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Blond

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(Redirected fromFair haired)
Human hair color
"Blonde" redirects here. For other uses, seeBlond (disambiguation) andBlonde (disambiguation).

German footballerLars Unnerstall, who has blond hair and a blond beard

Blond (MASC) orblonde (FEM), also referred to asfair hair, is ahuman hair color characterized by low levels ofeumelanin, the darkpigment. The resultant visible hue depends on various factors, but always has some yellowish color. The color can be from the very pale blond (caused by a patchy, scarce distribution of pigment) to reddish "strawberry" blond or golden-brownish ("sandy") blond colors (the latter with more eumelanin). Occasionally, the state of being blond, and specifically the occurrence of blond traits in a predominantly dark or colored population are referred to asblondism.[1]

Because hair color tends to darken with age, natural blond hair is significantly less common in adulthood. Naturally-occurring blond hair is primarily found in people living in or descended from people who lived inNorthern Europe, and may have evolved alongside the development of light skin that enables more efficient synthesis ofvitamin D, due to northern Europe's lower levels of sunlight. Blond hair has also developed in other populations, although it is usually not as common, and can be found among the native populations of theSolomon Islands,Vanuatu, andFiji; among theBerbers ofNorth Africa; and among some Asian people.

InWestern culture, blonde hair has long been associated with beauty and vitality.Aphrodite, the ancient Greek goddess of love and beauty, was described as having blonde hair. In theGreco-Roman world, blonde hair was frequently associated with prostitutes, who dyed their hair usingsaffron dyes in order to attract more customers. The Greeks stereotypedThracians andslaves as blond and the Romans associated blondness with theCelts and theGermanic peoples to the north. In the ancient Greek world,Iliad presented the mythological heroAchilles as what was then the ideal male warrior: handsome, tall, strong, and blond.[2] InWestern Europe during theMiddle Ages, long and blonde hair was idealized as the paragon of female beauty.Sif, the wife ofThor inNorse mythology, andIseult, the Celtic-origin legendary heroine, were both significantly portrayed as blonde. In contemporary Western culture,blonde women are often stereotyped as beautiful, but unintelligent.

Etymology, spelling, and grammar

Origins and meanings

Detail of a portrait ofSigismund Casimir Vasa (c. 1644), with characteristic blond hair which darkened with time as confirmed by his later effigies.

The wordblond is first documented in English in 1481[3] and derives fromOld Frenchblund,blont, meaning 'a colour midway between golden andlight chestnut'.[4] It gradually eclipsed the native termfair, of same meaning, fromOld Englishfæġer, causingfair later to become a general term for 'light complexioned'. This earlier use offair survives in the proper nameFairfax, from Old Englishfæġer-feahs meaning 'blond hair'.

The wordblond, taken from Old French, may derive from theMedieval Latinblundus, meaning 'yellow'.[5] The feminine formblonde was introduced in the 17th century.[5]

Usage

Further information:Grammatical gender § As agreement or concord

Blond/blonde, with its continued gender–varied usage, is one of the few adjectives in written English to retain separate lexical genders. The two forms, however, are pronounced identically.American Heritage'sBook of English Usage propounds that, as "a blonde" (just so, with "blonde" as noun) might not uncommonly be used to describe a woman, but less often "a blond" used to describe a man,[citation needed] the term is an example of a "sexist stereotype [whereby] women are primarily defined by their physical characteristics."[6] TheOxford English Dictionary (OED) records that the phrase "big blond beast" was used in the 20th-century to refer specificallyto men "of the Nordic type" (that is to say, blond-haired).[7] TheOED also records that this term for fair hair as an adjective is especially used with reference to women, in which case it is likely to be speltblonde, citing threeVictorian usages of the term. The masculine version is used in the plural, in "blonds of the European race",[7] in a citation from 1833Penny cyclopedia, which distinguishes genuine blondness as aCaucasian feature distinct fromalbinism.[8]

By the early 1990s,blonde moment or being adumb blonde had come into common parlance to mean "an instance of a person, esp. a woman... being foolish or scatter-brained."[9] Another hair color word of French origin,brunette (from the same Germanic root that gavebrown), functions in the same way in orthodox English. TheOED givesbrunet as meaning 'dark-complexioned' or a 'dark-complexioned person', citing a comparative usage ofbrunet andblond toThomas Henry Huxley in saying, "The present contrast of blonds and brunets existed among them."[10]Brunette can be used, however, likeblonde, to describe a mixed-gender populace. TheOED quotesGrant Allen, "The nation which resulted... being sometimes blonde, sometimes brunette."[11]

