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Family 1
The initial version (13S) of the Family I engine fitted to a 1980 Opel Kadett D
Overview
Manufacturer	General Motors
Also called	E-TEC Family I Small-block
Production	1979–present[1]
Layout
Configuration	Straight-four
Cylinder block material	Cast iron
Cylinder head material	Aluminium
Combustion
Fuel type	Gasoline CNG Ethanol
Oil system	Wet sump
Cooling system	Water-cooled
Chronology
Predecessor	Vauxhall OHV Opel OHV Opel CIH
Successor	Family 0 (1.0 – 1.4 L) Medium Gasoline Engine (1.6 – 1.8 L)

TheGM Family I is astraight-fourpiston engine that was developed byOpel, a former subsidiary ofGeneral Motors and now a subsidiary ofPSA Group, to replace the Vauxhall OHV,Opel OHV and the smaller capacityOpel CIH engines for use on small to mid-range cars fromOpel/Vauxhall. The engine first appeared in theOpel Kadett D in 1979, and shortly afterwards in its Vauxhall badged sister – theVauxhall Astra Mk.1 in 1980. Despite this, the previous Opel OHV engine continued to be sold in entry level versions of the Opel Kadett/Astra and Corsa throughout the 1980s.

The Family I is informally known as the "small block", since it shares its basic design and architecture with the largerFamily II unit (correspondingly known as the "large block"), which covers the mid range and higher engine capacities up to 2400cc.

Originally produced at theAspern engine plant, production was moved to the Szentgotthárd engine plant inHungary^[2] with the introduction of the DOHC version.GM do Brasil atSão José dos Campos,^[3]GMDAT atBupyeong andGM North America atToluca also build these engines. The Family II units, by contrast were manufactured byHolden in Australia.

TheFamily 1 engines are inline-four cylinder engines with belt-driven single or double overhead camshafts in an aluminumcylinder head with acast ironengine block. GM do Brasil versions were also capable of running on ethanol. These engines share their basic design with the largerFamily II engine – for this reason some consider the Family I and Family II to be the same series and instead use the terms 'small block' and 'large block' to distinguish between the two. Over the years there has been overlap between the two types as the smallest capacities of the Family II have also been manufactured with larger capacity versions of the Family I block.

Early build versions of the engine gained a notorious reputation for camshaft and follower failure – this was largely due to a special lubricant being used in the engine during the running in period, which would be changed for conventional oil at the first service. Many owners (familiar with the servicing requirements of the older overhead valve units that the Family I/II replaced) would often exacerbate the problem by changing the oil themselves within the running in period. Opel solved the problem by improving the metallurgy of the camshaft and followers, and changing the lubrication specification. Another issue (also common to the Family II), revolved around the water pump, which sits in an eccentric shaped housing and doubles as the timing belt tensioner. If poor quality antifreeze (or if no antifreeze was used), corrosion would jam the water pump in its housing making it impossible to tension the belt. Later versions of the engine incorporate a separate tensioning/jockey pulley for tensioning the belt.

GM do Brasil specializes inSOHC, petrol-powered andFlexPower (powered withethanol and/or petrol, mixed in any percentage) engines. GM Brasil also made 16-valve versions of the 1.0 engine. The 1.0 L 16v was available in the Corsa line-up from 1999 to 2001.

SOHC
A later fuel injected version (C14NZ) Family I engine in a 1993 Opel Astra F
Overview
Production	1979–present
Layout
Displacement	999 cc (61.0 cu in) 1,195 cc (72.9 cu in) 1,297 cc (79.1 cu in) 1,389 cc (84.8 cu in) 1,598 cc (97.5 cu in) 1,796 cc (109.6 cu in)
Cylinder bore	71.1 mm (2.80 in) 72.0 mm (2.83 in) 75.0 mm (2.95 in) 77.6 mm (3.06 in) 77.8 mm (3.06 in) 79.0 mm (3.11 in) 80.5 mm (3.17 in)
Piston stroke	62.9 mm (2.48 in) 73.4 mm (2.89 in) 81.5 mm (3.21 in) 88.2 mm (3.47 in)
Valvetrain	Single overhead cam
Compression ratio	8.6:1 9.5:1 9.8:1
Combustion
Fuel system	Carburetor Throttle-body fuel injection Multi-point fuel injection
Fuel type	Gasoline Ethanol

the first versions of the Family I appeared in the Opel Kadett D in 1979, and the corresponding Vauxhall Astra Mk.1 in the spring of 1980.

The 999 cc (61.0 cu in) version has a 71.1 mm (2.80 in) bore and a 62.9 mm (2.48 in) stroke.

