Faryab is aPersiantoponym meaning "lands irrigated by diversion of river water".[6][7] The name Faryab takes its name from a town founded in the area by theSassanids. It is the home town of the famed Islamic philosopher,al-Farabi (per the biographerIbn al-Nadim). The area is part of the trans-border region ofGreater Khorasan; during thecolonial era, British geographers referred to the area as Afghan Turkestan.
The history of settlement in Faryab is ancient and comprises layer upon layer of occupation. At times, it was a melting pot within which a host of cultures have merged into a non-conflictual whole or at least peaceable coexistence.
Maymana andAndkhoy (Andkhui) entered written history 2,500 years ago whenJews arrived and settled in 586 BC,[citation needed] fleeing the destruction ofJerusalem byNebuchadnezzar. The territory was under Persian control at the time, which later gave way to Greek rule following the conquest byAlexander the Great in 326 BC.
Persian dominance was restored from the 3rd to the 7th century AD.[8]
Thepre-Islamic period ended with the conquest of northern Afghanistan by Arab Muslims (651-661 AD). The area "turned into a vast battlefield as the two great Arab and Persian cultures battled for not only political and geographical supremacy but ideological supremacy."[9] As a result, centuries of Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity and indigenous pagan cults were swept away. Various Islamic dynasties rose to power and influenced the locals. They included theSaffarids,Samanids,Ghaznavids,Seljuks, andGhurids.
The history of Faryab was greatly altered yet again in the 11th century, this time with the invasion of theMongols, underGenghis Khan andhis descendants. As they moved into the area from the north, cities and towns including Maymana were razed, populations massacred, grain, fields and livestock stolen or burnt and ancient irrigation systems obliterated. Faryab was itself destroyed by the Mongols in 1220.[6] Control by the Mongols stemmed from the alternating capitals of Bukhara or Samarkand north of theAmu Darya River. They ruled in a decentralized manner, however, allowing local tribal chiefs in Maymana and elsewhere considerable autonomy (a legacy which was to last until the end of the 19th century).
In 1500,Uzbek princes, in the form of theKhanate of Bukhara (a Turco-Mongol state), swept across the Amu Darya, reaching Faryab and related areas around 1505. They joined a substantial and largely pastoral Arab population and ruled the area until the mid-18th century.
It was conquered byAhmad Shah Durrani in 1748 and became part of theDurrani Empire. The area was untouched by theBritish during the threeAnglo-Afghan wars that were fought in the 19th and 20th centuries. Faryab become a province in 1964. From the administrative reforms of the 1930s until then it was known as Maymana and was a sub-province of Balkh Province, which had its headquarters in Mazar-i-Sharif.[10]
View near the Zarmast Pass (Sauzak Pass) in 1939, which connects Faryab's Maymana to the city ofHerat
During the 1990s Afghan Civil War (early 90s andlate 90s), the front line betweenTaliban and opposition forces often fell betweenBadghis and Faryab provinces in the mid-1990s.Ismail Khan also fled to Faryab to reconstitute his forces following the Taliban takeover of Herat Province, but was betrayed byAbdul Malik Pahlawan.[11]
A village in Faryab province
In May 1997, Abdul Malik Pahlawan raised the Taliban flag over the capital of Maymana, switching sides and initiating a renewed Taliban offensive from the west.[12] Following a series of changing allegiances and falling out with Malik, the Taliban withdrew from the area, but in 1998 a contingent of 8,000 Taliban fighters pressed through Faryab, seizingAbdul Rashid Dostum's headquarters inSheberghan, in neighboring Jowzjan province.[13]
Faryab province has been one of the more peaceful areas in Afghanistan since the fall of the Taliban government in late 2001. Recent development projects in the province have focused on expanding the agricultural potential of the province, in particular the re-forestation of areas of the province that were denuded in the recent past.
Between 2006 and late 2014, the province had aProvincial Reconstruction Team (PRT), which was led byNorway. The Norwegian PRT had its base at Maymana and had also been given the responsibility for theGhormach District.
Afghanistan signed a deal withChina National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) for the development of oil blocks in theAmu Darya basin, a project expected to earn billions of dollars over two decades; the deal covers drilling and a refinery in the northern provinces ofSar-e Pol and Faryab, and is the first international oil production agreement entered into by the Afghan government for several decades.[15] CNPC began Afghan oil production in October 2012,[16] and in the same month a huge gas reserves were discovered in theAndkhoy District of Faryab province.[17]
As of January 2022, clashes have been reported in the province between theTaliban and resistance fighters, including in the provincial capitalMaimana.[19]
Agriculture andanimal husbandry are the primary economic activities in the province however Faryab is renowned for its carpets, knitted as well as wovenKilims, which are traditionally a female-dominated handicraft.[21] The province has a disputed amount of natural gas reserves but levels of exploitation are low.[21]
There is a salt mine in Dowlat Abad district and some marble resources (said to owned byAbdul Rashid Dostum) and there are alsopistachio forests which producePistacia vera which are renowned for their color and intense flavor.[23]
The percentage of households with clean drinking water increased from 23% in 2005 to 24% in 2011.[24] The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 2% in 2005 to 16% in 2011.[24] The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 2% in 2005 to 16% in 2011.[24]
The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) was 18% in 2011.[24]The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 53% in 2005 to 55% in 2011.[24]
As of 2021, the population of Faryab is about 1,129,528, which is multi-ethnic and mostly a tribal society.[4] The main ethnic groups living in the province areUzbeks followed byTurkmens,Tajiks,Pashtuns and others.[25]
Dari,Uzbeki andPashto are the main languages spoken in and around the province. All the inhabitants followIslam, withSunnis making up the majority whileShiites (Shias) make up the minority. The Shias are mainly the ethnic Hazaras.
^Note: "Predominantely" or "dominated" is interpreted as 99%, "majority" as 70%, "mixed" as 1/(number of ethnicities), "minority" as 30% and "few" or "some" as 1%.
^"Ethnic Clashes Hit Faryab". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 2 October 2009. Archived fromthe original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved18 January 2014.Minor incident blows up into full-scale rioting between Uzbeks and Pashtuns in northern province.
^Dr. Liz Alden Wily, LAND RELATIONS IN FARYAB PROVINCE: Findings from a field study in 11 villages, Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, June 2004
^"Pain, A. Livelihoods under stress in Faryab Province, Northern Afghanistan. Opportunities for Support. A Report to Save the Children (USA), Pakistan/Afghanistan Field Office. October 2001
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