Blond andblonde are also occasionally used to refer to objects that have a color reminiscent of fair hair. For example, theOED records its use in 19th-centurypoetic diction to describe flowers, "a variety of clay ironstone of the coal measures", "the colour of raw silk",[7] a breed ofray,lagerbeer, and pale wood.[12]

Varieties

Various subcategories of blond hair have been defined to describe the different shades and sources of the hair color more accurately. Common examples include the following:

Women with blonde hair of different shades atWTMD'sFirst Thursday series inCanton, Baltimore,Maryland, United States, in June 2014
  • ash-blond:[13] ashen or grayish blond.
  • blond/flaxen:[14][15] when distinguished from other varieties, "blond" by itself refers to a light but not whitish blond, with no traces of red, gold, or brown; this color is often described as "flaxen".
  • dirty blond[16] ordishwater blond:[17] dark blond with flecks of golden blond and brown.
  • golden blond: a darker to rich yellow blond.
  • honey blond: dark iridescent blond.
  • platinum blond[18] ortowheaded:[19][20] whitish-blond.
  • sandy blond:[21][22] grayish-hazel or cream-colored blond.
  • strawberry blond[23] orVenetian blond:reddish blond[24][25][26][27][28]

Artificially blond hair may be calledbleached blond,bottle blond, orperoxide blond.[29]

Genetics of blond hair

The mutation for blond hair is thought to have originated among theAfontova Gora population of theAncient North Eurasian (ANE) cline of south-central Siberia

A typical explanation found in the scientific literature for the adaptation of light hair is related to the adaptation oflight skin, and in turn the requirement forvitamin D synthesis and northern Europe's seasonally reduced solar radiation.[30]

Ancient DNA analysis (ADNA) has revealed that the oldestfossil known to carry the mutated allele rs12821256 of the KITLG gene, which is responsible for blond hair in modern Europeans, is a 17,000 year oldAncient North Eurasian specimen fromAfontova Gora in SouthernSiberia.[31][a 1]

The precise genetic origin and spread of blond hair into its present-day distribution is a topic of debate amongstpopulation geneticists.

GeneticistDavid Reich said that the hundreds of millions of copies of thisSNP, the classic European blond hair mutation, entered continental Europe by way of a massive population migration from the Eurasian steppe, by a people who had substantialAncient North Eurasian ancestry.[32] Ancient North Eurasian admixture is present inMesolithic fossils fromNorthern Europe, and is linked to the prediction of blond hair in Stone AgeScandinavians byancient DNA analysis.[33] Gavin Evans analyzed several years of research on the origin of European blond hair, and concluded that the widespread presence of blond hair in Europe is largely due to the territorial expansions of the "all-conquering"Western Steppe Herders; who carried the genes for blond hair.[31][a 2] A review article published in 2020 analyzes fossil data from a wide variety of published sources. The authors affirm the previous statements, noting thatAncient North Eurasian-derived populations carried the derived blond hair allele to Europe, and that the "massive spread" ofYamnaya steppe pastoralists likely caused the "rapid selective sweep in European populations toward light skin and hair."[34]

In contrast, geneticist Iosif Lazaridis questioned whether or not blond hair could have originated from the migration of Steppe peoples. He found evidence for blond individuals in ancientSouthern Europe and theLevant, with no Steppe ancestry.[35] He also observed that blond hair was rare in the available samples for early Bronze Age Steppe groups, yet common in the later Bronze Age groups, which is inconsistent with the theory that Steppe populations spread the phenotype for blond hair.[36] However, this is consistent with a phenotype turnover occurring within the Steppe pastoralists, leading to a shift towards blond hair becoming a common hair color in the later Steppe-derived populations ofEurope andCentral Asia.[37] Lazaridis further wrote that the frequencies of traits like blonde hair could have been shaped by mass migration or selection; but that it is more complex than "simple stories" of sexual selection, or of spreading by Steppe pastoralists.[38]

A 2024 study found that both Neolithic farmer and Steppe-associated ancestries were more significantly associated with blond hair, while European hunter gatherers tended to have dark or even black hair.[39]

There is some evidence that natural blond hair is associated with high levels of prenataltestosterone.[40][41]

