In 1608,Captain John Smith documented the Doeg tribe's villages, which includedNamassingakent andNemaroughquand on the south bank of thePotomac River in present-day Fairfax County.[6] By 1670, Virginian colonists from theNorthern Neck region drove the Doeg Tribe out of present-day Fairfax County and intoMaryland.
The county's initial settlements were along the Potomac River.George Washington settled in Fairfax County and built his home,Mount Vernon, facing the Potomac.Gunston Hall, the home ofGeorge Mason, is nearby.Fort Belvoir is partly on the estate of Belvoir Manor, built along the Potomac by William Fairfax in 1741.
Thomas Fairfax, the only member of the British nobility ever to reside in the colonies, lived atBelvoir before moving to theShenandoah Valley. The Belvoir mansion and several of its outbuildings were destroyed by fire immediately after theRevolutionary War in 1783, andGeorge Washington noted the plantation complex deteriorated into ruins.
The Fairfax County town ofFalls Church became an independent city in 1948.[9] The Fairfax County town of Fairfax was named an independent city in 1961.[10]
Thefederal government's growth during and afterWorld War II spurred rapid growth in the county and transformed it from a rural to suburban region. Large businesses began settling in the county, and the opening ofTysons Corner Center spurred the rise ofTysons, Virginia. The technology boom and a steady government-driven economy created rapid growth and an increasingly large and diverse population. The economy has also made Fairfax County one of the nation's wealthiest counties.[11]
A general aviation airport alongU.S. Route 50 west ofSeven Corners,Falls Church Airpark, operated in the county from 1948 to 1960. The facility's 2,650-foot unpaved runway was used extensively by private pilots and civil defense officials. Residential development, multiple accidents, and the demand for retail space led to its closure in 1960.[12][13][14]
According to theU.S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 406 square miles (1,050 km2), of which 391 square miles (1,010 km2) is land and 15 square miles (39 km2) (3.8%) is water.[15] There are about 44,400,000 trees that create a canopy covering 55.4% of the total land area.[16]
Most of the county lies in thePiedmont region, with rolling hills and deep stream valleys, such asDifficult Run and its tributaries. West ofRoute 28, the hills give way to a flat, gentle valley that stretches west to theBull Run Mountains in Loudoun County. Elevations in the county range from near sea level along the tidal sections of the Potomac River in the southeast portion of the county to more than 500 feet (150 m) in theTysons area.
In 2023, the planthardiness zone shifted from 7a to 7b. The Fairfax County News Letter predicts that Fairfax will shift to zone 8 in the next few decades as temperatures rise.[17]
The Piedmont hills in the central county are made up of ancientmetamorphic rocks such asschist, the roots of several ancestral ranges of theAppalachian Mountains. The western valley is floored with more recentshale andsandstone. This geology is similar to adjacent bands of rocks inMaryland and further south inVirginia along the eastern front of the Appalachian.
An area of 11 square miles (30 km2) of the county is known to be underlain with naturalasbestos.[18] Much of the asbestos is known to emanate from fibroustremolite oractinolite. The threat was discovered in 1987, prompting the county to establish laws to monitor air quality at construction sites, control soil taken from affected areas, and require freshly developed sites to lay 6 inches (150 mm) of clean, stable material over the ground.[19][20]
During the construction ofCentreville High School, for instance, a large amount of asbestos-laden soil was removed and then trucked toVienna for the construction of theI-66/Nutley Street interchange. Fill dirt then had to be trucked in to make the site level.[citation needed]Marine clays can be found in widespread areas of the county east ofInterstate 95, mostly in the Franconia and Mount Vernon districts. These clays contribute to soil instability, leading to significant construction challenges for builders.[21]
Of the households, 55.5% were married couple families, 15.9% were a male family householder with no spouse, and 23.0% were a female family householder with no spouse. The average family household had 3.25 people.[28]
The median age was 39.4, 22.6% of people were under the age of 18, and 15.1% were 65 years of age or older. The largest ancestry is the 10.1% who hadEnglish ancestry, 37.8% spoke a language other thanEnglish at home, and 30.7% were born outside the United States, 63.4% of whom werenaturalized citizens.[28]
The median income for a household in the county was $145,164, and the median income for a family was $174,085. 7.5% of the population weremilitary veterans, and 65.5% had abachelors degree orhigher. In the county 5.6% of the population was below thepoverty line, including 5.6% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over, with 7.2% of the population withouthealth insurance.[28]
Fairfax County, Virginia – racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
The county is served by theFairfax County Public Schools system, to which the county government allocates 52.2% of its budget.[31] Including state and federal government contributions, along with citizen and corporate contributions, this brings the 2023 budget for the school system to $3.5 billion. The school system has estimated that, based on the 2023 fiscal year budget, the county would spend $18,772 on each student.[32]
The Fairfax County Public School system contains theThomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, a Virginia Governor's School. TJHSST consistently ranks at or near the top of all U.S. high schools due to the extraordinary number of National Merit semifinalists and finalists, its students' high average SAT scores, and the number of students who annually perform nationally recognized research in the sciences and engineering. A Governor's School, TJHSST draws students from five counties Fairfax County and otherNorthern Virginia counties, cities, and towns.
