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F. J. Duarte

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Laser physicist and author/editor
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F. J. Duarte
F. J. Duarte at a meeting of theOptical Society in 2006
Bornc. 1954
Alma materMacquarie University
Known forTunable lasers
Narrow-linewidth dye lasers
Multiple-prism dispersion theory
N-slit interferometer
N-slit interferometric equation
AwardsPaul F. Forman Engineering Excellence Award (1995)
David Richardson Medal (2016)
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
Optics
InstitutionsMacquarie University
University of New South Wales
University of Alabama
Eastman Kodak Company
State University of New York
University of New Mexico
Interferometric Optics
Doctoral advisorJ. A. Piper
Other academic advisorsJ. C. Ward
R. E. Aitchison

Francisco Javier "Frank" Duarte (born c. 1954) is alaserphysicist and author/editor of several books ontunable lasers.[1]

His research onphysical optics and laser development has won several awards, including anEngineering Excellence Award in 1995 for the invention of theN-slit laser interferometer.

Research

[edit]

Laser oscillators

[edit]

Duarte and Piper introducedmultiple-prism near-grazing-incidence grating cavities which originally were disclosed ascopper-laser-pumped narrow-linewidth tunable laser oscillators.[2][3] Subsequently, he developed narrow-linewidth multiple-prism grating configurations for high-power CO2 laser oscillators[4] and solid-state tunable organic laser oscillators.[5][citation needed]

Intracavity dispersion theory

[edit]

Duarte also conceived themultiple-prism dispersion theories fortunable narrow-linewidth laser oscillators,[6] and multiple-prism laserpulse compression,[7][8] which are summarized in several of his books.[9][10][11] The introduction to this theory is the generalized multiple-prism dispersion equation[6]

∇λϕ2,m=H2,m∇λnm+(k1,mk2,m)−1(H1,m∇λnm±∇λϕ2,(m−1)){\displaystyle \nabla _{\lambda }\phi _{2,m}=H_{2,m}\nabla _{\lambda }n_{m}+(k_{1,m}k_{2,m})^{-1}{\bigg (}H_{1,m}\nabla _{\lambda }n_{m}\pm \nabla _{\lambda }\phi _{2,(m-1)}{\bigg )}}

which has found a variety of applications.[12][13]

Tunable lasers for isotope separation

[edit]

Histunable narrow-linewidth laser oscillator configurations[3][14] have been adopted by various research groups working onuraniumatomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS).[15][16][17] This work was supported by theAustralian Atomic Energy Commission.[14] During the course of this research, Duarte writes that he did approach the then federal minister for energy,Sir John Carrick, to advocate for the introduction of anAVLIS facility in Australia.[18] In 2002, he participated in research that led to the isotope separation oflithium using narrow-linewidth tunablediode lasers.[19]

Solid state organic dye lasers

[edit]

From the mid-1980s to early 1990s Duarte and scientists from theUSArmy Missile Command developedruggedizednarrow-linewidth laser oscillators tunable directly in the visible spectrum.[20][21] This constituted the first disclosure, in the open literature, of a tunable narrow-linewidth laser tested on a rugged terrain. This research led to experimentation with polymer gain media and in 1994 Duarte reported on the first narrow-linewidth tunablesolid state dye laser oscillators.[5] These dispersive oscillator architectures were then refined to yield single-longitudinal-mode emission limited only byHeisenberg's uncertainty principle.[22]

Organic gain media

[edit]

Joint research, with R. O. James, on solid-state organic-inorganic materials, led to the discovery of polymer-nanoparticle gain media and to the emission of tunable low-divergence homogeneous laser beams from this class of media.[23] In 2005, Duarte and colleagues were the first to demonstrate directional coherent emission from an electrically excitedorganic semiconductor.[24][25] These experiments utilized a tandemOLED within an integrated interferometric configuration.[24][25]

Duarte's work in this area began with the demonstration of narrow-linewidth laser emission usingcoumarin-tetramethyl dyes[26][27] which offer high conversion efficiency and wide tunability in the green region of the electromagnetic spectrum.[28]

Interferometry and quantum optics

[edit]
Duarte and colleagues demonstrated the superposition of diffraction patterns overN-slit interferograms. This interferogram corresponds to the interferometric characterb (N = 3 slits) and exhibits a diffraction pattern superimposed on the right outer wing (see text).

