Feliformia is a suborder within the orderCarnivora consisting of "cat-like" carnivorans, includingcats,hyenas,mongooses,viverrids, and relatedtaxa. Feliformia stands in contrast to the other suborder of Carnivora,Caniformia consisting of "dog-like" carnivorans (includes Canoidea).[1]
The separation of the Carnivora into the broad groups of feliforms and caniforms is widely accepted, as is the definition of Feliformia and Caniformia as suborders (sometimes superfamilies). The classification of feliforms as part of the Feliformia suborder or under separate groupings continues to evolve.
Systematic classifications dealing with onlyextant taxa include all feliforms into the Feliformia suborder, though variations exist in the definition and grouping of families and genera.[2][3] Indeed, molecular phylogenies suggest that all extant Feliformia aremonophyletic.[4]
Systematic classifications dealing with both extant and extinct taxa vary more widely.[5][6] Some separate the feliforms (extant and extinct) as Aeluroidea (superfamily) and Feliformia (suborder).[6] Others include all feliforms (extant, extinct and "possible ancestors") into the Feliformia suborder.[5] Some studies suggest this inclusion of "possible ancestors" into Feliformia (or even Carnivora) may be spurious.[7] The extinct (†) families as reflected in the taxa chart are the least problematic in terms of their relationship with extant feliforms (with the most problematic beingNimravidae).
All extant feliforms share a common attribute: theirauditory bullae (bony capsules enclosing themiddle andinner ear).[8] This is a key diagnostic in classifying species as feliform versus caniform. In feliforms, the auditory bullae are double-chambered, composed of two bones joined by aseptum. Caniforms have single-chambered or partially divided auditory bullae, composed of a single bone. This feature, however, is problematic for the classification of the extinctNimravidae as feliforms. Nimravid fossils showossified bullae with no septum, or no trace at all of the entire bulla. It is assumed that they had acartilaginous housing of the ear mechanism.[9]
The specific characteristics of extant feliform bullae suggest a common ancestor, though one has not been identified in thefossil records. There are other characteristics that differentiate feliforms from caniforms and probably existed in their stem taxa. But, due to speciation, these do not apply unambiguously to all extant species.
Feliforms tend to have shorterrostrums (snouts) than caniforms, fewer teeth, and more specializedcarnassials. Feliforms tend to be more carnivorous and are generally ambush hunters. Caniforms tend more toward omnivorous and opportunity-based feeding. However, omnivorous feliforms also exist, particularly in the familyViverridae.
Many feliforms have retractile or semi-retractile claws and many arearboreal or semi-arboreal. Feliforms also tend to be moredigitigrade (walking on toes). Most caniforms are terrestrial and have non-retractile claws.
Seven families are extant, with 12 subfamilies, 56 genera, and 114 species in the Feliformia suborder. They range natively across all continents exceptAustralia andAntarctica. Most species are arboreal or semiarboreal ambush hunters. Target prey vary based on the species size and available food sources (with the larger species feeding mainly on small mammals and the smallest species feeding oninsects orinvertebrates).
An overview of each family is provided here. For detailed taxa and descriptions of the species in each family, follow the links to other articles and external references.
FamilyEupleridae (the "Malagasy carnivorans") includesfossa,falanouc,Malagasy civet andMalagasy mongooses, all of which are restricted to the island ofMadagascar. The eight species in the family exhibit significant variations in form. These differences initially led to the species in this family sharing common names with, and being placed in the different families of, apparently more similar species on the mainland (e.g. civets and mongoose). However, phylogenetic analysis ofDNA provides strong evidence that allMalagasy carnivorans evolved from a single common ancestor that was a herpestid (Yoder et al. 2003).[10][11] Phylogenetic analysis supports this view and places all of the Malagasy carnivorans in the family Eupleridae.[12]
The differences in form make it difficult to concisely summarise the species in this family. The range in size is as diverse as the range in form, with smaller species at less than 500 g (1 lb) and the largest species at up to 12 kg (26 lb). Some have retractile or semi-retractile claws (the fossa and the Malagasy civet) and others do not (the falanouc and Malagasy mongooses). They all tend to have slender bodies and pointed rostra (except the fossa, which has a blunt snout). Diet varies with size and form of the species and, like their mainland counterparts, ranges from small mammals, insects and invertebrates through to crustaceans and molluscs.
FamilyFelidae (cats) are the most widespread of the "cat-like" carnivorans. There are 41 extant species, and all but a few have retractile claws. This family is represented on all continents except for Australia (wheredomestic cats have beenintroduced) and Antarctica. The species vary in size from the tinyblack-footed cat (Felis nigripes) at only 2 kg (4.5 lb) to thetiger (Panthera tigris) at 300 kg (660 lb). Diet ranges from large to small mammals,birds and insects (depending on species size).
