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Felinae

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Subfamily of Felidae
Not to be confused withFelidae.

Felinae[1]
Temporal range:Miocene–Holocene,9–0 Ma
Clockwise, anocelot, aEuropean wildcat, acougar and acheetah
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Carnivora
Family:Felidae
Subfamily:Felinae
Fischer von Waldheim, 1817
Type genus
Felis
Genera

See§Taxonomy

Native ranges of Felinae

TheFelinae orsmall cats are asubfamily of theFelidae distinguished by a bonyhyoid, because of which they canpurr but notroar.[2]Other authors have proposed an alternative definition for this subfamily, as comprising only the livingconical-toothed cat genera with two tribes, the Felini and Pantherini, and excluding the extinct sabre-toothedMachairodontinae.[3][4]

Characteristics

[edit]

The members of the Felinae have retractile claws that are protected by at least onecutaneouslobe. Theirlarynx is kept close to the base of theskull by anossified hyoid.[5]They can purr owing to thevocal folds being shorter than 6 mm (0.24 in).[6][7]The cheetahAcinonyx does not have cutaneous sheaths for guarding claws.[8]

Taxonomy

[edit]

The term 'Felini' was first used in 1817 byGotthelf Fischer von Waldheim, at the time for all the catspecies that had been proposed as belonging to thegenusFelis.[9]In 1917,Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the following genera to the Felinae that had been proposed in the course of the 19th century:Lynx,Puma,Leptailurus,Prionailurus,Pardofelis,Leopardus,Herpailurus,Neofelis and four more.[5]

The Felinae andPantherinae probablydiverged about 11.5 million years ago. The genera within the Felinae diverged between 10.67 and 4.23 million years ago.[10][11]

Today, the following living genera and species are recognised as belonging to the Felinae:[2]

GenusSpeciesImage oftype speciesRange
AcinonyxBrookes, 1828[12]Africa andSouthwestern Asia
CaracalGray, 1843[14]Africa andSouthwestern Asia
CatopumaSevertzov, 1858[17]Southeastern Asia
FelisLinnaeus, 1758[20]
HerpailurusSevertzov, 1858[17]Central andSouthern America
LeopardusGray, 1842[28]Central andSouthern America
LeptailurusSevertzov, 1858[17]Africa
LynxKerr, 1792[37]Northern Hemisphere
OtocolobusBrandt, 1842[41]Central Asia
PardofelisSevertzov, 1858[17]Southeastern Asia
PrionailurusSevertzov, 1858[17]Southeastern andEastern Asia
PumaJardine 1834[48]Americas

Extinct taxa

[edit]
GenusSpeciesImage
Felis
Acinonyx

Lynx
Puma

Leopardus
LeptofelisSalesa et al., 2017
  • L. vallesiensis
MiracinonyxAdams, 1979[52]
  • M. inexpectatus
  • M. trumani
PratifelisHibbard, 1934
  • P. martini
PristifelisSalesa et al., 2012
  • P. attica
SivapantheraKretzoi, 1929[53]
  • S. arvernensis
  • S. brachygnathus
  • S. linxiaensis
  • S. padhriensis
  • S. pleistocaenicus
  • S. potens
SivapardusBikr, 1969[citation needed]
  • S. punjabiensis
VishnufelisPilgrim, 1932
  • V. laticeps

Phylogeny

[edit]

The phylogenetic relationships of Felinae are shown in the following cladogram:[54][55][2]

Felinae
Felinae
Domestic cat lineage
Felis

Felis catus (domestic cat)

Felis lybica (African wildcat)

Felis bieti (Chinese mountain cat)

Felis silvestris (European wildcat)

†Felis lunensis (Martelli's cat)

Felis margarita (Sand cat)

Felis nigripes (Black-footed cat)

Felis chaus (Jungle cat)

†Pristifelis

†Pristifelis attica

Leopard cat lineage
Prionailurus

Prionailurus bengalensis (Leopard cat)

Prionailurus javanensis (Sunda leopard cat)

Prionailurus viverrinus (Fishing cat)

Prionailurus planiceps (Flat-headed cat)

Prionailurus rubiginosus (Rusty-spotted cat)

Otocolobus

Otocolobus manul (Pallas's cat)

Puma lineage
Puma

Puma concolor (Cougar)

†Puma pardoides (Eurasian puma)

†Puma pumoides

†Miracinonyx

†Miracinonyx inexpectatus

†Miracinonyx trumani

Herpailurus

Herpailurus yagouaroundi (Jaguarundi)

Acinonyx

Acinonyx jubatus (Cheetah)

†Acinonyx pardinensis (Giant cheetah)

