Ezekiel Polk (December 7, 1747 – August 31, 1824) was an American soldier, pioneer and the paternal grandfather ofPresidentJames K. Polk.^[1]

Ezekiel Polk was born on December 7, 1747, the seventh of eight children born to William Polk and Margaret Taylor Polk ofCumberland County, Pennsylvania, near present-dayCarlisle.^[2] Around 1753, the family moved southwestward to the southern boundary ofNorth Carolina in what would becomeMecklenburg County. His parents appear to have died shortly afterward, and Ezekiel probably was brought up by his older brotherThomas, the senior member of the family, a leader of the local militia and a member of the first and subsequentNorth Carolina provincial assemblies.^[1]

At age 20 Ezekiel, recently married, was named clerk of court in the new county ofTryon across theCatawba River, where he and his bride established themselves on a 100-acre (0.40 km²) farm just south ofKings Mountain. In 1772, however, the provincial boundary was surveyed, and Polk's property was discovered to lie inSouth Carolina.^[3]

Military service record:^[4]

• New Acquisition District Regiment of the South Carolina militia (1775, 1780–1782): First a Lt. Colonel under Col. Thomas Neel in early 1775.
• Then he chose to have an independent company of Rangers prior to3rd South Carolina Regiment of Rangers being formed on June 6, 1775
• Resigned from South Carolina 3rd Regiment on July 29, 1775. Authorized to reform his independent Ranger Company again in the New Acquisition District, but he was to remain under command of Col. William Thomson. His unit was disbanded at the fall of Charleston.
• Later, he was a Lt. Colonel again in the New Acquisition District Regiment.

Polk adapted with increasing difficulty to the shifting boundary and consequent loss of his position as clerk of court. At first, he was chosen lieutenant colonel of the district militia. In 1775, he was elected a delegate to theSouth Carolina Provincial Congress held in June and was commissioned a captain in the Third South Carolina Regiment of Horse Rangers, assigned to the interior, whereWhigs andLoyalists were competing for control of the province. But when the regiment was ordered to the coast, Polk balked, marching his men home rather than sacrifice their health, as he put it, for the protection ofLowcountry aristocrats and rice plantationnabobs. He subsequently relented, apologized for his insubordination, and was restored to command.^[5] He led his company against Loyalist forces in the battle atReedy River in December 1775 and the following summer commanded 300 militia in a successful expedition against pro-LoyalistCherokees.^[6]

On July 24, 1776, Polk's regiment was adopted into theContinental Army and assigned to theSouthern Department. "Captain Ezekiel Polk's Independent Company," according to the U.S. Army's regimental history, was "concurrently redesignated as the 10th Company, 3rd South Carolina Regiment."^[7]

Polk may never have been entirely comfortable in South Carolina, and waning popularity and political enmities appear have left him increasingly disgruntled. After being passed over initially as delegate to a provincial congress held in November 1775, he had with great difficulty forced a second election and kept his seat. Probably this aborted rejection continued to rankle. In late 1776 Polk surrendered his commission in the 3rd Regiment and returned to North Carolina, settling down on a 260-acre (1.1 km²) farm about 10 miles (16 km) belowCharlotte, theMecklenburg County seat. Two years later he opened a tavern in town and the following year was namedjustice of the peace. This period of tranquility was not to last. With thefall of Charleston in 1780 and the subsequent defeat ofHoratio Gates atCamden,Lord Charles Cornwallis's triumphantRedcoats marched into North Carolina, the main body encamping a few miles from Polk's farm. The following day, September 26, Cornwallis commandeered the Charlotte home of Ezekiel's brother Thomas and established his headquarters there. Fearing the loss of crops, slaves and his tavern, Ezekiel rode to town and "took protection" from Cornwallis in exchange for peaceful cooperation with the British.^[8]

Such an action was not without precedent, and Polk's neighbors evidently did not judge him too harshly, for toward the end of the war the Mecklenburg magistrates, with only two dissenters, elected himsheriff. At the conclusion of the war, he received a generous acreage of western land for his services during the Revolution and in 1790 was appointed deputy surveyor in theWestern District (then-Tennessee) and moved with his family to a tract north of theCumberland River. Indian raids and the prolonged illness and death of his wife in 1791 led to his return to Mecklenburg County. He did not make Tennessee his permanent home until the fall of 1803, when he established himself on a 2,500-acre (10 km²) tract on theDuck River in what is nowMaury County.^[9]

Polk was a militantJeffersonian and aDeist (some said anatheist), which put him at loggerheads with much of the family, especially his nephew William Polk's three sons, who were Ezekiel's close Tennessee neighbors, ardentFederalists and orthodox churchmen. The inscription composed for his first wife's tombstone spoke of "a glorious Resurrection to eternal life," but her painful illness and the death of all the children of his second marriage seem to have dampened if not extinguished the bereaved husband's faith.^[10]

He was married three times. His first wife, Mary Wilson Polk, bore him eight children, includingSamuel Polk, the father ofJames K. Polk, 11thpresident of the United States. No children of his second wife, Bessie Davis Polk, survived infancy. Some sources identify his second wife as a Polly Campbell.^[11] By his third wife, Sofia Neely Lennard Polk, he had four children.^[12] He died nearBolivar, Tennessee, August 31, 1824, and was buried in the Polk Cemetery at Bolivar.^[13]

Polk composed his own epitaph and left instructions that it be painted on durable wood "as there is no rock in this country fit for grave stones." In its original version, it reads:^[14]

Here lies the dust of old E.P.

One instance of mortality

Pennsylvania born, Car'lina bred,

In Tennessee died on his bed

His youthful days he spent in pleasure,

His latter days in gath'ring treasure;

From superstition liv'd quite free

And practiced strict morality.

To holy cheats was never willing

To give one solitary shilling,

He can foresee, and in foreseeing

He equals most of men in being

That church and state will join their pow'r

And mis'ry on this country show'r.

And Methodists with their camp bawling,

Will be the cause of this down falling.

An era not destined to see,

It waits for poor posterity

First fruits and tithes are odious things

And so are Bishops, Priests and Kings

The ancestry of Ezekiel Polk is largely unknown. It has been claimed that his father William Polk is descended from Robert Bruce Polk (1625–1703), a member ofClan Pollock migrated to Maryland; and his mother is a daughter of James Taylor, grandfather ofRichard Taylor and great-grandfather of presidentsZachary Taylor andJames Madison. Both ancestries are disproved by newer research.^[15]

• Ezekiel Polk atFind a Grave

• 1747 births
• 1824 deaths
• American deists
• American pioneers
• American surveyors
• North Carolina militiamen in the American Revolution
• People from Mecklenburg County, North Carolina
• People from colonial North Carolina
• Polk family
• South Carolina militiamen in the American Revolution
• People from colonial South Carolina
• Slave owners from North Carolina

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