In the late 1980s, he invented the digitalN-slit laser interferometer for applications in imaging andmicroscopy.[29] Concurrently, he appliedDirac's notation to describe quantum mechanically its interferometric and propagation characteristics.[30][31][32] A further innovation in this interferometer was the use of extremely elongated Gaussian beams, width to height ratios of up to 2000:1, for sample illumination.[32]

This research also led to the generalizedN-slit interferometric equation that was then applied to describe classical optics phenomena such asinterference,diffraction,refraction, andreflection, in a generalized and unified quantum approach[33][34] that includes positive and negative refraction.[35] He also derived thecavity linewidth equation, for dispersive laser oscillators, using quantum mechanical principles.[36]

Further developments include very largeN-slit laser interferometers to generate and propagate interferometric characters forsecure free-space optical communications.[37][38]Interferometric characters is a term coined in 2002 to link interefometric signals to alphanumerical characters (see figure's legend).[37] These experiments provided the first observation of diffraction patterns superimposed over propagating interference signals, thus demonstrating non-destructive (or soft) interception of propagating interferograms.[38]

A spin-off of this research, with applications to the aviation industry, resulted from the discovery thatN-slit laser interferometers are very sensitive detectors ofclear air turbulence.[38][39]

Duarte provides a description of quantum optics, almost entirely via Dirac's notation, in his bookQuantum Optics for Engineers.[40] In this book he derives the probability amplitude for quantum entanglement,

|ψ⟩=12(|x⟩1|y⟩2−|y⟩1|x⟩2){\displaystyle \left|\psi \right\rangle ={1 \over {\sqrt {2}}}(\left|x\right\rangle _{1}\left|y\right\rangle _{2}-\left|y\right\rangle _{1}\left|x\right\rangle _{2})}

which he calls thePryce-Ward probability amplitude, from anN-slit interferometric perspective. It is this|ψ⟩{\displaystyle \left|\psi \right\rangle } that becomes the probability|ψ⟩|ψ⟩∗{\displaystyle \left|\psi \right\rangle \left|\psi \right\rangle ^{*}} disclosed by Pryce and Ward.[41][42][43] Duarte also emphasizes a pragmatic non-interpretational approach to quantum mechanics.[40][41][44]

Career

[edit]

Macquarie University

[edit]

AtMacquarie University, Duarte studied quantum physics underJohn Clive Ward and semiconductor physics underRonald Ernest Aitchison. His PhD research was on laser physics and his supervisor wasJames A. Piper.

In the area of university politics, he established and led theMacquarie science reform movement,[45][46] that transformed the degree structure of the university. Macquarie's science reform, was widely supported by local scientists including physicistsR. E. Aitchison,R. E. B. Makinson,A. W. Pryor, andJ. C. Ward.In 1980, Duarte was elected as one of the Macquarie representatives to theAustralian Union of Students from where he was expelled, and then reinstated, for "running over the tables."[citation needed]

Following completion of his PhD work, Duarte did post doctoral research, withB. J. Orr at theUniversity of New South Wales, and then back atMacquarie University.

American phase

[edit]

In 1983, Duarte traveled to the United States to assume a physics professorship at theUniversity of Alabama. In 1985 he joined the Imaging Research Laboratories, at theEastman Kodak Company, where he remained until 2006. While at Kodak he was chairman ofLasers '87 and subsequent conferences in this series.[47] Duarte has had a long association with the US Army Missile Command and theUS Army Aviation and Missile Command, where he has participated (with R. W. Conrad andT. S. Taylor[21]) indirected energy research.