†Acinonyx aicha

†Acinonyx intermedius

†Sivapanthera

†Sivapanthera brachygnathus

†Sivapanthera pleistocaenicus

†Sivapanthera potens

†Sivapanthera linxiaensis

†Sivapanthera padhriensis

†Sivapanthera arvernensis

Lynx
Lynx lineage

Lynx lynx (Eurasian lynx)

Lynx pardinus (Iberian lynx)

Lynx canadensis (Canada lynx)

Lynx rufus (Bobcat)

†Lynx issiodorensis (Issoire lynx)

†Lynx rexroadensis

†Lynx thomasi

Leopardus
Ocelot lineage

Leopardus pardalis (Ocelot)

Leopardus wiedii (Margay)

Leopardus tigrinus (Oncilla)

Leopardus guigna (Kodkod)

Leopardus geoffroyi (Geoffroy's cat)

Leopardus guttulus (Southern tiger cat)

Leopardus colocolo (Pampas cat)

Leopardus jacobita (Andean mountain cat)

†Leopardus vorohuensis

Caracal lineage
Caracal

Caracal caracal (Caracal)

Caracal aurata (African golden cat)

Leptailurus

Leptailurus serval (Serval)

Bay cat lineage
Catopuma

Catopuma badia (Bay cat)

Catopuma temminckii (Asian golden cat)

Pardofelis

Pardofelis marmorata (Marbled cat)