Fairfax County's economy revolves around professional services and technology. Many residents work for the government or contractors of the federal government. The government is the largest employer, withFort Belvoir in southern Fairfax the county's single largest source of federal employment. Fairfax County has a gross county product of approximately $95 billion.[citation needed]
The county's economy is supported by theFairfax County Economic Development Authority, which provides services and information to promote Fairfax County as a leading business and technology center. The FCEDA is the nation's largest non-state economic development authority. Fairfax County is also home to the Northern Virginia Technology Council, a trade association for local technology companies.[41][42] Fairfax County has a higher concentration of high-tech workers thanSilicon Valley.[43]
Tysons, a leading business center and one of the nation's largest business districts
Tysons, located in the county, is Virginia's largest office market and the nation's largest suburban business district, with 26,600,000 square feet (2,470,000 m2) of office space.[44][45] It is the country's 12th-largest business district and is expected to grow substantially in the coming decades. It contains a quarter of the county's total office space inventory, which was 105,200,000 square feet (9,770,000 m2) as of 2006, representing roughly the same size as theLower Manhattan region of New York City.[46]
In October 2011,Forbes described the area as "the place where theInternet was invented, but today it looks increasingly like the center of the globalmilitary-industrial complex",[47] because it is home to the nation's firstISPs, many of which are now defunct, and attracts numerousdefense contractors that have relocated from other states to or near Tysons Corner.
Along with the expansion of Washington Metro, Fairfax County government has a plan to "urbanize" the Tysons area. The plan calls for a private-public partnership and a grid-like street system to make Tysons a more urban environment, tripling available housing to allow more workers to live near their workplaces. The goal is to have 95% of Tysons Corner within1⁄2-mile (800 m) of a metro station.[49]
Fairfax County supports a summer concert series held in multiple venues throughout the county on various nights. The concert series are called Arts in the Parks, Braddock Nights, Franconia District Nights, Mt. Vernon Nights, Nottoway Nights, Spotlight by Starlight, Sounds of Summer and Starlight Cinema.[52]
EagleBank Arena, originally known as the Patriot Center, is located on the Fairfax campus ofGeorge Mason University just outside Fairfax, hosts concerts and shows. The nearby Center for the Arts at George Mason is a major year-round arts venue, and theWorkhouse Arts Center inLorton, Virginia includes studios for artists, event facilities for performing groups, and gallery exhibitions in addition to hosting the annual Clifton Film Celebration.[53] Smaller local art venues include the Alden Theater at the McLean Community Center, ArtSpace Herndon, Center Stage at the Reston Community Center, Greater Reston Arts Center, James Lee Community Center Theater, and Vienna Arts Society.
Fairfax County uses the urban county executive form of government, which county voters approved in a 1966 referendum.[54][55] Under the urban county executive plan, the county is governed by a 10-memberFairfax County Board of Supervisors with the day-to-day running of the county tasked to the appointed Fairfax County executive. Nine of the board members are elected from the single-member districts of Braddock, Dranesville, Franconia, Hunter Mill, Mason, Mount Vernon, Providence, Springfield, and Sully, while the chairman is elected at-large.[56]
In addition to the board of supervisors, there are three constitutional officers, thecommonwealth's attorney, clerk of the circuit court, andsheriff. TheFairfax County School Board has 13 members, which are directly elected by Fairfax County voters. Fairfax County also has a Consumer Protection Commission, which advises the board of supervisors and the Department of Cable and Consumer Services on consumer affairs, investigates illegal, fraudulent, deceptive, or dangerous consumer practices, and refers suspected violations of Virginia law to the commonwealth attorney or county attorney for investigation.[57]
Fairfax County was once considered aRepublican bastion, butDemocrats now control the board of supervisors, school board (officially nonpartisan), offices of the county sheriff, and the commonwealth's attorney. Democrats also hold all the Fairfax seats in theVirginia House of Delegates and every seat in theSenate.[citation needed]
In the2012 presidential election, Fairfax County solidly backedBarack Obama for re-election as president, who came just short of matching his 2008 performance in the county, winning it 59.6% toMitt Romney's 39.1%. FormerVirginia GovernorTim Kaine, running for theU.S. Senate in 2012, carried Fairfax County with 61% of the vote as part of his statewide victory. U.S. Representatives Connolly, Moran, and Wolf were also re-elected.
Republican governorBob McDonnell won Fairfax County with 51% of the vote in 2009, but the Republican resurgence in Fairfax was short-lived. In the2013 election, Democratic gubernatorial candidateTerry McAuliffe won Fairfax County with 58% of the vote, defeating incumbent state attorney general and former Republican state senator from FairfaxKen Cuccinelli. McAuliffe's running mates,Ralph Northam andMark Herring, also carried Fairfax County in their respective bids forlieutenant governor andattorney general. These Democratic victories mirrored the Democratic ticket's sweep of the state's three executive offices for the first time since 1989.
