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Fenclonine

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Chemical compound

Pharmaceutical compound

Fenclonine
Clinical data

Other names	CP-10188; Fenclonina; Fencloninum; NSC-77370; Parachlorophenylalanine^[1]
ATC code	None
Identifiers
IUPAC name (S)-2-Amino-3-(4-chlorophenyl)propanoic acid
CAS Number	7424-00-2^Y
PubChemCID	4652
IUPHAR/BPS	5240
ChemSpider	4491^Y
UNII	R5J7E3L9SP
KEGG	D04143^Y
CompTox Dashboard(EPA)	DTXSID4045139
ECHA InfoCard	100.028.229
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₉H₁₀ClNO₂
Molar mass	199.63 g·mol⁻¹
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
Density	1.336 g/cm³
Melting point	240 °C (464 °F)
Boiling point	339.5 °C (643.1 °F)
SMILES Clc1ccc(cc1)CC(C(=O)O)N
InChI InChI=1S/C9H10ClNO2/c10-7-3-1-6(2-4-7)5-8(11)9(12)13/h1-4,8H,5,11H2,(H,12,13)^Y Key:NIGWMJHCCYYCSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N^Y
(verify)

Fenclonine, also known aspara-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), acts as a selective and irreversible inhibitor oftryptophan hydroxylase, which is a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis ofserotonin.^[2]

It has been used experimentally to treatcarcinoid syndrome, but the side effects, mostly hypersensitivity reactions and psychiatric disturbances, have prevented development for this use.^[3]

The effects of serotonin depletion from fenclonine are so drastic that serotonin cannot even be detectedimmunohistochemically within the first day after administration of a control dose. Tryptophan hydroxylase activity can be detected neither in cell bodies or nerve terminals. After one week 10% of control values (the baseline extrapolated for the study) had replenished in theraphe nucleus, and after two weeks from initial treatment as much was again detected in the hypothalamus region.AromaticL-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) levels were at no time affected.^[4]

It is used in scientific research in humans^[5] and animals^[2] to investigate the effects of serotonin depletion.

References

[edit]

^"Fenclonine" entry in Martindale – The Complete Drug Reference. Maintained in Martindale purely for archival purposes, and is no longer subject to revision and update. (Last reviewed: 2008-08-01; last modified: 2011-09-12). The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 2014
^^a ^bJouvet M (August 1999)."Sleep and serotonin: an unfinished story".Neuropsychopharmacology.21 (2 Suppl):24S –27S.doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00009-3.PMID 10432485.
^Kvols LK (December 1986). "Metastatic carcinoid tumors and the carcinoid syndrome. A selective review of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy".The American Journal of Medicine.81 (6B):49–55.doi:10.1016/0002-9343(86)90584-x.PMID 2432781.
^Park DH, Stone DM, Baker H, Kim KS, Joh TH (March 1994). "Early induction of rat brain tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) mRNA following parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) treatment".Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research.22 (1–4):20–8.doi:10.1016/0169-328x(94)90028-0.PMID 8015380.
^Ruhé HG, Mason NS, Schene AH (April 2007). "Mood is indirectly related to serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine levels in humans: a meta-analysis of monoamine depletion studies".Molecular Psychiatry.12 (4):331–59.doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001949.PMID 17389902.

Monoamine metabolism modulators

Non-specific

AAADTooltip Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase

Substrates→Products:L-DOPA (levodopa)→Dopamine
5-HTP→Serotonin
L-Histidine→Histamine
Phenylalanine→Phenethylamine
L-Tyrosine→Tyramine
Tryptophan→Tryptamine

MAOTooltip Monoamine oxidase

Substrates→Products (with ALDHTooltip Aldehyde dehydrogenase/ALRTooltip ALR):Epinephrine (adrenaline)→DHMA Metanephrine→MHPG/VMA Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)→DHMA Normetanephrine→MHPG/VMA Dopamine→DOPAC 3-Methoxytyramine→HVA Serotonin→5-HIAA Inhibitors:Non-selective:Benmoxin Caroxazone Echinopsidine Furazolidone Guineesine Hydralazine Indantadol Iproclozide Iproniazid Isocarboxazid Isoniazid Linezolid Mebanazine Metfendrazine Nialamide Octamoxin Paraxazone Phenelzine Pheniprazine Phenoxypropazine Pivhydrazine Procarbazine Safrazine Tranylcypromine
Inhibitors:MAO-A-selective:Amiflamine Bazinaprine Befloxatone Brofaromine Cimoxatone Clorgiline CX157 (Tyrima) Eprobemide Esuprone Harmala alkaloids (e.g.,harmine,harmaline,harman,norharman,tetrahydroharmine,6-methoxyharman) Methylene blue Metralindole Minaprine Moclobemide Pirlindole Sercloremine Tetrindole Toloxatone
Inhibitors:MAO-B selective:Adarigiline Almoxatone D-Deprenyl Desmethylselegiline Ethanol Ladostigil Lazabemide Milacemide Mofegiline Nicotine Pargyline^‡ Rasagiline Safinamide Selegiline (L-Deprenyl) Sembragiline Tisolagiline Vafidemstat

