From the first republicanconstitution there was already a device that foresaw the move of the federal capital fromRio de Janeiro, at that time in the formerFederal District (1889–1960), to the interior of the country. In 1891 the Exploration Commission of the Central Highlands of Brazil was appointed, led by astronomerLuiz Cruls and composed of doctors, geologists and botanists, who made a study on topography, climate, geology, flora, fauna and other material resources of the region of the Central Highlands The area was known as Quadrilateral Cruls and was presented in 1894 to the Republican Government.
In 1922 a commission of the Federal Government established the location inGoiás, but the project was closed. Only in 1955, during a few elections, the then presidential candidateJuscelino Kubitschek said he would transfer the capital. Elected president, he established the construction ofBrasília as a meta-synthesis of hisPlano de Metas.
In 1956, after being elected to the presidency, JK, on his own initiative, sent a message to Congress proposing the creation of the New Capital Urbanization Company (Novacap). After the congress approved the project, in September of the same year, the president signed the law that created the company.[5]
As a result, Novacap, a public company, was given the task of planning and executing the construction of the federal capital in the region delimited by General José Pessoa. After a public competition to select the city's pilot plan, a judging committee chose the urban design by architect Lúcio Costa, which was unanimously approved by the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.[6][7] This also made the name Brasília official, as well as the choice ofOscar Niemeyer as architect andJoaquim Cardozo as structural engineer.[8][9]
Construction began that same year, under the supervision of Oscar Niemeyer and Israel Pinheiro. The Bandeirante Nucleus was then formed, with candangos (workers who worked on the construction of Brasília, initially from Goiás, Minas Gerais and mainly the Northeast).Earthworks began in November 1956. Thirty thousand workers built Brasília in 41 months. Israel Pinheiro was appointed the first mayor of the Federal District on April 17, 1960, shortly before its inauguration on April 21, 1960, the date chosen by Juscelino Kubitschek in honor of Tiradentes.[10]
The capital of Brazil was transferred fromRio de Janeiro toBrasília on 21 April 1960 and its new territory, split off from Goiás state on the border with the Minas Gerais state, became the current Federal District. After the transfer the old Federal District, containing the city of Rio de Janeiro, became the state ofGuanabara. This state existed from 1960 until 1975, when it merged with the state ofRio de Janeiro. With the merger the capital of Rio de Janeiro state was transferred back fromNiterói to Rio de Janeiro itself (as it had been until 1834 when theempire created theNeutral Municipality).
According to theIBGE census of 2007, there were 2,393,000 people residing in the Federal District. The population density was 410.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,064/sq mi).
The Federal District is located in theBrazilian Highlands, having an altitude between 600 and 1,100 meters above sea level, with its highest point being thePico do Roncador, in Serra do Sobradinho.[14][15] In area, the Federal District is more than double the size ofTokyo (Japan) or the island ofMaui (Hawaii, United States). Comparing dry land areas, it is slightly larger thanFrench Polynesia, the US State ofRhode Island, orCape Verde. It is slightly smaller thanBali (Indonesia) orTrinidad and Tobago. The District is surrounded in almost its entirety by Goiás except for a short stretch along thePreto River withMinas Gerais. The District's eastern boundary is marked by the aforementioned Preto River, an eventual tributary of theSão Francisco, and its western boundary by theDescoberto, an eventual tributary of theRío de la Plata. The northern and southern boundaries are roughly straight lines.
The Federal District has atropical savanna climate (Aw according tothe Köppen system), with a rainy season from October to April, and adry season from May to September. The altitude moderates temperatures, which throughout the year are very warm rather than uncomfortably hot: maxima range from 25 to 28 °C or 77 to 82 °F throughout the year. During thedry season (winter), thehumidity can reach very low level with dangerous fire risks, mainly during the peak hours of the hottest days. The artificialParanoá Lake, with almost 40 km2 (15 sq mi) and 500 million cubic metres (410,000 acre⋅ft) of water, was built to minimize the severe drought and consequent flammability of the dry season in thecerrado region.
