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He was the leader of theUnion for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), the DRC's oldest and largest party,[4] succeeding his late fatherÉtienne Tshisekedi in that role, a three-timePrime Minister of Zaire and opposition leader during the reign ofMobutu Sese Seko. Tshisekedi was the UDPS party's candidate for president in theDecember 2018 general election, which he was awarded, despite accusations of irregularities from several election monitoring organisations and other opposition parties. The Constitutional Court of the DRC upheld his victory after another opposition politician,Martin Fayulu, challenged the result, but Tshisekedi has been accused of making a deal with his predecessor,Joseph Kabila. The election marked the firstpeaceful transition of power since the DRC's independence from Belgium in 1960.
Since theCommon Front for Congo (FCC) coalition, which is aligned with Kabila, still controlled the parliament and provincial governorships, Tshisekedi's ability to govern or even appoint a newPrime Minister was limited for the first six months of his term. He named his coalition partner and political heavyweight,Vital Kamerhe, as his Chief of Cabinet, at first having designated him prime minister but not having the parliamentary support to have him successfully appointed.[5] In May 2019, he reached a deal with the parliament's Kabila-aligned majority to appointSylvestre Ilunga prime minister.[6] On 27 July 2019, negotiations finally ended between Tshisekedi and the parliament, agreeing on the formation of a new cabinet.[7]
On 19 May 2024, there was a failedcoup attempt against Tshisekedi, led by a group including opposition politicianChristian Malanga. The attempted coup resulted in six deaths, including Malanga.[8]
Tshisekedi, a member of theLuba ethnic group, was born inKinshasa on 13 June 1963 to mother Marthe and fatherÉtienne Tshisekedi, who served as Prime Minister of Zaire in the 1990s.[9] He had a comfortable life as a youth in the capital, but when his father created the UDPS in the early 1980s, publicly opposingMobutu, Félix was forced to accompany him into house arrest in his native village in centralKasaï. This put his studies on hold. In 1985, Mobutu allowed him, his mother, and his brothers to leave Kasaï.
In late 2008, Tshisekedi was named the UDPS National Secretary for external relations.[10] In November 2011, he obtained a seat in theNational Assembly, representing the city ofMbuji Mayi inKasai-Oriental province. He did not take his seat, citing a fraudulent election,[citation needed] and his mandate was invalidated for "absenteeism".[10]
In May 2013, he refused a position ofrapporteur at theIndependent National Electoral Commission (CENI), saying that he did not want to put his political career on hold[11] as CENI's article 17 excludes membership for those who are members of a political formation.[10]
In October 2016, Tshisekedi became vice secretary general of the UDPS.[10]
On 31 March 2018, he was elected to lead the UDPS, after his father's death on 1 February 2017.[12] The same day, the UDPS nominated him for president in the December 2018general election.[1]
On 10 January 2019, it was announced that Tshisekedi had won the presidency of the DRC in theDecember 2018 election.[13] He defeated another opposition leader,Martin Fayulu, andEmmanuel Ramazani Shadary, who was supported by term-limited outgoing President Kabila, who had been president for 18 years. Fayulu, the runner-up, alleged vote rigging and challenged the election results.[14] On 19 January, theConstitutional Court dismissed the challenge, officially making Tshisekedi president-elect.[15] He was sworn in as president on 24 January 2019,[16] taking office the next day.[3] This marked the first time since the Congo gained independence in 1960 that an incumbent presidentpeacefully transferred power to the opposition.[17]
On 20 January, South Africa congratulated Tshisekedi on his election despite the African Union and EU warning of doubts over the result announced by the Constitutional Court.[18]
After Tshisekedi was sworn in, it was reported that a member of Kabila's coalition would be picked to serve as his Prime Minister.[19][20]
On 13 March 2019, Tshisekedi signed a decree to pardon approximately 700 prisoners, including imprisoned political opponents of Kabila, and this decision followed his promise given the week before to allow the return of exiles.[21]