Prevalence

General

AnthropologistPeter Frost'sdistribution map of blond hair in and aroundEurope, according to a 2006 study on light hair, published by theUniversity of St Andrews. It shows that it is most common in Northern Europe[42]:
  80—100%
  50—79%
  20—49%
  1—19%
  Less than 1%

According to the sociologistChristie Davies, only around five percent of adults in Europe and North America are naturally blond.[43] A study conducted in 2003 concluded that only four percent of American adults are naturally blond.[44] A significant number of Caucasian women who have blonde hair have dyed it that way.[43][45]

Europe

Thepigmentation of both hair and eyes is lightest around theBaltic Sea, and darkness increases regularly and almost concentrically around this region.[46]

InFrance, according to a source published 1939, blondism is more common inNormandy, and less common in thePyrenees and the Mediterranean seacoast; 26% of the French population have blond or light brown hair.[47] A 2007 study of French females showed that by then roughly 20% were blonde, although half of these blondes were fully fake. Roughly ten percent of French females are natural blondes, of which 60% bleach their hair to a lighter tone of blond.[48]

InPortugal, the national average of the population shows 11% of varying traces of blondism, peaking at 15% blond people inPóvoa de Varzim in northern Portugal.[49][50]

InItaly, a study of Italian men conducted byRidolfo Livi between 1859 and 1863 on the records of the National Conscription Service showed that 8.2% of Italian men exhibited blond hair; blondism frequency displayed a wide degree of regional variation, ranging from around 12.6% inVeneto to 1.7% among theSardinians.[51] In a more detailed study from the 20th-century geneticistRenato Biasutti,[52][page needed] the regional contrasts of blondism frequency are better shown, with a greater occurrence in thenorthern regions, where the figure may be over 20%, and a lesser occurrence inSardinia, where the frequency in many of its districts was 0.5%. With the exception ofBenevento and the surrounding area inCampania, where various shades of blond hair were present in 10–15% of the population,Southern Italy as a whole averaged between 2.5% and 7.4%.[52][page needed]

Africa

A number of blond naturallymummified bodies of common people (i.e. not proper mummies) dating to Roman times have been found in theFagg El Gamous cemetery inEgypt. "Of those whose hair was preserved 54% were blondes or redheads, and the percentage grows to 87% when light-brown hair color is added."[53] Excavations have been ongoing since the 1980s. Burials seem to be clustered by hair-colour.[54]

Oceania

Blonde girl fromVanuatu

Blonde hair is also found in some other parts of the South Pacific, such as theSolomon Islands,[55][56]Vanuatu, andFiji, again with higher incidences in children. Blond hair inMelanesians is caused by an amino acid change in the geneTYRP1.[55] This mutation is at a frequency of 26% in the Solomon Islands and is absent outside ofOceania.[55]

Asia

The higher frequencies of light hair in Asia are prevalent among thePamiris,Kalash,Nuristani andUyghur ethnic groups.[57][58]

According to geneticistDavid Reich, blond hair has ancient roots in Asia. The derived allele responsible for blond hair in Europeans likely evolved first among theAncient North Eurasians. The earliest known individual with thisallele is a Siberian fossil from Afontova Gora, in south-central Siberia.[59] Reich has written that the derivedSNP for blond hair entered continental Europe by way of a massive population migration from the Eurasian steppe, by a people who had substantial Ancient North Eurasian ancestry.[32] Blond hair has been discovered in human burial sites in north-western China and Mongolia dating to the Iron Age.[60][61]

TheHmong people, originally from northern China, were historically recorded as having blonde hair and blue eyes by the Chinese in ancient times, but their features became darker as they migrated out of China and in to Southeast Asia.[62] The ethnicMiao people ofGuizhou province from China, a subgroup of Hmong people, have been described as having blue eyes and blonde hair. F.M Savina of the Paris Foreign missionary society wrote that the Miao are "pale yellow in complexion, almost white, their hair is often light or dark brown, sometimes even red or corn-silk blond, and a few even have pale blue eyes."[63]

Chinese historical documents describe blond haired, blue-eyed warriors among theXiongnu, a nomadicequestrian culture from Mongolia, who practicedTengriism.[64] TheShiwei people were a Mongolic-speaking ethnic group who were blond-haired and blue eyed. Blond hair can still be seen among people from the region they inhabited, even today.[65] SomeXianbei were described with blond hair and blue eyes according to Chinese historical chronicles.[66] TheUriankhai tribe of Mongols, to which the military generalsSubotai andJelme belonged, were described by Mongol chronicles as blond haired in the 2nd millennium CE.[67] TheTuvans are a Turkic ethnic group with an occasional occurrence of blond hair with freckles, blue-green eyes.[68]

Historical cultural perceptions

Ancient Greece

Left: ReconstructedBlond Kouros's Head of the Acropolis,c. 480 BC.
Right:
Ganymede, aTrojan youth, rolling a hoop, Attic vasec. 500 BC.