Phenethylamines
(dopamine,epinephrine,
norepinephrine)

PAHTooltip Phenylalanine hydroxylase	Substrates→Products:Phenylalanine→Tyrosine Inhibitors:3,4-Dihydroxystyrene α-Methylphenylalanine
THTooltip Tyrosine hydroxylase	Substrates→Products:Tyrosine→L-DOPA (levodopa) Inhibitors:2-Hydroxyestradiol 2-Hydroxyestrone 3-Iodotyrosine α-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptophan (α-Me-5-HTP) α-Methylphenylalanine Aquayamycin Bulbocapnine Methyldopa (α-methyl-L-DOPA) Metirosine (α-methyl-p-tyrosine) Oudenone
DBHTooltip Dopamine beta-hydroxylase	Substrates→Products:Dopamine→Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) Inhibitors:Bupicomide Disulfiram Dopastin Etamicastat Fusaric acid Nepicastat Phenopicolinic acid Tropolone Zamicastat
PNMTTooltip Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	Substrates→Products:Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)→Epinephrine (adrenaline) Inhibitors:CGS-19281A SKF-64139 SKF-7698
COMTTooltip Catechol-O-methyl transferase	Substrates→Products:Dopamine→3-Methoxytyramine DOPAC→Homovanillic acid Norepinephrine→Normetanephrine Epinephrine→Metanephrine DOPEG→MOPEG DOMA→VMA 2-Hydroxyestradiol→2-Methoxyestradiol 2-Hydroxyestrone→2-Methoxyestrone 4-Hydroxyestradiol→4-Methoxyestradiol 4-Hydroxyestrone→4-Methoxyestrone Inhibitors:2-Hydroxyestradiol 2-Hydroxyestrone Entacapone Nebicapone Neluxicapone Nitecapone Opicapone Quinalizarin Tolcapone

Tryptamines
(serotonin,melatonin)

TPHTooltip Tryptophan hydroxylase	Substrates→Products:Tryptophan→5-HTP Inhibitors:AGN-2979 Fenclonine (PCPA) Telotristat ethyl
AANATTooltip Serotonin N-acetyl transferase	Substrates→Products:Serotonin→N-Acetylserotonin
ASMTTooltip Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase	Substrates→Products:N-Acetylserotonin→Melatonin

Histamine

HDCTooltip Histidine decarboxylase	Substrates→Products:L-Histidine→Histamine Inhibitors:Catechin Alpha-Fluoromethylhistidine Histidine methyl ester Meciadanol Naringenin Tritoqualine
HNMTTooltip Histamine N-methyltransferase	Substrates→Products:Histamine→N-Methylhistamine Inhibitors:Amodiaquine Diphenhydramine Harmaline Metoprine Quinacrine SKF-91488 Tacrine
DAOTooltip Diamine oxidase	Substrates→Products:Histamine→Imidazole acetic acid Inhibitors:Pimagedine (aminoguanidine)

See also:Receptor/signaling modulators •Adrenergics •Dopaminergics •Melatonergics •Serotonergics •Monoamine reuptake inhibitors •Monoamine releasing agents •Monoamine neurotoxins

Phenethylamines

Entactogens:Lophophine
MDPEA
MDMPEA

Amphetamines

Phentermines

Entactogens:MDPH
MDMPH

Others:Cericlamine

Cathinones

Phenylisobutylamines
(and further-extended)

Stimulants:α-Propylphenethylamine
Hexapradol
Phenylisobutylamine (α-ethylphenethylamine)

Catecholamines
(and close relatives)