Félix Tshisekedi with U.S. Secretary of StateMike Pompeo, April 2019
In early 2019, negotiations were underway between Tshisekedi and Kabila's FCC coalition that controlled the National Assembly and Senate. In late April,Jeune Afrique reported that Kabila proposed to Tshisekedi the mining company executiveAlbert Yuma as a candidate for prime minister. Yuma supports the new Mining Code adopted in 2018, which put the DRC in dispute with international mining companies, and Tshisekedi has been under foreign pressure to not appoint him.[22][23] The Civil Society ofSouth Kivu recommended to Tshisekedi the appointment of his chief of staffVital Kamerhe as prime minister.[24] For months, Tshisekedi continued working with ministers of Kabila's government as he was hamstrung by parliament. He faced challenges in dealing with theKivu conflict as well as the Ebola outbreak in the region.[25] In early March, Tshisekedi started a program to improve infrastructure, transport, education, housing, communication, health, water, and agriculture.[26]
Most of the provincial governorships were also won by Kabila-affiliated candidates.[27]
On 20 May 2019, Tshisekedi reached a deal with theFCC coalition and Kabila, appointing the career civil servantSylvestre Ilunga as prime minister. Ilunga began his political career in the 1970s and held a number of cabinet posts underMobutu Sese Seko before his overthrow in 1997. He is also an ally of Kabila.[28][29][30] In late July 2019, Tshisekedi reached a deal with parliament on forming a new government. Ilunga's new cabinet would include 65 members, 48 ministers and 17 vice-ministers, which should be divided between the Kabila-aligned FCC and Tshisekedi'sCACH alliance. The majority of the ministries went to the FCC, including three of the six most important ones (Defence, Justice, and Finance), while the Foreign Affairs, Interior, and Budget portfolios went to Tshisekedi's allies.[31]
After a power struggle saw the coalition with allies of Tshisekedi's predecessor break down and many legislators were won over, Ilunga was forced to leave office and Tshisekedi appointedGécamines leaderJean-Michel Sama Lukonde as successor on 15 February 2021.[32]
On 12 April 2021, Tshisekedi formally ended his two-year coalition with Kabila and his allies when prime minister Sama Lukonde formed a new government. On national television, Tshisekedi’s spokesmanKasongo Mwema Yamba Yamba announced a number of new appointments, includingAntoinette N’Samba Kalambayi as mines minister.[33] The president succeeded in ousting the last remaining elements of his government who were loyal to Kabila.[34]
Tshisekedi with Israeli PresidentIsaac Herzog in Jerusalem, Israel, October 2021
In October 2022, Tshisekedi ruled out bringing in Russian mercenaries to help quell a ragingconflict in the east of the country and vowed to press on with economic development plans despite the insecurity in the region.[39] Also that same month he announced military reforms to create a more cohesive national army, which has been a diverse mix of integrated rebel groups and the former military of Mobutu's Zaire. The reform included a new military spending bill.[40] Other measures that he took to strengthen Congo's defenses included appointing newmilitary chiefs, hiringRomanianprivate military contractors, and bringing additional peacekeepers from theEAC andSADC into theKivu region.[41]
Afterthe 2023 presidential election, Tshisekedi had a clear lead in his run for a second term.[42] On 31 December 2023, officials said that Tshisekedi had been re-elected with 73% of the vote. Nine opposition candidates signed a declaration rejecting the election and called for a rerun.[43]
In May 2023, he visitedChina and met with Chinese PresidentXi Jinping to strengthen thepartnership with China and renegotiate mining contracts for the DRC's mineral reserves. The Democratic Republic of Congo is a major producer and exporter ofcopper,uranium andcobalt.[44]
On 18 January 2025, Tshisekedi reaffirmed Kinshasa's refusal to engage in dialogue with theM23 rebels, stating, "Legitimizing these criminals would be an insult to the victims and to international law".[49]
Due toRwanda's support for theGoma offensive by the M23 rebels, the DRC severed diplomatic ties between the two countries on 26 January 2025.[50] Tshisekedi called for a national mobilization, urging citizens to rally behindFARDC against what he called "Rwanda's barbaric aggression".[51]
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