 | You can helpexpand this article with text translated fromthe corresponding article in German.Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
TheFebruary strike (Dutch:Februaristaking) of 1941 was ageneral strike in the Nazi-occupiedNetherlands duringWorld War II. It was organized by the outlawedCommunist Party of the Netherlands in defence of persecutedDutch Jews and against the anti-Jewish measures and the activities ofNazism in general.
The direct causes were a series of arrests andpogroms held by the Germans in the Jewish neighbourhood ofAmsterdam, theJodenbuurt. It started on 25 February 1941 and lasted for two days. By 26 February, 300,000 people had joined the strike. The Germans harshly suppressed the strike, which mostly dissipated by 27 February.[1]
The February strike is considered to be the first public protest against the Nazis inoccupied Europe.[2] No major Dutch public action against the Nazis came after it, as theReichskommissar of the Netherlands,Arthur Seyss-Inquart, warned the public that there would be draconian consequences.[3] There was a smaller public action against the deportation of Jews to be organized by non-Jews in Berlin, known as theRosenstrasse protest.[4]
TheNetherlands surrendered toNazi Germany in May 1940, and the first anti-Jewish measures—the barring ofJews from the air-raid defence services—began in June 1940. In November 1940 all Jews were removed from public positions, including universities, which led directly to student protests inLeiden and elsewhere. Meanwhile, there was an increasing feeling of unrest by workers inAmsterdam, especially the workers at the shipyards inAmsterdam-Noord, who were threatened withforced labour in Germany.
As tensions rose, the Dutch Nazi partyNationaal-Socialistische Beweging and its militant arm, the WA (Weerbaarheidsafdeling), were involved in a series of provocations in Jewish neighbourhoods in Amsterdam. This led to a series of street battles between the WA and Jewish self-defence groups and their supporters, and culminated in a pitched battle on 11 February 1941 on theWaterlooplein. WA memberHendrik Koot was badly wounded and died of his injuries on 14 February.
On 12 February, German soldiers, assisted by Dutch police, encircled and cordoned the old Jewish neighbourhood from the rest of the city by putting up barbed wire, raising bridges, and setting up police checkpoints. The neighbourhood was now forbidden for non-Jews.
On 19 February, the GermanGrüne Polizei stormed into the Koco ice-cream parlour on Van Woustraat inRivierenbuurt. In the fight that ensued, several police officers were wounded. Revenge came in the weekend of 22–23 February, when a large-scale pogrom was undertaken by the Germans in which 425 Jewish men of age 20–35 were taken hostage and imprisoned inKamp Schoorl and eventually sent to theBuchenwald andMauthausenconcentration camps, where most of them had died within a year. Of the 425, only two survived the war.
After the pogrom, on 24 February, an open-air meeting was held on theNoordermarkt to organise a strike to protest against the pogrom and the forced labour to Germany. TheCommunist Party of the Netherlands, which was made illegal by the Germans, printed and spread a call to strike throughout the city the next morning. The first to strike were the city's tram drivers, followed by other city services as well as companies like department storeDe Bijenkorf and schools. Eventually 300,000 people joined in the strike, which brought much of the city to a halt and caught the Germans by surprise.[5]
The strike grew spontaneously as other workers followed the example of the tram drivers, and spread to other areas, includingZaanstad andKennemerland in the west;Bussum,Hilversum andUtrecht in the east; and in the south.[6]
In response, a curfew was declared and a German police battalion and twoSS Totenkopf regiments were drafted into the city. Protests were violently quelled, often by gunfire. Four strikers were later executed by firing squad, 22 sentenced to prison, and the city was ordered to pay five million guilders in restitution.[7]: 257–258
The suppression was successful, and most strikers were back at work by 27 February. Although ultimately unsuccessful, the strike was significant in that it was the first and only large-scaledirect action against the Nazis' treatment of Jews in Europe.
The next strikes would be student strikes in November 1941 and the so-called"milk strike" (because of the farmers’ refusal to supply milk) in April–May in 1943, which ushered in a period of armed covert resistance on a national scale.
The rest ofNazi-occupied Europe also went on strike later on, theGreeks in April 1942,[8] the Danes from the summer of 1943, the Luxemburgersin August 1942, the Belgiansin May 1941, a strike in Norwayin September 1941 when shipyard workers lost their daily quota of milk, and the Northern French miners in May–June 1941. However, the February strike 1941 in Amsterdam was the only strike against how Jews were treated by the Germans inNazi-occupied Europe.
The strike is remembered each year on 25 February, with a march past theDe Dokwerker [nl], the memorial made for the strike in 1951 and first unveiled in December 1952. This statue was made by Dutch sculptorMari Andriessen. All political parties, as well as the city public transport authorities and organizations ofHolocaust survivors, participate in the remembrance. Three communist organizers were shot to death after the strike and 12 communist organizers were sent to jails in Germany, but during theCold War, the communists were forced to remember the strike separately from other political groups. For many years after the war, Dutch officials publicly denied contributions by the communists to the strike.[citation needed]In 2010, the Israeli Holocaust museumYad Vashem collectively awarded the strikers the titleRighteous Among the Nations.[9]
{{cite book}}:|work= ignored (help)
Media related toFebruary strike at Wikimedia Commons