Cyclized
phenethylamines

Phenylalkylpyrrolidines	α-PBP α-PHP α-PPP α-PVP MDPBP MDPPP MDPV 4-MePBP 4-MePHP 4-MePPP Fluorolintane MOPPP MOPVP MPBP MPEP MPHP MPPP Naphyrone PEP Prolintane Pyrovalerone
2-Benzylpiperidines (phenidates)	2-Benzylpiperidine 3-Bromomethylphenidate 3-Chloromethylphenidate 3-Methylmethylphenidate 3,4-Dichloro-2-benzylpiperidine 3,4-Dichloroethylphenidate 3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate 4-Bromoethylphenidate 4-Bromomethylphenidate 4-Chloromethylphenidate 4-Fluoroethylphenidate 4-Fluoroisopropylphenidate 4-Fluoromethylphenidate 4-Methyl-2-benzylpiperidine 4-Methylisopropylphenidate 4-Methylmethylphenidate 4-Nitromethylphenidate α-Acetyl-2-benzylpiperidine α-Keto-2-benzylpiperidine CPMBP Desoxypipradrol (2-DPMP) Difemetorex Ethylnaphthidate (HDEP-28) Ethylphenidate Isopropylnaphthidate Isopropylphenidate MDMPH Methylnaphthidate (HDMP-28) Methylphenidate Phacetoperane Pipradrol Propylphenidate Rimiterol Ritalinamide Ritalinic acid SCH-5472 Serdexmethylphenidate
Phenylmorpholines (phenmetrazines)	(2R,3R)-Hydroxybupropion 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromophenyl)morpholine 2-Fluorophenmetrazine 2-Methylphenmetrazine 2-Phenylmorpholine 2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine 3-Chlorophenmetrazine (PAL-594) 3-Fluorophenetrazine 3-Fluorophenmetrazine (PAL-593) 3-Methoxyphenmetrazine 3-Methylphenmetrazine (PAL-773) 4-Fluorophenmetrazine (PAL-748) 4-Methylphendimetrazine 4-Methylphenmetrazine (PAL-747) 2C-B-morpholine Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide Flumexadol G-130 Isophenmetrazine Manifaxine Methylenedioxyphenmetrazine Morazone N-Ethylphenmetrazol Naphthylmetrazine (PAL-704) Naphthylmorpholine (PAL-678) Oxaflozane PDM-35 PF-219,061) Phendimetrazine Phenetrazine Phenmetetrazine Phenmetrazine Phenmetrazol Pseudophenmetrazine Radafaxine ((2S,3S)-hydroxybupropion)
Phenyloxazolamines (aminorexes)	3-Methylaminorex 4-Ethylaminorex (4-EAR) 4'-Fluoroaminorex 4-Methylaminorex (4-MAR) 4,4'-Dimethylaminorex (4,4'-DMAR) 2C-B-aminorex 2F-MAR 4B-MAR 4C-MAR 4F-MAR Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Ephedroxane Fenozolone Fluminorex MDMAR Methylenedioxyaminorex (MDAR) N-Methylcyclazodone N,N-Dimethylaminorex Pemoline Thozalinone
Isoquinolines and tetrahydroisoquinolines	Anhalamine Anhalidine Anhalinine Anhalonidine Anhalonine Anhalotine Arizonine Calycotomine Carnegine (pectenine) Corypalline Debrisoquine Deglucopterocereine Deutetrabenazine Diclofensine DOB-CR DOM-CR Esproquin Gigantine Hedycarine Heliamine Hydrastinine Hydrocotarnine Hydrohydrastinine (MDMTHIQ; MDMA-CR) Isoanhalamine Isoanhalidine Isoanhalonidine Isocorypalline Isopellotine Isosalsoline Lemaireocereine Longimammamine Longimammatine Longimammidine Longimammosine Lophocerine Lophophorine Lophotine MDMA-CR Mescalotam N-Methylanhalinine N-Methylheliamine N-Methylisosalsoline N-Methyl-DOM-CR (Beatrice-CR) N-Methyl-THIQ (METH-CR) Nomifensine Norsalsolinol Nortehaunine Norweberine O-Methylanhalonidine O-Methylpellotine Pachycereine Pellotine Perafensine Peyoglutam Peyophorine Peyotine PMMA-CR Quinisocaine Reticuline Salsolidine Salsoline Salsolinol TDIQ (MDTHIQ, MDA-CR) Tehaunine TehaunineN-oxide Tepenine Tetrabenazine Tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ; AMPH-CR) Tetrahydropapaveroline Tilisolol Tretoquinol Uberine Valbenazine Weberidine Weberine Zelandopam
2-Aminoindanes	2-Aminoindane (2-AI) 5-IAI Aprindine BFAI BFMAI DHAI DOM-AI ETAI Indantadol MDAI MDMAI MEAI (5-MeO-AI) MMAI NM-2-AI PNU-99,194 Pyr-AI TAI
2-Aminotetralins	2-Aminotetralin (2-AT) 5-OH-DPAT 6-CAT 7-OH-DPAT 8-OH-DPAT AS-19 CHF-1024 DOM-AT MDAT MDMAT Nolomirole UH-232
Others / unsorted	1-Aminomethylindanes (e.g.,2CB-Ind,AMMI,bromojimscaline,jimscaline) 2-ADN 2-Benzhydrylpyrrolidine 2C-B-5-hemiFLY-α6 (BNAP) 2C-B-PYR 2CBecca 2CB7 2CJP 2CLisaB 2CLisaH 3-Benzazepines (e.g.,fenoldopam,lorcaserin,7-chlorolorcaserin,SCHEMBL5334361) 3-Benzhydrylmorpholine 3-Phenylpiperidines (e.g.,3-phenylpiperidine,3-PPP,OSU-6162 (PNU-96391),LPH-5,LPH-48,Z3517967757 (Z7757)) 6-AB AL-1095 Aminochromes (e.g.,adrenochrome,adrenolutin) Benzocyclobutenes (e.g.,2CBCB-NBOMe,bromotomscaline,S33005,TCB-2,tomscaline) Benzoxepins (e.g.,BBOX,IBOX,TFMBOX) Butyltolylquinuclidine Camfetamine Cypenamine (trans-2-phenylcyclopentylamine) Diphenidine Diphenylprolinol DMBMPP Ergolines (e.g.,LSD) Fencamfamin GYKI-52895 HDMP-29 Ivabradine Methoxphenidine Methylmorphenate Milnacipran MT-45 2-Naphthylamine Org 6582 Partial ergolines (e.g.,NDTDI,RU-27849,DEIMDHPCA,DEMPDHPCA,DEMPDHPCA-2C-D,RU-27251) PF-592,379 Phenylcyclopropylamines (e.g.,DMCPA,TMT,tranylcypromine) Phenylpiracetams (e.g.,phenylpiracetam,MRZ-9547,RGPU-95) Pyridopyrroloquinoxalines (e.g.,lumateperone,deulumateperone,IHCH-7079,IHCH-7086,IHCH-7113,ITI-1549) Tetrahydrobenzopyranylamines (e.g.,CT-5126) Tolazoline Tricyclics (e.g.,AMDA,AMDH,benzoctamine,dizocilpine,SpAMDA) ZC-B