Buriti Palace, seat of the government of the Federal DistrictHeadquarters of the Legislative Chamber of the Federal District
The politics and administration of the Federal District are distinguished from the other units of the federation in some particular points, as defined in the Brazilian Constitution of 1988:[16]
The Federal District is governed by anorganic law, typical of municipalities, and not by a state constitution. It builds up the legislative powers reserved to states and municipalities, which are not forbidden by theConstitution.
The hybrid character of the Federal District is observable by its Legislative Chamber, a mixture of Municipal Chamber and Legislative Assembly.
The Legislative Power of the Federal District is exercised by theLegislative Chamber, with 24 electeddistrict deputies; being that the head of the Executive Power is thegovernor.
The Federal District is alegal entity of internal public law, which is part of the political-administrative structure of Brazil, of a naturesui generis, because it is neither astate nor amunicipality, but a special entity that accumulates the legislative powers reserved to the states and the municipalities, as provided in art. 32, § 1º of the CF, which gives it a hybrid nature of state and municipality.[16]
Article 32 of the1988 Brazilian Constitution expressly prohibits the Federal District from being divided intomunicipalities, being considered one.[16] The executive power of the Federal District was represented by the mayor of the Federal District until 1969, when the position was transformed into governor of the Federal District.[17][18]
The legislative power of the Federal District is represented by theLegislative Chamber of the Federal District, whose nomenclature represents a mixture oflegislative assembly (legislative power of the other units of the federation) andmunicipal chamber (legislative of the municipalities). The Legislative Chamber is made up of 24 district deputies.[19]
Part of the budget of the Federal District Government comes from the Constitutional Fund of the Federal District. In 2012, the fund totaled 9.6 billion reais.[20] By 2015, the forecast was of 12.4 billion Reais, with more than half (6.4% of the total) billion for public security expenditures.[21]
Located in Brasília, the "Parque da Cidade" ("City Park"), officially the "Parque da Cidade Sarah Kubitschek", is named after the wife of Brazilian presidentJuscelino Kubitschek, extends over four million square meters. It includes landscape works ofBurle Marx, and wall tiles that decorate restrooms in the park designed byAthos Bulcão. Equipped with sports courts, a horse track, a racing kart track, skate tracks, playgrounds for children, bicycle tracks and trails for walks and jogging, the City Park attracts thousands of people everyday, specially on weekends. The park's main entrance is located in theMonumental Axis South, but there are secondary exits that lead to other areas in the city's south wing.
Designed byOscar Niemeyer, it was inaugurated in 1970. Its shape is circular horizontally and structured around 16 curved pillars, forming a crown filled with futuristic and/or spatial stained-glass works in a triangular shape. The pillars evoke reversed praying hands that deconstruct the gothic traditional church window pattern, but conserves the triangular vaginal shape of the stained-glasses. The curves present in many of Niemeyer's works pay homage to the beautifully built bodies of Brazilian women.
The Three Powers Square
The stained-glasses were designed byMarianne Peretti. Their disposition ensures natural lighting into the aisle, which was built below street level. Around the church, in the outside area, visitors can see Alfredo Ceschiatti's sculptures — thefour evangelists — and inside, suspended angels. There are also paintings byEmiliano Di Cavalcanti, representing the stages of thePassion of Christ, and paintings by Athos Bulcão. The cathedral is located in the Eixo Monumental mall, at the entry to the Esplanada dos Ministérios, or Ministries Sector.
Praça dos Três Poderes concentrates some of the most important and significant buildings in the work and career ofOscar Niemeyer — the Planalto Palace, headquarters of Brazilian Presidency; the National Congress, hosting the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate; and the Higher Courts of Justice. The Square also hosts: thePanteão da Pátria (Pantheon of the Fatherland), the Lúcio Costa Space and three important sculptures — "Pombal", by Niemeyer; "Justice", by Alfredo Ceschiatti; and "Os Candangos", byBruno Giorgi. In the central plaza, a giantBrazilian national flag 286 square meters (3,080 sq ft) is supported by a triangular black 100-meter (330 ft) and high pole. It is located at the end of the Esplanada dos Ministérios.