He was elected Fellow of theAustralian Institute of Physics in 1987) and aFellow of the Optical Society of America in 1993.[48]

In 1995, he received theEngineering Excellence Award for "the invention ofan electrooptic coherent interferometer for direct applications to imaging diagnostics of transparent surfaces, such as photographic film and film substrates.[49][50] and in 2016, he was awarded theDavid Richardson Medal for "seminal contributions to the physics and technology of multiple-prism arrays for narrow-linewidth tunable laser oscillators and laser pulse compression,"[51] from the Optical Society.

Personal

[edit]
Duarte'spolarization rotator

Duarte was born inSantiago, Chile, and traveled toSydney, Australia, as a teenager. There, he lived first inStrathfield and then in the northern small town ofCowan. In the United States he resided for a brief period inTuscaloosa, Alabama, and then moved toWestern New York.[citation needed]

Books

[edit]
  • Dye Laser Principles (1990)[9]
  • Tunable Laser Optics, 2nd Ed. (2015, Second edition)[11]
  • Tunable Laser Applications, 3rd Ed (1996, 2009, 2016)[52]
  • Fundamentals of Quantum Entanglement (2019)[41]
  • Quantum Entanglement Engineering and Applications (2021)[44]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Francisco J. Duarte".Optica. RetrievedMarch 26, 2025.
  2. ^Duarte, F. J.; Piper, J. A. (1981-06-15). "Prism preexpanded grazing-incidence grating cavity for pulsed dye lasers".Applied Optics.20 (12). The Optical Society:2113–6.Bibcode:1981ApOpt..20.2113D.doi:10.1364/ao.20.002113.ISSN 0003-6935.PMID 20332895.
  3. ^abDuarte, F. J.; Piper, James A. (1984-05-01). "Narrow linewidth, high prf copper laser-pumped dye-laser oscillators".Applied Optics.23 (9). The Optical Society:1391–1394.Bibcode:1984ApOpt..23.1391D.doi:10.1364/ao.23.001391.ISSN 0003-6935.PMID 18212837.
  4. ^Duarte, F. J. (1985-05-01). "Multiple-prism Littrow and grazing-incidence pulsed CO2 lasers".Applied Optics.24 (9). The Optical Society:1244–1245.Bibcode:1985ApOpt..24.1244D.doi:10.1364/ao.24.001244.ISSN 0003-6935.PMID 18223701.
  5. ^abDuarte, F. J. (1994-06-20). "Solid-state multiple-prism grating dye-laser oscillators".Applied Optics.33 (18). The Optical Society:3857–3860.Bibcode:1994ApOpt..33.3857D.doi:10.1364/ao.33.003857.ISSN 0003-6935.PMID 20935726.
  6. ^abDuarte, F.J.; Piper, J.A. (1982). "Dispersion theory of multiple-prism beam expanders for pulsed dye lasers".Optics Communications.43 (5). Elsevier BV:303–307.Bibcode:1982OptCo..43..303D.doi:10.1016/0030-4018(82)90216-4.ISSN 0030-4018.
  7. ^Duarte, F. J. (1987). "Generalized multiple-prism dispersion theory for pulse compression in ultrafast dye lasers".Optical and Quantum Electronics.19 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC:223–229.Bibcode:1987OQEle..19..223D.doi:10.1007/bf02032516.ISSN 0306-8919.S2CID 123209183.
  8. ^Duarte, F. J. (2009-04-03). "Generalized multiple-prism dispersion theory for laser pulse compression: higher order phase derivatives".Applied Physics B.96 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC:809–814.Bibcode:2009ApPhB..96..809D.doi:10.1007/s00340-009-3475-2.ISSN 0946-2171.S2CID 122996664.
  9. ^abF. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman (Eds.) (1990).Dye Laser Principles. New York: Academic.ISBN 978-0-12-222700-4.