Related compounds

2-Furylethylamine
2-Pyrrolylethylamine
3-Pyrrolylethylamine
3-Pyrrolylpropylamine
2-Tetrahydrofurylethylamine
4-Benzylpiperidine
7-AB
Alkylamines (e.g.,1,3-DMBATooltip 1,3-dimethylbutylamine,1,4-DMAATooltip 1,4-dimethylamylamine,heptaminol,iproheptine,isometheptene,methylhexanamine/1,3-DMAA,octodrine,oenethyl,tuaminoheptane)
Benzylamines (e.g.,benzylamine,α-methylbenzylamine,MDM1EA,ALPHA,M-ALPHA,pargyline)
Benzylpiperazines (e.g.,benzylpiperazine,MDBZP,fipexide)
Cyclohexylaminopropanes (e.g.,propylhexedrine,norpropylhexedrine)
Cyclopentylaminopropanes (e.g.,isocyclamine,cyclopentamine)
Phenoxyethylamines (e.g.,3,4,5-trimethoxyphenoxyethylamine,CT-4719,ORG-37684)
Phenylalkenylamines (e.g.,phenylbutenamine)
Phenylalkynylamines (e.g.,phenylbutynamine)
Phenylpiperazines (e.g.,1-phenylpiperazine,mCPPTooltip meta-chlorophenylpiperazine,TFMPPTooltip trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine,oMPPTooltip ortho-methylphenylpiperazine,pFPPTooltip para-fluorophenylpiperazine,pMeOPPTooltip para-methoxyphenylpiperazine)
Phenylpropylamines (e.g.,phenylpropylamine,homo-MDA,homo-MDMA)
Thienylaminopropanes (thiopropamines) (e.g.,thiopropamine,methiopropamine,thiothinone)

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