080/09668136.2014.957926.S2CID153602375.
^Статистический обзор Ферганской области за 1911 год. Скобелев. 1914.
^Цыряпкина Ю. Н. Русские в Узбекистане: языковые практики и самоидентификации (на примере полевых исследований в Фергане)//Томский журнал лингвистических и антропологических исследований. 2015 год. № 3(9), с. 20