Most people in ancient Greece had dark hair and, as a result of this, the Greeks found blond hair immensely fascinating.[69] In theHomeric epics,Menelaus the king of the Spartans is, together with some other Achaean leaders, portrayed as blond.[70] Other blond characters in the Homeric poems arePeleus,Achilles,Meleager,Agamede, andRhadamanthys.[70]Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty, was often described as golden-haired and portrayed with this color hair in art.[71] Aphrodite's master epithet in the Homeric epics isχρυσέη (khruséē), which means "golden".[a 3] The traces of hair color on Greekkorai probably reflect the colors the artists saw in natural hair;[74] these colors include a broad diversity of shades of blond, red and brown.[74] The minority of statues with blond hair range from strawberry blond up to platinum blond.[74]

Sappho of Lesbos (c. 630–570 BC) wrote that purple-colored wraps as headdress were good enough, except if the hair was blond: "...for the girl who has hair that is yellower than a torch [it is better to decorate it] with wreaths of flowers in bloom."[75] Sappho also praises Aphrodite for her golden hair, stating that sincegold metal is free from rust, the goddess' golden hair represents her freedom fromritual pollution.[72] Sappho's contemporaryAlcman of Sparta praised golden hair as one of the most desirable qualities of a beautiful woman,[72] describing in various poems "the girl with the yellow hair" and a girl "with the hair like purest gold".[72]

In the fifth century BC, the sculptorPheidias may have depicted the Greek goddess of wisdomAthena's hair usinggold in his famous statue ofAthena Parthenos, which was displayed inside theParthenon.[76] The Greeks thought of theThracians who lived to the north as having reddish-blond hair.[77] Because manyGreek slaves were captured fromThrace, slaves were stereotyped as blond or red-headed.[77] "Xanthias" (Ξανθίας), meaning "reddish blond", was a common name for slaves in ancient Greece[77][78] and a slave by this name appears in many of the comedies ofAristophanes.[78] Historian andEgyptologistJoann Fletcher asserts that theMacedonian rulerAlexander the Great and members of theMacedonian GreekPtolemaic dynasty ofHellenistic Egypt had blond hair, such asArsinoe II andBerenice II.[79] Additionally, the ancient Greek lyric poetBacchylides wrote of "the blonde daughters of theLacedaemonians" (Spartans),[80] while also noting the golden hair of athletes at theNemean Games.[81]

The most famous statue of Aphrodite, theAphrodite of Knidos, sculpted in the fourth century BC byPraxiteles, represented the goddess' hair using gold leaf[82] and contributed to the popularity of the image of Aphrodite as a blonde goddess.[83] Greek prostitutes frequently dyed their hair blond usingsaffron dyes or colored powders.[84] Blond dye was highly expensive, took great effort to apply, and smelled repugnant,[84] but none of these factors inhibited Greek prostitutes from dying their hair.[84] As a result of this and the natural rarity of blond hair in the Mediterranean region, by the fourth century BC, blond hair was inextricably associated with prostitutes.[84] The comic playwright Menander (c. 342/41–c. 290 BC) protests that "no chaste woman ought to make her hair yellow".[84] At another point, he deplores blond hair dye as dangerous: "What can we women do wise or brilliant, who sit with hair dyed yellow, outraging the character of gentlewomen, causing the overthrow of houses, the ruin of nuptials, and accusations on the part of children?"[84]

Roman Empire

On the left:Statue of Antinous (Delphi), depictingAntinous, polychromeParian marble, made during the reign ofHadrian (r. 117–138 AD)
On the right: detail of athletic women in the "bikini girls"mosaic of theVilla Romana del Casale,Roman Sicily, 4th century AD

