FeliCa is a contactlessRFIDsmart card system fromSony inJapan, primarily used inelectronic money cards. The name stands forFelicity Card. First utilized in theOctopus card system inHong Kong,[1] the technology is used in a variety of cards also in countries such asJapan,Indonesia,Macau, thePhilippines and theUnited States.
FeliCa'sencryption key is dynamically generated each time mutualauthentication is performed, preventing fraud such as impersonation.
FeliCa is externally powered, i.e. it does not need a battery to operate. The card uses power supplied from the special FeliCa card reader when the card comes in range. When the data transfer is complete, the reader will stop the supply of power.
FeliCa was proposed forISO/IEC 14443 Type C but was rejected.[citation needed] However,ISO/IEC 18092 (Near Field Communication) uses some similar modulation methods. It usesManchester coding at 212 kbit/s in the 13.56 MHz range. A proximity of 10 centimeters or less is required for communication.
FeliCa complies with JIS: X6319-4: Specification of implementation for integrated circuit(s) cards - Part 4: High speed proximity cards. The standard is regulated byJICSAP (Japan IC Card System Application Council).
TheUK IT security evaluation and certification scheme provides more detail as to the internal architecture of the FeliCa card (RC-S860). FeliCa IC card (hardware) and its operating system has obtained ISO15408Evaluation Assurance Level 4 (EAL4), a standard which indicates the security level of information technology and consumer products.
FeliCa is also included as a condition of the NFC Forum Specification Compliance.[2]
A new version of FeliCa IC chip was announced in June 2011 and had enhanced security adopting theAdvanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption.[3] Sony claimed the next generation chip would have a higher performance, reliability and lower power consumption.[4] The newest generation of the technology was announced by Sony in 2020, which introduced higher[clarification needed] levels of encryption and additional security options[example needed] to meet market needs.[5]
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FeliCa supports simultaneous access of up to 8 blocks (1 block is 16octets). If an IC card is moved outside of the power-supplied area during the session, the FeliCa card automatically discards incomplete data to restore the previous state.
Mobile FeliCa is a modification of FeliCa for use in mobile phones byFeliCa Networks[1], a subsidiary company of bothNTT DoCoMo andSony. DoCoMo has developed awallet phone concept based on Mobile FeliCa and has developed a wide network of partnerships and business models.au and SoftBank (formerVodafone Japan) have also licensed mobile FeliCa from FeliCa Networks.
TheOsaifu-Keitai (おサイフケータイ) system (literal translation: "wallet-phone") was developed by NTT DoCoMo, and introduced in July 2004 and later licensed to Vodafone and au, which introduced the product in their own mobile phone ranges under the same name. Using Osaifu-Keitai, multiple FeliCa systems (such as Suica and Edy) can be accessed from a single mobile phone. On January 28, 2006, au introducedMobile Suica which is used primarily on the railway networks owned byJR East.
On September 7, 2016, Apple announcedApple Pay now features FeliCa technology. Users who purchasediPhone 7 orApple Watch Series 2 in Japan can now add Suica cards into their Apple Pay wallets and tap their devices just like regular Suica cards.[6][7] Users can either transfer the balance from a physical Suica card to the Apple Pay wallet, or create a virtual Suica card in the wallet from theJR East application.[8] On September 12, 2017, Apple announced newiPhone 8,iPhone X, andApple Watch Series 3 models featuring "Global FeliCa", i.e. NFC-F and licensed FeliCa middleware incorporated in all devices sold worldwide, not just ones sold in Japan.[9]
On October 9, 2018, Google announced that its latestPixel device, the Pixel 3, would support FeliCa in models purchased in Japan. This feature enables support for WAON, Suica, and various other FeliCa-based services throughGoogle Pay and the Osaifu-Keitai system. Successor models including the3a and4 have the same support of Mobile Felica in Japan-sold models.
Sony has built a FeliCa reader/writer known as "FeliCa Port" into theirVAIO PC line. Using the device, FeliCa cards can be used over the Internet for shopping and charging FeliCa cards.
An external USB FeliCa PC reader/writer has been released as well, calledPaSoRi. It is USB-powered and allows one to perform online transactions and top upEZ-link cards in Singapore withcredit cards ordebit cards anywhere, as long as there is direct access to the Internet.
The Sony PaSoRi Reader is not compatible with the new ez-link cards.[10]
As FeliCa is thede facto smart card ticketing system standard in Japan, many of these cards have integrated services. A particular region/operator may accept multiple cards.
The table below shows the integrated services FeliCa cards have for each Japanese region.