  10. ^F. J. Duarte (Ed.) (1995).Tunable Lasers Handbook. New York: Academic.ISBN 978-0-12-222695-3.
  11. ^abF. J. Duarte (2015).Tunable Laser Optics, 2nd Ed. New York: CRC.ISBN 978-1-4822-4529-5.
  12. ^Siegner, U; Achermann, M; Keller, U (2001-10-09). "Spatially resolved femtosecond spectroscopy beyond the diffraction limit".Measurement Science and Technology.12 (11). IOP Publishing:1847–1857.Bibcode:2001MeScT..12.1847S.doi:10.1088/0957-0233/12/11/313.ISSN 0957-0233.S2CID 250883209.
  13. ^Pang, L. Y.; Kintzer, E. S.; Fujimoto, J. G. (1992-11-15). "Ultrashort-pulse generation from high-power diode arrays by using intracavity optical nonlinearities".Optics Letters.17 (22). The Optical Society:1599–1601.Bibcode:1992OptL...17.1599P.doi:10.1364/ol.17.001599.ISSN 0146-9592.PMID 19798258.
  14. ^abDuarte, F. J.; Piper, J. A. (1982-08-01). "Comparison of prism-expander and grazing-incidence grating cavities for copper laser pumped dye lasers".Applied Optics.21 (15). The Optical Society:2782–6.Bibcode:1982ApOpt..21.2782D.doi:10.1364/ao.21.002782.ISSN 0003-6935.PMID 20396117.
  15. ^Singh, Sunita; Dasgupta, K.; Kumar, S.; Manohar, K. G.; Nair, L. G.; Chatterjee, U. K. (1994-06-01). "High-power high-repetition-rate copper-vapor-pumped dye laser".Optical Engineering.33 (6). SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng:1894–1904.Bibcode:1994OptEn..33.1894S.doi:10.1117/12.168243.ISSN 0091-3286.
  16. ^Sugiyama, Akira; Nakayama, T.; Kato, M.; Maruyama, Y.; Arisawa, T. (1996-04-01). "Characteristics of a pressure-tuned single-mode dye laser oscillator pumped by a copper vapor laser".Optical Engineering.35 (4). SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng:1093–1097.Bibcode:1996OptEn..35.1093S.doi:10.1117/1.600726.ISSN 0091-3286.
  17. ^Singh, Nageshwar (2006-10-01). "Influence of optical inhomogeneity in the gain medium on the bandwidth of a high-repetition-rate dye laser pumped by copper vapor laser".Optical Engineering.45 (10). SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng: 104204.Bibcode:2006OptEn..45j4204S.doi:10.1117/1.2363168.ISSN 0091-3286.
  18. ^Duarte, F. J. (2010)."Tunable lasers for atomic vapor laser isotope separation: the Australian contribution"(PDF).Australian Physics.47 (2):38–40.
  19. ^Olivares, Ignacio E.; Duarte, Andrés E.; Saravia, Eduardo A.; Duarte, Francisco J. (2002-05-20). "Lithium isotope separation with tunable diode lasers".Applied Optics.41 (15). The Optical Society:2973–2977.Bibcode:2002ApOpt..41.2973O.doi:10.1364/ao.41.002973.ISSN 0003-6935.PMID 12027187.
  20. ^Duarte, F. J.; Ehrlich, J. J.; Davenport, W. E.; Taylor, T. S. (1990-07-20). "Flashlamp pumped narrow-linewidth dispersive dye laser oscillators: very low amplified spontaneous emission levels and reduction of linewidth instabilities".Applied Optics.29 (21). The Optical Society:3176–9.Bibcode:1990ApOpt..29.3176D.doi:10.1364/ao.29.003176.ISSN 0003-6935.PMID 20567393.
  21. ^abDuarte, F.J.; Davenport, W.E.; Ehrlich, J.J.; Taylor, T.S. (1991). "Ruggedized narrow-linewidth dispersive dye laser oscillator".Optics Communications.84 (5–6). Elsevier BV:310–316.Bibcode:1991OptCo..84..310D.doi:10.1016/0030-4018(91)90093-s.ISSN 0030-4018.
  22. ^Duarte, Francisco J. (1999-10-20). "Multiple-prism grating solid-state dye laser oscillator: optimized architecture".Applied Optics.38 (30). The Optical Society:6347–9.Bibcode:1999ApOpt..38.6347D.doi:10.1364/ao.38.006347.ISSN 0003-6935.PMID 18324163.