†Pratifelis

†Pratifelis martini

†Leptofelis

†Leptofelis vallesiensis

sensu stricto

Pantherinae

†Miopanthera

†Miopanthera pamiri

sensu lato

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Wozencraft, W. C. (2005)."Felinae". InWilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–545.ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^abcKitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017)."A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group"(PDF).Cat News. Special Issue 11: 11−63.
  3. ^Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010)."Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.).Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82.ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
  4. ^Werdelin, L. (2013)."Subfamily Felinae − Cats". In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.).Mammals of Africa. Vol. 5. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 144–210.ISBN 978-1-4081-2251-8.
  5. ^abPocock, R. I. (1917)."The classification of the existing Felidae".Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 8.XX (119):329–350.doi:10.1080/00222931709487018.
  6. ^Hast, M. H. (1989)."The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats".Journal of Anatomy.163:117–121.PMC 1256521.PMID 2606766.
  7. ^Peters, G. (2002). "Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals".Mammal Review.32 (4): 245−271.doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00113.x.
  8. ^Pocock, R. I. (1917)."VII.—On the external characters of the Felidæ".The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 8.19 (109): 113−136.doi:10.1080/00222931709486916.
  9. ^Fischer, G. (1817)."Adversaria Zoologica. Fasciculus primus. Quaedam ad Mammalium systema et genera illustranda".Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou.5: 357−446.
  10. ^Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006)."The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment".Science.311 (5757):73–77.Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J.doi:10.1126/science.1122277.PMID 16400146.S2CID 41672825.
  11. ^Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J. (2016)."Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)".Genome Research.26 (1): 1−11.doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114.PMC 4691742.PMID 26518481.
  12. ^Brookes, J. (1828)."Section Carnivora".A catalogue of the Anatomical and Zoological Museum of Joshua Brookes. London: Richard Taylor. p. 16.
  13. ^Schreber, J. C. D. (1777)."Der Gepard".Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen (Dritter Theil). Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 392–393.
  14. ^Gray, J. E. (1843)."Felidae".List of the specimens of Mammalia in the British Museum. London: The British Museum. pp. 39–46.
  15. ^Schreber, J. C. D. (1777)."Der Karakal".Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 413–414.
  16. ^Temminck, C. J. (1827)."Félis doréFelis aurata".Monographies de Mammalogie. Paris: G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne. pp. 120−121.
  17. ^abcdeSevertzow, M. N. (1858)."Notice sur la classification multisériale des Carnivores, spécialement des Félidés, et les études de zoologie générale qui s'y rattachent".Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée.X:385–396.
  18. ^abVigors, N. A.; Horsfield, T. (1827)."Descriptions of two species of the genusFelis, in the collections of the Zoological Society".The Zoological Journal.III (11):449–451.
  19. ^Gray, J. E. (1874)."Description of a new Species of Cat (Felis badia) from Sarawak".Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1874:322–323.
  20. ^abLinnaeus, C. (1758)."Felis".Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tenth reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. pp. 42–44.
  21. ^Schreber, J. C. D. (1778)."Die wilde Kaze" [The wild Cat].Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen (Dritter Theil). Erlangen: Expedition des Schreber'schen Säugthier- und des Esper'schen Schmetterlingswerkes. pp. 397–402.
  22. ^Schreber, J. C. D. (1778)."Der Kirmyschak".Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 414–416.
  23. ^Forster, G. R. (1780)."LIII. Der Karakal".Herrn von Büffons Naturgeschichte der vierfüssigen Thiere. Mit Vermehrungen, aus dem Französischen übersetzt. Sechster Band [Mr. von Büffon‘s Natural History of Quadrupeds. With additions, translated from French. Volume 6]. Berlin: Joachim Pauli. pp. 299–319.
  24. ^Burchell, W. J. (1824)."Felis nigripes".Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa, Vol. II. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. p. 592.
  25. ^Loche, V. (1858)."Description d'une nouvelle espèce de Chat par M. le capitaine Loche" [Description of a new species of cat, Mr. Captain Loche].Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée. 2.X:49–50.
  26. ^Milne-Edwards, A. (1892)."Observations sur les mammifères du Thibet".Revue Générale des Sciences Pures et Appliquées.III:670–671.
  27. ^Geoffroy St. Hilaire, É. (1803)."Le Chat YagouarundiFelis yagouarundi".Catalogue des Mammifères du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris, France: Museum National d'histoire naturelle. p. 124.
  28. ^Gray, J. E. (1842)."Descriptions of some new genera and fifty unrecorded species of Mammalia".Annals and Magazine of Natural History.10 (65): 255−267.doi:10.1080/03745484209445232.
  29. ^Linnaeus, C. (1758)."Felis pardalis".Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. I (Tenth ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 42.
  30. ^Schreber, J. C. D. (1778)."Die Maragua".Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 396–397.
  31. ^abMolina, G. I. (1782)."La GuignaFelis guigna".Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chilli. Bologna: Stamperia di S. Tommaso d’Aquino. p. 295. Archived fromthe original on 2019-06-08. Retrieved2020-08-06.
  32. ^Schinz, H. R. (1821)."Wiedische KatzeFelis wiedii".Das Thierreich eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere: als Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschichte und der vergleichenden Anatomie von dem Herrn Ritter von Cuvier. Säugethiere und Vögel, Volume 1. Stuttgart, Tübingen: Cotta. pp. 235–236.
  33. ^D'Orbigny, A.; Gervais, P. (1844)."Mammalogie: Nouvelle espèce de Felis".Extraits des Procès-verbaux des Séances.9: 40−41.
  34. ^Cornalia, E. (1865)."Descrizione di una nuova specie del genere Felis.Felis jacobita (Corn.)".Memorie della Societá Italiana di Scienze Naturali.1: 3−9.
  35. ^Hensel, R. (1872)."Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Säugethiere Süd-Brasiliens".Physikalische Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1873): 1−130.
  36. ^Schreber, J. C. D. (1778)."Der Serval".Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther.
  37. ^abKerr, R. (1792)."F. Lynx canadensis".The Animal Kingdom or zoological system of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. Class I. Mammalia. Edinburgh & London: A. Strahan & T. Cadell. p. 157−158.
  38. ^Linnaeus, C. (1758)."Felis lynx".Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 43.
  39. ^Schreber, J. C. D. (1778)."Der Rotluchs".Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 442–443.
  40. ^Temminck, C. J. (1827)."Felis pardina".Monographies de mammalogie, ou description de quelques genres de mammifères, dont les espèces ont été observées dans les différens musées de l'Europe. Vol. 1. Leiden: C. C. Vander Hoek. pp. 116−117.
  41. ^Brandt J. F. (1842). "Observations sur le manoul (Felis manul Pallas)".Bulletin Scientifique. Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Petersbourg.9:37–39.
  42. ^Pallas, P. S. (1776)."Felis manul".Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs in einem ausführlichen Auszuge. Volume 3. Frankfurt und Leipzig: J. G. Fleischer. p. 490.
  43. ^Martin, W. C. (1836)."Description of a new species ofFelis".Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.IV (XLVII):107–108.
  44. ^Kerr, R. (1792)."Bengal Tiger-CatFelis bengalensis".The Animal Kingdom or zoological system of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. Class I. Mammalia. Edinburgh & London: A. Strahan & T. Cadell. pp. 151–152.
  45. ^Desmarest, A. G. (1816)."Le Chat de Java,Felis javanensis Nob.". In Société de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs (ed.).Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine. Tome 6. Paris: Chez Deterville. p. 115.
  46. ^Bennett, E. T. (1833)."Felis viverrinus".Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Part I:68–69.
  47. ^Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. (1831)."Le Chat à Taches de Rouille,Felis rubiginosa (Nob.)l". In Bélanger, C.; Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. (eds.).Voyage aux Indes-Orientales par le nord de l'Europe, les provinces du Caucases, la Géorgie, l'Arménie et la Perse, suivi des détails topographiques, statistiques et autre sur le Pégou, les Iles de Jave, de Maurice et de Bourbon, sur le Cap-de-bonne-Espérance et Sainte-Hélène, pendant les années 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828 et 1829. Tome 3: Zoologie. Paris: Arthus Bertrand. pp. 140−144.
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  49. ^Linnaeus, C. (1771)."Felis concolor".Mantissa plantarum altera. Generum editionis VI et specierum editionis II. Regni animalis appendix. Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 522.
  50. ^Stephens, J. J. (1959). "A new Pliocene cat from Kansas".Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters (44):41–46.
  51. ^Werdelin, L. (1981)."The evolution of lynxes"(PDF).Annales Zoologici Fennici (18):37–71. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2023-03-28. Retrieved2019-04-27.
  52. ^Adams, D. B. (1979). "The Cheetah: Native American".Science.205 (4411):1155–1158.Bibcode:1979Sci...205.1155A.doi:10.1126/science.205.4411.1155.PMID 17735054.S2CID 17951039.
  53. ^Kretzoi, M. (1929). "Materialien zur phylogenetischen Klassifikation der Ailuroïden". In Csiki, E. (ed.).Xe Congrès international de zoologie, tenu à Budapest du 4 au 10 septembre 1927. Volume 2. Budapest: Imprimerie Stephaneus. pp. 1293−1355.
  54. ^Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010)."Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.).Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82.ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
  55. ^Wozencraft, W. C. (2005)."Order Carnivora". InWilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628.ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.OCLC 62265494.