During the early years of theRoman Empire, blond hair was associated withprostitutes.[85] The preference changed to bleaching the hair blond when Greek culture, which practiced bleaching, reached Rome, and was reinforced when the legions thatconquered Gaul returned with blond slaves.[86] Sherrow also states that Roman women tried to lighten their hair, but the substances often caused hair loss, so they resorted towigs made from the captives' hair.[87] According toFrancis Owen,Roman literary records describe a large number of well-known Roman historical personalities as blond.[88]

Juvenal wrote in a satirical poem thatMessalina, Roman empress of noble birth, would hide herblack hair with a blond wig for her nightly visits to the brothel:sed nigrum flavo crinem abscondente galero intravit calidum veteri centone lupanar.[89] In his Commentary on theAeneid ofVirgil,Maurus Servius Honoratus noted that the respectable matron was only black haired, never blonde.[90] In the same passage, he mentioned thatCato the Elder wrote that some matrons would sprinkle golden dust on their hair to make it reddish-color. EmperorLucius Verus (r. 161–169 AD) was said to sprinkle gold-dust on his already light hair to make it blonder and brighter.[91]

From an ethnic point of view, Roman authors associated blond andred hair with theGauls and theGermans: e.g.,Virgil describes the hair of the Gauls as "golden" (aurea caesaries),[92]Tacitus wrote that "the Germans have fierce blue eyes, red-blond hair (rutilae comae), huge (tall) frames";[93] in accordance withAmmianus, almost all the Gauls were "of tall stature, fair and ruddy".[94]Celtic andGermanic peoples ofthe provinces, among the free subjects calledperegrini, served in Rome's armies asauxilia, such as the cavalry contingents in the army ofJulius Caesar.[95] Some became Roman citizens as far back as the 1st century BC, following a policy ofRomanization ofGaul andLesser Germania.[96] Sometimes entire Celtic and Germanic tribes were granted citizenship, such as when emperorOtho granted citizenship to all of theLingones in 69 AD.[97]

By the 1st century BC, theRoman Republic had expanded its control into parts ofwestern Germany, and by 85 AD the provinces ofGermania Inferior andGermania Superior were formally established there.[98] Yet as late as the 4th century AD,Ausonius, a poet and tutor fromBurdigala, wrote a poem about anAlemanni slave girl namedBissula, whom he had recently freed after she'd been taken as a prisoner of war in the campaigns ofValentinian I, noting that her adoptedLatin language marked her as a woman ofLatium yet her blond-haired,blue-eyed appearance ultimately signified her true origins from theRhine.[99] Further south, theIberian Peninsula was originally inhabited byCeltiberians outside of Roman control. The gradual Roman conquest of Iberia was completed by the early 1st century AD.[100] The Romans established provinces such asHispania Terraconensis that were inhabited largely byGallaeci, whose red- and blond-haired descendants (which also include those ofVisigothic origins) have continued to inhabit northern areas ofSpain such asGalicia andPortugal into the modern era.[100]

TheGoths, a Germanic tribe who played a central role in theFall of the Western Roman Empire through their conquest, were always described in ancient sources as tall and athletic, with light skin, yellow (blond) hair and blue eyes,[101][102] The contemporary Greek scholar and historianProcopius noted of the Goths: "they all have white bodies and fair hair, and are tall and handsome to look upon."[103]

Medieval Europe

Mary Magdalene (c. 1480–1487), altarpiece inInternational Gothic style byCarlo Crivelli showing her with long, blonde hair

Medieval Scandinavian art and literature often places emphasis on the length and color of a woman's hair,[104] considering long, blond hair to be the ideal, as it was associated withgold.[104] InNorse mythology, the goddessSif has famously blond hair.[105] In theOld NorseGunnlaug Saga,Helga the Beautiful, described as "the most beautiful woman in the world", is said to have had blond hair so long that it can "envelope her entirely".[104] In thePoetic Edda poemRígsþula, the blond manJarl is considered to be the ancestor of the dominant warrior class.

