FOCAL (an acronym forFast Outgoing Cyclopean Astronomical Lens) is a proposedspace telescope that would use theSun as agravity lens. The gravitational lens effect was first derived byAlbert Einstein,[1] and the concept of a mission to the solar gravitational lens was first suggested by professorVon R. Eshleman,[2] and analyzed further by Italian astronomerClaudio Maccone[3] and others.[4]
In order to use the Sun as a gravity lens, it would be necessary to send the telescope to a minimum distance of 550astronomical units away from the Sun,[3]: 4–7 enabling very high signal amplifications: for example, at the 203 GHz wavelength, amplification of 1.3·1015.[5] Maccone suggests that this should be enough to obtain detailed images of the surfaces ofextrasolar planets.[6]
Even without using the Sun as the lens, FOCAL could perform various, otherwise impossible measurements: a separate telescope could be used to measure stellar distances byparallax, which would, using the baseline of 550 AU, measure the precise position of every star in theMilky Way,[3]: 18 enabling various further scientific discoveries.[3]: 18–22 It could also study theinterstellar medium,[3]: 22 theheliosphere,[3]: 27 observegravitational waves,[3]: 25 check for the possible variation of thegravitational constant,[3]: 25 observe thecosmic infrared background,[3]: 26 characteriseinterplanetary dust within theSolar System,[3]: 27–28 more precisely measure the mass of the Solar System[3]: 26 and similar.
FOCAL does not require any non-existing technology; however, it has various limitations. A space mission of this duration and distance has never been attempted; for comparison, theVoyager 1 andVoyager 2 probes are at distances of 147AU and 122AU in 2019.[7] A gravity lens will bend objects behind it, so that images from the telescope would be difficult to interpret.[5] FOCAL would be able to observe only objects that are right behind the Sun from its point of view, which means that for every observed object a new telescope would have to be made.[3]: 33 [5]
A critique of the technology of the gravity lens telescope was given by Landis.[8] Some of the problems Landis points out include discussion of the interference of thesolar corona, which will make the telescope signal-to-noise ratio poor, the high magnification of the target, which will make the design of the mission focal plane difficult, and an analysis of the inherentspherical aberration of the lens will limit the resolution possible.
| Operating |
| ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Planned | |||||||||||||
| Proposed | |||||||||||||
| Retired |
| ||||||||||||
| Hibernating (Mission completed) | |||||||||||||
| Lost/Failed | |||||||||||||
| Cancelled | |||||||||||||
| Related |
| ||||||||||||