  23. ^Duarte, F. J.; James, R. O. (2003-11-01). "Tunable solid-state lasers incorporating dye-doped, polymer– nanoparticle gain media".Optics Letters.28 (21). The Optical Society:2088–90.Bibcode:2003OptL...28.2088D.doi:10.1364/ol.28.002088.ISSN 0146-9592.PMID 14587824.
  24. ^abDuarte, F. J.; Liao, L. S.; Vaeth, K. M. (2005-11-15). "Coherence characteristics of electrically excited tandem organic light-emitting diodes".Optics Letters.30 (22). The Optical Society:3072–4.Bibcode:2005OptL...30.3072D.doi:10.1364/ol.30.003072.ISSN 0146-9592.PMID 16315725.
  25. ^abDuarte, F. J. (2007-01-26). "Coherent electrically excited organic semiconductors: visibility of interferograms and emission linewidth".Optics Letters.32 (4). The Optical Society:412–4.Bibcode:2007OptL...32..412D.doi:10.1364/ol.32.000412.ISSN 0146-9592.PMID 17356670.
  26. ^Chen, C. H.; Fox, J. L.; Duarte, F. J.; Ehrlich, J. J. (1988-02-01). "Lasing characteristics of new coumarin-analog dyes: broadband and narrow-linewidth performance".Applied Optics.27 (3). The Optical Society:443–5.Bibcode:1988ApOpt..27..443C.doi:10.1364/ao.27.000443.ISSN 0003-6935.PMID 20523615.
  27. ^Duarte, F. J. (1989). "Ray transfer matrix analysis of multiple-prism dye laser oscillators".Optical and Quantum Electronics.21 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC:47–54.Bibcode:1989OQEle..21...47D.doi:10.1007/bf02199466.ISSN 0306-8919.S2CID 122811020.
  28. ^Duarte, F J; Liao, L S; Vaeth, K M; Miller, A M (2006-01-13). "Widely tunable green laser emission using the coumarin 545 tetramethyl dye as the gain medium".Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics.8 (2). IOP Publishing:172–174.Bibcode:2006JOptA...8..172D.doi:10.1088/1464-4258/8/2/010.ISSN 1464-4258.S2CID 120835615.
  29. ^F. J. Duarte, Electro-optical interferometric microdensitometer system,US Patent 5255069 (1993).
  30. ^F. J. Duarte and D. J. Paine, Quantum mechanical description ofN-slit interference phenomena, inProceedings of the International Conference on Lasers '88, R. C. Sze and F. J. Duarte (Eds.) (STS, McLean, Va, 1989) pp. 42-47.
  31. ^F. J. Duarte, inHigh Power Dye Lasers (Springer-Verlag, Berlin,1991) Chapter 2.
  32. ^abDuarte, F.J. (1993). "On a generalized interference equation and interferometric measurements".Optics Communications.103 (1–2). Elsevier BV:8–14.Bibcode:1993OptCo.103....8D.doi:10.1016/0030-4018(93)90634-h.ISSN 0030-4018.
  33. ^F. J. Duarte (2003).Tunable Laser Optics. New York: Elsevier Academic.ISBN 978-0-12-222696-0.
  34. ^Duarte, F. J. (1997). "Interference, diffraction, and refraction, via Dirac's notation".American Journal of Physics.65 (7). American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT):637–640.Bibcode:1997AmJPh..65..637D.doi:10.1119/1.18613.ISSN 0002-9505.
  35. ^Duarte, F.J. (2005-11-17). "Multiple-prism dispersion equations for positive and negative refraction".Applied Physics B.82 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC:35–38.doi:10.1007/s00340-005-1996-x.ISSN 0946-2171.S2CID 120462686.
  36. ^Duarte, F. J. (1992-11-20). "Cavity dispersion equation Δλ ≈ Δθ(∂θ/∂λ)−1: a note on its origin".Applied Optics.31 (33). The Optical Society:6979–82.doi:10.1364/ao.31.006979.ISSN 0003-6935.PMID 20802556.