External links

[edit]
  • Media related toFelinae at Wikimedia Commons
ExtantCarnivora species
Prionodon(Asiatic linsangs)
Pantherinae
Neofelis
Panthera
Felinaesensu stricto
Bay cat
lineage
Pardofelis
Catopuma
Caracal
lineage
Caracal
Leopardus
Lynx
Puma
lineage
Acinonyx
Puma
Leopard cat
lineage
Prionailurus
Felis
Viverroidea
    • see below↓
Hemigalinae
Paradoxurinae
Paradoxurus
Viverrinaesensu lato
Viverrinae
sensu stricto
Viverra
Poiana
(African linsangs)
subgenusGenetta
(paraphyletic)
subgenusEugenetta
(paraphyletic)
subgenusHerpailuropoda
(paraphyletic)
subgenusPardogale
(paraphyletic)
subgenusPrionailuropoda
subgenusLeptailuropoda
(paraphyletic)
subgenusOsbornictis
Herpestoidea
    • see below↓
Hyaenidae
(hyenas)
Proteles
Hyaeninae
(bone-crushing hyenas)
Crocuta
Herpestidaesensu lato
Eupleridae
(Malagasy
carnivorans)
Euplerinae
(Malagasy civets)
Eupleres(falanoucs)
Galidiinae
(vontsira)
Galidictis
Salanoia
Suricata
Mungos
Helogale
Crossarchus
(kusimanses)
Urva
(Asian mongooses)
Bdeogale
Herpestes
(slender mongooses)
Urocyon
Nyctereutes
(raccoon dogs)
Vulpes
(truefoxes)
Speothos
Lycalopex
(South American foxes)
Lupulella
Lycaon
Canis
Ailuropoda
Tremarctos
Ursinae
Ursus
Mustelida
Pinnipedia(seals)
    • see below↓
Musteloidea
    • see below↓
Odobenidae
Callorhinus
(northernfur seals)
Otariinae
(sea lions)
Zalophus
Neophoca
Arctocephalus
(southernfur seals)
Phoca
Pusa
Monachini
(monk seals)
Neomonachus
Mirounga
(elephant seals)
Lobodontini
(Antarctic seals)
Ailuridae
Conepatus
(hog-nosed skunks)
Mephitis
Mydaus
(stink badgers)
Spilogale
(spotted skunks)
Bassariscus
Procyon
(raccoons)
Bassaricyon
(olingos)
Nasuina
(coatis)
Nasua
Nasuella
(mountain coatis)
Mustelidae
    • see below↓
Mellivora
Arctonyx
(hog badgers)
Meles
(Eurasian badgers)
Melogale
(ferret-badgers)
Pekania
Gulo
Martes
(martens)
Lyncodontini
Galictis
(grisons)
Ictonychini
(African polecats)
Vormela
Ictonyx
Lontra
Enhydra
Lutra
Lutrogale
Aonyx
Neogale
(New World weasels)
subgenusMustela
(paraphyletic)
subgenusLutreola
(paraphyletic)
subgenusPutorius
Felinae
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