The Scandinavians were not the only ones to place strong emphasis on the beauty of blond hair;[104] the French writerChristine de Pisan writes in her bookThe Treasure of the City of Ladies (1404) that "there is nothing in the world lovelier on a woman's head than beautiful blond hair".[104] In medieval artwork, female saints are often shown with long, shimmering blond hair, which emphasizes their holiness and virginity.[106] At the same time, however,Eve is sometimes shown with long, blond hair, which frames her nude body and draws attention to her sexual attractiveness.[85][107]Iseult was so closely associated with blondness that, in the poems ofChrétien de Troyes, she is called "Iseult le Blonde".[108] InGeoffrey Chaucer'sCanterbury Tales, the knight describes the Princess Emily as blond inhis tale.[108]

In the older versions of the story ofTristan and Iseult,Tristan falls in love withIseult after seeing only a single lock of her long, blond hair.[108] In fact, Iseult was so closely associated with blondness that, in the poems ofChrétien de Troyes, she is called "Iseult le Blonde".[108] InGeoffrey Chaucer'sCanterbury Tales (written from 1387 until 1400), the knight describes the beautiful Princess Emily inhis tale, stating, "yclothed was she fressh, for to devyse:/Hir yellow heer was broided in a tresse/Behinde hir bak, a yerde long, I gesse" (lines 1048–1050).[108]

Because of blond hair's relative commonness in northern Europe, folk tales from these regions tend to feature large numbers of blond protagonists,[85][109] although these stories may not have been seen by their original tellers as idealizing blond hair.[109] Furthermore, it is noted that there is also a black-haired ideal of female beauty in northern Europe, as shown in plays likeSnow White and other forms of entertainment portraying black-hairedheroines.[109] Similarly, NordicSkalds often glorified dark-haired women.[110]

Duringthe medieval period, Spanish ladies preferred to dye their hair black, yet by the time of theRenaissance in the 16th century the fashion (imported from Italy) was to dye their hair blond or red.[111]

Early twentieth-century

Propaganda in Nazi Germany often featured people with blond hair and blue eyes and other "Teutonic" traits, said to embody features of a "master race".

In 'Mark Twain and the American West', American novel writerWilla Cather's depiction of Alexander the Great in 'Alexander's Bridge' was described as "embodying the ideal", a "large, strong man with broad shoulders and rugged, blond good looks".[112]

InNazi Germany, blond, stern-jawed men were seen as the masculine ideal as depicted in the films ofLeni Riefenstahl and other propaganda.[113][114] Writer R. Horrocks noted that totalitarianism reached a ludicrous extreme in Nazi society, where "men were virile blond warriors, women were breeders, and gay men were killed in the death camps".[115]

The fact that many Nazi leaders, includingAdolf Hitler, did not possess these traits was noted with irony by theAllies of World War II. The most famous joke on the subject asked:What is the ideal German? Blond like Hitler, slim like Göring, masculine like Goebbels. . . .[116]

Senior curator at theNorwegian Museum of Science and Technology Jon Røyne Kyllingstad has written that in the early twentieth-centuryracialist andsupremacist thinkers promulgated the theory that human features such as blond hair and blue eyes were hallmarks of a "master race".[117] In the 1920s, theeugenicistEugen Fischer invented a hair palette called theFischer scale that he said could categorize racial typology—these typologies were abandoned afterWorld War II.[118] Kyllingstad sees classification of race based on physical characteristics such as hair color as a "flawed, pseudo-scientific relic of the past".[118]

Modern cultural stereotypes

Main article:Blonde stereotype

Sexuality

In the stage play “A Week-End” (1918), Lucille (Yvonne Arnaud) is depicted as a French woman with a “weakness for yellow-haired men”, and in expressing her deep attraction and admiration to her love interest Ambrose is fixated on his hair color.[119]
Portrait of a Woman byBartolomeo Veneto, traditionally assumed to beLucrezia Borgia
Robert Redford, a well-known natural blond actor and "Male Sex Symbol of the Seventies".[120] (Tell Them Willie Boy Is Here production still)

In contemporary Western popular culture, blonde women are sometimes stereotyped as being attractive.[86] For example,Anita Loos popularized this idea in her 1925 novelGentlemen Prefer Blondes.[86] However, studies which sought to verify this found no evidence for a general preference of blonde women among Western men.[121] A 2008 study found that men inGreater London,England preferred dark haired women rather than women with blond hair.[122] A 2018 study based on University of Florida students found that men prefer brunette women over blonde women.[123] Swami, et al. (2008) suggested that men may prefer women with dark hair because they are predominant in the fashion and modelling industries, or because they may be perceived as healthier or more fertile than blonde women.[124]