There are two iterations of the 1.2-liter Family 1 engine. As originally introduced it was called the12ST (also A12ST and S12ST in versions for the Austrian, Swiss, and Swedish markets), it used a 77.8 mm (3.06 in) bore and a 62.9 mm (2.48 in) stroke to produce a displacement of 1,196 cc (73.0 cu in). This version, only carburetted, was used in theOpel Corsa.^[4] In around 1990 a new, version with 72.0 mm × 73.4 mm (2.83 in × 2.89 in) bore and stroke, a narrower bore version of the existing 1.3-litre version, displacing 1,195 cc (72.9 cu in), replaced the original design. This was also available with single-point fuel injection and with catalytic converters.

The 1,297 cc (79.1 cu in) version has a 75.0 mm (2.95 in) bore and a 73.4 mm (2.89 in) stroke.

The 1,389 cc (84.8 cu in) version has a 77.6 mm (3.06 in) bore and a 73.4 mm (2.89 in) stroke.

The 1,598 cc (97.5 cu in) version has a 79.0 mm (3.11 in) bore and an 81.5 mm (3.21 in) stroke.

The 1,796 cc (109.6 cu in) version has an 80.5 mm (3.17 in) bore and an 88.2 mm (3.47 in) stroke.

Applications:

• Chevrolet Corsa
• Chevrolet Montana
• Opel Meriva
• Fiat Palio
• Fiat Siena
• Fiat Strada
• Fiat Idea
• Fiat Punto
• Fiat Stilo

TheSPE / 4 or (Smart Performance Economy 4 cylinders) engines are an evolution of the Econo.Flex engines that were made in Brazil at theJoinville plant. There are two available displacements: 1.0 L and 1.4 L. They feature an SOHC head with 2-valves per cylinder, and is fed by amulti-point fuel injection system, which allows it to run on either E100 (pureethanol) or E25 gasoline (standard in Brazil). Major differences between previous engines include reduced friction, lowered weight, individualcoil-near-plug ignition, and a newcylinder head design.

DOHC
X18XE1
Overview
Production	(1.4, 1.6L engines):1992[2]-present, (1.8L x18xe1):1999[2]-2000, (1.8L z18xe):2000[2]-2008
Layout
Configuration	Straight-4
Displacement	1,389 cc (84.8 cu in) 1,598 cc (97.5 cu in) 1,796 cc (109.6 cu in)
Cylinder bore	77.6 mm (3.06 in) 79 mm (3.1 in) 80.5 mm (3.17 in)
Piston stroke	73.4 mm (2.89 in) 81.5 mm (3.21 in) 88.2 mm (3.47 in)
Valvetrain	Dual overhead cam
Compression ratio	10.5:1
Combustion
Fuel system	Sequential multi-port fuel injection
Fuel type	Gasoline

This was the first engine in this family, featuring aLotus-developed 16-valvecylinder head and acast-ironcylinder block which was essentially the same as in Opel's 8-valve engines. C16XE was available only inCorsa GSi, model years 1993 and 1994. C16XE was not yet badged Ecotec, and for later model Corsas andOpel Tigras it was replaced with X16XE Ecotec engine. The main difference between C16XE and X16XE Ecotec isemission control, C16XE lacksEGR andAIR-system, although the cylinder head is designed to enable these features. Other differences between C16XE and later versions of the engine includeintake manifold, C16XE has a plastic upper intake manifold, which was replaced with a cast aluminium manifold, andfuel injection system, C16XE uses Multec fuel injection withMAF sensor and later models used Multec fuel injection withMAP sensor. Also, while C16XE had its own exhaust front section design, for X16XE it was replaced with a front section used also in Opel Astra, probably as a cost-saving measure.

Applications:

• 1993–1994Opel Corsa GSi

The first generationEcotec engines arebelt-driven 16-valveDOHC engines, withcast-ironcylinder blocks and aluminum cross-flowcylinder heads. They featuresodium-filled exhaust valves, a cast steelcrankshaft, and aspheroidalgraphiteflywheel. They also featureexhaust gas recirculation (EGR),secondary air injection, andMultec M engine control withsequential multiport fuel injection. The 1.6 L version was also exported for use in the Brazilian Corsa GSi.

Applications:

• 1994–2000Opel Corsa
• 1994–2000Opel Tigra
• 1999–2005Opel Zafira using Siemens SimtecECU
• Opel Astra
• Opel Vectra
• 2004–2008Chevrolet Viva
• Fiat Stilo
• Chevrolet Corsa GSi/GLS
• Buick Excelle

Updated version introduced from 2000, with lightercast-iron cylinder block andcamshaft driven bytoothed belt. FeaturesEGR valve and electronic throttle for reduced emissions.