FamilyHyaenidae (hyenas andaardwolf) has four extant species and two subspecies. All show features ofconvergent evolution withcanids, including non-retractile claws, long muzzles, and adaptations to running for long distances. They are extant in theMiddle East,India andAfrica. Hyenas are large, powerful animals, up to 80 kg (176 lb) and represent one of the most prolific large carnivorans on the planet. Theaardwolf is much smaller and is a specialised feeder, eating mainly harvester termites.
FamilyHerpestidae (mongooses,kusimanses, and themeerkat) has 32 species. Previously, these were placed in the family Viverridae. However, Wilson and Reeder (1993) established the herpestids as morphologically and genetically distinct from viverrids. They are extant in Africa, Middle East andAsia. All have non-retractile claws. They are smaller as a family, ranging from 1 kg (2.2 lb) to 5 kg (11 lb), and typically have long, slender bodies and short legs. Diet varies based on species size and available food sources, ranging from small mammals, birds toreptiles, insects andcrabs. Some species areomnivorous, includingfruits andtubers in their diet.
FamilyNandiniidae (theAfrican palm civet) has only one species (Nandinia binotata), extant acrosssub-Saharan Africa. They have retractile claws and are slender-bodied, arboreal omnivores (with fruit making up much of their diet). They are relatively small with the larger males weighing up to 5 kg (11 lb).
FamilyPrionodontidae (Asiatic linsangs) has two extant species in one genus. They live in Southern-East Asia. All are arborealhypercarnivorans. They are the closest living relatives of the family Felidae.[13]
FamilyViverridae (all but twocivets,genets,oyans, and thebinturong) has 30 living species. They all have long bodies, short legs with retractile claws, and usually long tails. In weight, the species range from 0.5–14 kg (1.1–30.9 lb). Some occur in Southern Europe, but most in Africa and Asia. Their diet ranges from fruit and plants to insects,crustaceans andmolluscs, and small mammals.
In the MiddlePalaeocene (60 million years ago),Miacoidea appears. Miacoids were a group ofparaphyletic taxa believed to be basal to Carnivora. They had Carnivora-likecarnassials but lacked fullyossified auditory bullae. Miacids were small arboreal carnivorans and, based on their size (roughly that of mongooses), they probably fed on insects, small mammals and birds.
The miacoids are divided into two groups: the miacids, with a full complement of molars, and the viverravines with a reduced number of molars and more specialized carnassials. These dental differences resemble the difference between Caniforms (with more teeth) and Feliforms (with fewer teeth) but this may not mean evolutionary lineages. It was thought thatViverravidae was basal to the Feliforms. However, some studies suggest this is not the case.[7]
In the MiddleEocene (about 42 mya), the miacids started to branch into two distinct groups of the order Carnivora: the Feliforms and Caniforms. The miacid precursors to the extant Feliforms remained forest-dwelling, arboreal or semi-arboreal ambush hunters, while the Caniform precursors were more mobile, opportunistic hunters. While it is clear that the first Feliforms appeared at this time, there is no clear common ancestor of the Feliform families in the fossil records. As forest dwellers, the early Feliforms were subject to more rapid decomposition in the absence of sedimentary materials, resulting in large gaps in the fossil records.
For more discussion on feliform evolution and the divergence from the caniforms, together with additional external references on this subject, see the articles onCarnivora,Miacoidea andCarnivoramorpha.
^Eizirik, E., W.J. Murphy, K.P. Koepfli, W.E. Johnson, J.W. Dragoo, R.K.Wayne, en S.J. O’Brien, 2010. Pattern and timing of the diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56: 49–63.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033
^abWesley-Hunt, Gina D.; Flynn, John J. (2005). "Phylogeny of the carnivora: Basal relationships among the carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of 'miacoidea' relative to carnivora".Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.3 (1):1–28.Bibcode:2005JSPal...3....1W.doi:10.1017/S1477201904001518.ISSN1477-2019.S2CID86755875.
^Philippe Gaubert, W. Chris Wozencraft, Pedro Cordeiro-Estrela and Géraldine Veron. 2005 - Mosaics of Convergences and Noise in Morphological Phylogenies: What's in a Viverrid-Like Carnivoran?
^Gaubert, P., & Veron, G. (2003). "Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia". Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 270 270 (1532): 2523–30.doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2521
^abcWerdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010)."Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.).Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82.ISBN978-0-19-923445-5.
^Wilson, D.E.; Mittermeier, R.A., eds. (2009).Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 1: Carnivora. Barcelona: Lynx Ediciones. pp. 50–658.ISBN978-84-96553-49-1.
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