  37. ^abDuarte, F.J. (2002). "Secure interferometric communications in free space".Optics Communications.205 (4–6). Elsevier BV:313–319.Bibcode:2002OptCo.205..313D.doi:10.1016/s0030-4018(02)01384-6.ISSN 0030-4018.
  38. ^abcDuarte, F J; Taylor, T S; Black, A M; Davenport, W E; Varmette, P G (2011-02-03). "N-slit interferometer for secure free-space optical communications: 527 m intra interferometric path length".Journal of Optics.13 (3) 035710. IOP Publishing.Bibcode:2011JOpt...13c5710D.doi:10.1088/2040-8978/13/3/035710.ISSN 2040-8978.S2CID 6086533.
  39. ^Duarte, F J; Taylor, T S; Clark, A B; Davenport, W E (2009-11-25). "TheN-slit interferometer: an extended configuration".Journal of Optics.12 (1) 015705. IOP Publishing.doi:10.1088/2040-8978/12/1/015705.ISSN 2040-8978.S2CID 121521124.
  40. ^abF. J. Duarte (2014).Quantum Optics for Engineers. New York: CRC.ISBN 978-1-4398-8853-7.
  41. ^abcF. J. Duarte (2019).Fundamentals of Quantum Entanglement. Bristol: Institute of Physics.ISBN 978-0-7503-2226-3.
  42. ^Dombey, Norman (2021)."John Clive Ward".Biogr. Mem. Fellows R. Soc.70 (1). Royal Society:419–440.doi:10.1098/rsbm.2020.0023.ISSN 0080-4606.S2CID 231938446.
  43. ^Pryce, M. H. L.; Ward, J. C. (1947)."Angular Correlation Effects with Annihilation Radiation".Nature.160 (4065): 435.Bibcode:1947Natur.160..435P.doi:10.1038/160435a0.S2CID 4101513.
  44. ^abF. J. Duarte and T. S. Taylor (2021).Quantum Entanglement Engineering and Applications. Bristol: Institute of Physics.ISBN 978-0-7503-3405-1.
  45. ^G. Sheridan, Australian physicist wins Guthrie Medal,The Bulletin101 (5239) 49-50 (1980).
  46. ^B. Mansfield and M. Hutchinson,Liberality of Opportunity: A history of Macquarie University 1964-1989 (Hale and Iremonger, Sydney, 1992)
  47. ^F. J. Duarte,Proceedings of the International Conference on Lasers '87 (STS Press, Mc Lean, VA, 1988).
  48. ^"Francisco J. Duarte".Optica. September 26, 2018. RetrievedDecember 5, 2021.Duarte was elected Fellow of the Australian Institute of Physics in 1987. In 1981 he joined the OSA, following publication of one of his papers in Applied Optics, and was elected Fellow in 1993. He has received the Engineering Excellence Award (1995), 'for the invention of the N-slit laser interferometer,' and the David Richardson Medal (2016) 'for seminal contributions to the physics and technology of multiple-prism arrays for narrow-linewidth tunable laser oscillators and laser pulse compression' from Optica.
  49. ^"OSA Announces Recipients of Several Awards".Physics Today.48 (11):104–105. 1995.Bibcode:1995PhT....48k.104..doi:10.1063/1.2808274.There are six recipients of Engineering Excellence Awards from OSA: Francisco J. Duarte, John D. Gonglewski, Gary Guenther, Melvyn H. Kreitzer, Frank Luecke and David G. Voelz. Duarte, a business leader at Eastman Kodak in Rochester, New York, is recognized for "the invention of an electrooptic coherent interferometer for direct applications to imaging diagnostics of transparent surfaces, such as photographic film and film substrates."
  50. ^"Paul F. Forman Team Engineering Excellence Award".OSA.org. RetrievedDec 13, 2016.
  51. ^Photonics Spectra 50 (5), 20 (2016).
  52. ^F. J. Duarte (Ed.) (2016).Tunable Laser Applications, 3rd Ed. New York: CRC.ISBN 978-1-4822-6106-6.

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