Ecotec TwinPort Family 1 engine (Z16XEP) is used in:

• Opel Zafira 2005–2007
• Opel Meriva 2005–2010
• Opel Astra 2003–2004 2004–2007
• Opel Vectra 2006–2008

E-TEC
1.5 LE-TEC 16V
Overview
Also called	E-Tec E-TEC II E-TEC 16V E-TEC II 16V
Production	-2009
Layout
Displacement	1,300 cc (79 cu in) 1,498 cc (91.4 cu in) 1,598 cc (97.5 cu in)
Cylinder bore	76.5 mm (3.01 in) 77.6 mm (3.06 in) 79.0 mm (3.11 in)
Piston stroke	73.4 mm (2.89 in) 81.5 mm (3.21 in)
Valvetrain	Single overhead cam Double overhead cam
Combustion
Fuel system	Sequential multi-port fuel injection
Fuel type	Gasoline

Daewoo Motors licensed and produced a variant of theFamily 1 engine. These engines were built exclusively at Bupyeong engine plant and marketed asE-TEC. Like allFamily 1 engines they feature atoothed belt driven valvetrain, a cast-ironengine block and an aluminumcylinder head. Most models featureEuro III-compliancy, and the 1.4 L (1399 cc) and 1.6 L (1598cc) versions employvariable intake geometry. With the release ofChevrolet Cruze, the factory has been converted to produce the Ecotec Family 1Gen III block.

Applications:

• Daewoo Lanos
• Daewoo Racer/Pointer *Only in Chile
• Daewoo LeMans
• Daewoo Espero
• Daewoo Nexia
• Chevrolet Lacetti
• Chevrolet Nubira
• Chevrolet Aveo

TheE-TEC II 16V is an updated version of theE-TEC engines withDOHC.

Applications:

• Chevrolet Aveo
• Daewoo Lacetti
• Daewoo Lanos
• Daewoo Espero
• Daewoo Nexia
• Daewoo Tacuma

The newGeneration III orGen III engine entered production in Spring 2005. These engines replaced both the previous generationEcotec engines as well as Daewoo'sE-TEC 16V engines. These engines are manufactured at Szentgotthárd, Hungary, Bupyeoung, Korea, Toluca, Mexico and Yantai, PRC (SGM).

In contrast to their predecessors, theGen III engines feature lighter cast-iron blocks, as well as higher compression ratios. These engines also implement DCVCP (Double Continuous Variable Cam Phasing technology, a variant ofVVT), piston cooling by oil jets, and an integratedcatalytic converter. Non-turbocharged variants feature theTwinPort (Variable-length intake manifold) technology.Reliability improvements include a wider camshaft drive belt, and a water pump no longer driven by it.

TheLDE engine meetsEuro VI andKULEV emission standards. With the addition ofsecondary air injection to theLUW engine, theLWE achievesPZEV status.

These engines, like their DOHC predecessors, featurebucket tappets in contrast to theroller finger followers found on GM's other 4-cylinder engines.

Applications:

• 2005–2008Opel Vectra (Z18XER)
• 2007–2008Opel Signum (Z18XER)
• 2005–2019Opel Zafira
• 2005–2012Opel Astra
• 2008–2016Chevrolet Cruze (1.8L LUW/2H0/LDE/LWE)
• 2009–2017Opel Insignia
• 2009–2014Chevrolet Aveo (1.6L in Europe, 1.6L LXV)
• 2012–2018Chevrolet Sonic (1.8L LUW/LWE in North America)
• 2011–2015Chevrolet Orlando (1.8L 2H0)
• 2007–2009Holden Astra (AH)
• 2012–2013Baojun 630
• Alfa Romeo 159
• 2005–2011Fiat Croma
• 2012–2018Opel Mokka

TurbochargedGen III engines are used in:

• 2006–2009Opel Meriva (OPC Model)
• 2007–2018Opel Corsa (GSi and OPC Models)
• 2008–2012Opel Insignia
• 2010–2015Buick Excelle GT
• 2010–2015Buick Excelle XT
• 2011–2012Saab 9-5
• 2007–2012Opel Astra
• 2012–2017Buick Verano (1.6 Turbo)
• 2012–2020 Chevrolet Sonic (LT, LTZ Models)
• 2011–2020Chevrolet Cruze (China, North America) and Holden Cruze (Australasia)
• 2016–presentChevrolet Malibu

Wikimedia Commons has media related toFamily 1 engine.

• http://www.gmpowertrain.com

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• Gasoline engines by model
• Straight-four engines

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