In the2016 general election, Fairfax continued its trend towards Democratic candidates. Representatives Beyer and Connolly were re-elected, with Connolly running unopposed. Fairfax County supportedHillary Clinton for president with 64.4% of the vote toDonald Trump's 28.6%, exemplifying a heavy swing toward Democrats across Northern Virginia.
In the2020 general election, Democratic presidential nomineeJoe Biden won the county with 69.89% of the vote, the largest percentage for a Democrat in the county since1916. As of 2025, Springfield supervisorPat Herrity is the only electedRepublican official in Fairfax County.
United States presidential election results for Fairfax County, Virginia[61]
Northern Virginia, including Fairfax County, is the third-worst congested traffic area in the nation, in terms of percentage of congested roadways and time spent in traffic. Of the lane miles in the region, 44 percent are rated "F", or worst, for congestion. Northern Virginia residents spend an average of 46 hours a year stuck in traffic.
From 1945 to 1961, the eastern part of Fairfax County hostedFalls Church Airpark, an airfield primarily used forgeneral aviation andcivil defense purposes until encroaching residential development forced its closure.[65] The area the airport occupied is now mainly used as a shopping center, with the western end of the complex occupied by the Thomas Jefferson branch of theFairfax County Public Library system. Parts of several apartment complexes are also on some of the airport's former grounds.[12][13]
Fairfax County has multiple public transportation services, including theWashington Metro'sBlue,Orange,Silver andYellow lines. The Silver line, which runs through theTysons,Reston, andHerndon areas of the county, opened in 2014, later extended in 2022, as the first new Washington Metro line since theGreen Line opened in 1991.[66]
The county maintains many miles of bike trails running through parks, adjacent to roads and through towns such as Vienna and Herndon. TheWashington & Old Dominion Railroad Trail runs through Fairfax County, offering one of the region's best, and safest, routes for recreational walking and biking. In addition, nine miles (14 km) of theMount Vernon Trail runs through Fairfax County along the Potomac River.
Compared to other regions of the Washington area, Fairfax County has a dearth of designatedbike lanes for cyclists wishing to commute in the region. On May 16, 2008,Bike-to-Work Day, the Fairfax County Department of Transportation released the first countywide bicycle route map.[70]
TheGerry Connolly Cross County Trail runs from Great Falls National Park in the county's northern end to Occoquan Regional Park in the southern end. Consisting of mostly dirt paths and short asphalt sections, the trail is used mostly by recreational mountain bikers, hikers, and horse riders.
Theindependent cities ofFalls Church andFairfax were formed out of areas formerly under Fairfax County's jurisdiction but are politically separate. Nevertheless, the Postal Service has long considered several portions of Fairfax County to be unincorporated Falls Church and Fairfax City. Several portions of the county also haveAlexandria mailing addresses; many locals refer to these neighborhoods collectively as "South Alexandria", "Lower Alexandria", or "Alexandria, Fairfax County".[72] "South Alexandria" communities include Hollin Hills, Franconia, Groveton, Hybla Valley, Huntington, Belle Haven, Mount Vernon, Fort Hunt, Engleside, Burgundy Village, Waynewood, Wilton Woods, Rose Hill, Virginia Hills, Hayfield, and Kingstowne.
It has been proposed[73] to convert the entire county into a single independent city, primarily to gain more control over taxes and roads. The most recent such proposal was made on June 30, 2009.
Other communities in Fairfax County are unincorporated areas. Virginia law dictates that no unincorporated area of a county may be incorporated as a separate town or city following the adoption of the urban county executive form of government.[74] Fairfax County adopted the urban county executive form of government in 1966.[54][55]
As of the2000 census, Fairfax County's 13 largest communities are all unincorporatedCDPs, the largest of which areCentreville,Reston, andMcLean, each with a population over 45,000.
^Includes all people who gave "American Indian", "Eskimo", or "Aleut" as their race, regardless of Hispanic identity.
^Includes all people who gave "Japanese", "Chinese", "Filipino", "Korean", "Asian Indian", or "Vietnamese" as their race, regardless of Hispanic identity
^Includes all people who gave "Hawaiian", "Guamanian", or "Samoan" as their race, regardless of Hispanic identity.
^Bamberger, Shelomoh, ha-Le?vi, Waters-Son, and West & Johnston. "Map of battles on Bull Run, near Manassas, on the line of Fairfax & Prince William Counties, in Virginia, fought between the forces of the Confederate States and of the United States of America." Map. 1861. Norman B. Leventhal Map Center,https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:xg94j217q (accessed June 26, 2017).
^abFreeman, Paul "Falls Church Airpark, Falls Church, VA"Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields. Retrieved March 19, 2014[1]
^abRollo, Vera (2003)Virginia Airports: A Historical Survey of Airports and Aviation From the Earliest Days. Richmond, VA: Virginia Aviation Historical Society[2]Archived July 23, 2015, at theWayback Machine
^Day, Kathleen (September 21, 1987) "Small Airports Nosediving in Number"The Washington Post, page B1
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