InCentral Asia andEast Asia, blonde women are ranked belowblack-haired women in the hierarchy of female attractiveness. In theSoviet Union, Russian schoolteachers struggled to convinceCentral Asian students that blue-eyed, blonde heroines inRussian poetry were attractive.[125] The ethnicKyrgyz students, in particular, regarded blonde women as "hideous", and insisted that their hair be changed to black.[125][126] Popular television commercials in Japan have portrayed blonde women as highlyjealous of black-haired Japanese women.[127] In 2014, a study found that blond-haired Swedish women were ranked below Chinese women in the female beauty hierarchy. According to the author, the blonde hair of Swedish women reduced their femininity, because it was seen as a Western trait. These women's Swedish husbands were highly attracted to local East Asian women, which further reduced the self-esteem of the blonde Swedish women.[128]

Similarly in many eastern cultures (Asia, TheMiddle East) blond men are often seen as symbolizing western masculinity: excessively manly, flirtatious, and sexually attractive.[129][130] Depictions of relations between blond European men and dark-haired Arab women have even been used as an allegory for Europeancolonialism, specifically in regards toFrench Algeria.[131]

Intelligence

Monroe in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. She is wearing a white dressing gown and is holding a phone. She looks shocked, with wide eyes and an open mouth.
Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), was one of several films in whichMarilyn Monroe portrayed a sexually attractive and naïve "dumb blonde"

Originating in Europe, the "blonde stereotype" is also associated with being less serious or less intelligent.[86]Blonde jokes are a class of jokes based on the stereotype of blonde women as unintelligent.[86][132] In Brazil, this extends to blonde women being looked down upon, as reflected in sexist jokes, as also sexually licentious.[133] It is believed the originator of thedumb blonde was an eighteenth-century blonde French prostitute namedRosalie Duthé whose reputation of being beautiful but dumb inspired a play about her calledLes Curiosités de la Foire (Paris 1775).[86] Blonde actresses have contributed to this perception; some of them includeJean Harlow,Marilyn Monroe,Judy Holliday,Jayne Mansfield andGoldie Hawn during her time atLaugh-In.[86]

The British filmmakerAlfred Hitchcock preferred to cast blonde women for major roles in his films as he believed that the audience would suspect them the least, comparing them to "virgin snow that shows up the bloody footprints", hence the termHitchcock blonde.[134] This stereotype has become so ingrained it has spawned counter-narratives, such as in the 2001 filmLegally Blonde in whichElle Woods, played byReese Witherspoon, succeeds at Harvard despite biases against her beauty and blond hair.[86]

In the 1950s, American actressMarilyn Monroe's screen persona centered on her blonde hair and the stereotypes associated with it, especially dumbness, naïveté, sexual availability and artificiality.[135] She often used a breathy, childish voice in her films, and in interviews gave the impression that everything she said was "utterly innocent and uncalculated", parodying herself withdouble entendres that came to be known as "Monroeisms".[136] For example, when she was asked what she had on in a 1949 nude photo shoot, she replied, "I had the radio on".[137] Monroe often wore white to emphasize her blondeness, and drew attention by wearing revealing outfits that showed off her figure.[138] Although Monroe's typecast screen persona as a dim-witted but sexually attractive blonde was a carefully crafted act, audiences and film critics believed it to be her real personality and did not realize that she was only acting.[139]

The notion that blonds are less intelligent is not grounded in fact. A 2016 study of 10,878 Americans found that both women and men with natural blond hair hadIQ scores similar to the average IQ of non-blond white Americans, and that white women with natural blond hair in fact had a slightly higher average IQ score (103.2) than white women with red hair (101.2), or black hair (100.5). Although many considerblonde jokes to be harmless, the author of the study stated the stereotype can have serious negative effects on hiring, promotion and other social experiences.[140][141] Rhiannon Williams ofThe Telegraph writes thatdumb blonde jokes are "one of the last 'acceptable' forms of prejudice".[142]

See also

Science
Society

Notes

  1. ^Japanese research in 2006 found that the genetic mutation that prompted the evolution of blond hair dates to the ice age that happened around 11,000 years ago. Since then, the 17,000-year-old remains of a blonde–haired North Eurasian hunter-gatherer have been found in eastern Siberia, suggesting an earlier origin.
  2. ^"But whatever the evolutionary causes of blond and red hair, their spread in Europe had little to do with their possible innate attractiveness and much to do with the success of the all-conquering herders from the steppes who carried these genes."
  3. ^Aphrodite is commonly described as "golden" in ancient sources. The adective is variously seen as referring either to golden hair,[72] the gold adornments of her statues, her glimmering beauty, or the riches of her shrines.[73]

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