In addition to being the political center, the Federal District is also an important economic center, being the seventh federal unit with the highest gross domestic product (GDP) in Brazil (171.2 billion reais - 2012) and the highest GDP per capita in the country, 64,653 reais (2012).[22]
Brasília International Airport is the third largest in Brazil in terms of passenger movement. Because of its strategic location it is considered a civil aviation hub for the rest of the country. This makes for a large number of takeoffs and landings and it is not unusual for flights to have to wait in the holding pattern to land. Following theairport's master plan,Infraero built a second runway in 2005. In 2003, the fourth phase of the passenger terminal expansion was completed. It raised its capacity to 7.4 million passengers a year. The third floor of the main building, with 12 thousand square meters, has a panoramic deck, afood court,shops, fourmovie theaters with total capacity of 500 people, and space for exhibitions. There are a total of 136 shop spots at the Brasília Airport.
There is arapid transit system, theFederal District Metro, serving some cities. It is operated byCompanhia do Metropolitano do Distrito Federal (Metro Company of the Federal District) and was inaugurated in 2001. The system has 29 stations (24 in operation)[23] on two lines, and operates from 06:00 to 23:30, Monday to Friday and from 07:00 to 19:00 on weekends. It serves the southern half of Brasília and the main cities to the west. Its main problem is the large distance between many of the stations caused by the low housing density for such a system. This makes it a small component in the Federal District transit system where a low-efficiency bus network is still predominant.Águas Claras is well served by the metro, making it one of the fastest growing areas and themost dense in the Federal District.
The Federal District is a departing point for the practice of free flyingsports, a sport that may be practiced withhang gliding orparagliding wings. Practitioners of such sports say that because of the district's dry weather it offers strong thermal winds and great "cloud-streets" – which is also the name for a manoeuvre quite appreciated by practitioners. The district hosted the 14th Hang Gliding World Championship – one of the categories of free flying – in 2003. In August 2005, it hosted the 2nd stage of the Brazilian Hang Gliding Championship.
Brasília was one of the six host cities for the2013 Confederations Cup matches[27][28] and one of the twelve for the 2014 World Cup, whose matches took place at the Mané Garrincha National Stadium in Brasília.[29][30] The stadium is located in the Ayrton Senna Multisport Complex (formerly the Sports Sector), which also includes theNilson Nelson Sports Gymnasium, which has hosted matches for the men's and women's volleyball teams and the 2008 Futsal World Cup.[31]
The white background of the flag stands for peace, and gives the idea of infinity, or the vast Brazilian territory. The green and yellow colours in the middle refer to the most commonly used of the four colours of the national flag to represent Brazil. The four yellow arrows symbolize the native nations of Brazil, whereas their pointing into the four cardinal directions of the compass stands for the centralized emanating political power of Brasília, as the capital of the country. The yellow arrows also form a cross, which symbolizes both theSouthern Cross, a constellation seen only in the Southern Hemisphere and the Roman Catholic or Christian symbol of redemption brought byPedro Álvares Cabral and under whose shadow the first Mass in Brazil was celebrated in 1500 in Bahia. With their feathers, the arrows form a lozenge in the middle, a reference to yellow lozenge of the national flag, that stands for Brazil's mineral riches.
The flag was created by the poet and heraldGuilherme de Almeida, and was adopted by decree n.o 1090 on August 25, 1969.
The Federal District has eight seats in theChamber of Deputies[34] and three in theFederal Senate.[35] Its population also votes itsgovernor and district deputies (which function as both state deputies and aldermen in the municipalities), but not regional administrators, which are appointed by the governor itself, respecting the government centrality of the Federal District.
^Curated, Something (2021-11-16)."Oscar Niemeyer & The Birth Of Brasília".Something Curated. Retrieved2024-06-27.Along with Costa as planner and Niemeyer as chief architect, Joaquim Cardozo was brought in as the structural engineer, and Roberto Burle Marx was the landscape designer.
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