Anexurb (or alternately:exurban area) is an area outside the typically denser innersuburban area, at the edge of ametropolitan area, which has some economic and commuting connection to the metro area, low housing-density,[1]and relatively high population-growth.[2]It shapes an interface betweenurban andrural landscapes, holding a limited urban nature for its functional, economic, and social interaction with theurban center, due to its dominant residential character.[3] Exurbs consist of "agglomerations of housing and jobs outside the municipal boundaries of a primary city"[4] and beyond the surrounding suburbs.[5]
The wordexurb (aportmanteau ofextra (outside) andurban) was coined byAuguste Comte Spectorsky, in his 1955 bookThe Exurbanites, to describe the ring of prosperous communities beyond thesuburbs, that arecommuter towns for an urban area.[6] In other uses the term has expanded to include popular extraurban districts which nonetheless may have poor transportation and underdeveloped economies due to their distance from theurban center.[7]
Exurbs can be defined in terms ofpopulation density across the extended urban area, for example "the urban core (old urban areas includingSiming andHuli, where the population density is greater than 51 persons per ha), the suburban zone (old urban and new urban transitional zones including Haicang and Jimei, where the population density is greater than 8 persons per ha), and the exurban areas (newly urbanized areas includingTong'an andXiang'an, where the population density is less than 8 persons per ha)".[8] The mixture of urban and rural environments raises ecological issues.[9][8]
Since theFinding Exurbia report by theBrookings Institution in 2006, the term is generally used[citation needed] for areas beyond suburbs and specifically less densely built and populated than the suburbs to which the exurbs' residents commute.[11] To qualify as exurban, acensus tract must meet three criteria:[11]
Economic connection to a large metropolis.
Low housing density: bottom third of census tracts with regard to housing density. In 2000, this was a minimum of 2.6 acres (1.1hectares) per resident.
Population growth exceeding the average for its centralmetropolitan area.
Exurban areas incorporate a mix of rural development (e.g., farms and open space) and in places, suburban-style development (e.g., tracts of single-family homes, though usually on large lots). In long-settled areas, such as the U.S.Northeast megalopolis, exurban areas incorporate pre-existing towns, villages and smaller cities, as well as strips of older single-family homes built along pre-existing roads that connected the older population centers of what was once a rural area.The Brookings Institution listed exurban counties, defined as having at least 20% of their residents in exurbanCensus tracts.[11]
^Gordon, David L. A. (March 24, 2022). "The Canadian Dream? Growth Trends in Canada's Suburban and Urban Neighbourhoods". In Maginn, Paul; Anacker, Katrin B. (eds.).Suburbia in the 21st Century: From Dreamscape to Nightmare?. Routledge Advances in Sociology. Abingdon: Routledge.doi:10.4324/9781315644165-8.ISBN9781317288183. RetrievedNovember 14, 2024.Technical definition: exurbs have a gross population density less than 150 people per square km and more than 50 per cent of workers commuting into the metropolitan area, as per OECD and Statistics Canada definitions (du Plessis et al., 2001).
^Sharp, Jeff S.; Clark, Jill K. (June 19, 2013). "Settling at the Margins Exurbia and Community Sociology". In Brennan, Mark A.; Bridger, Jeffrey C.; Alter, Theodore R. (eds.).Theory, Practice, and Community Development. Community Development Research and Practice. New York: Routledge.doi:10.4324/9780203773710-3.ISBN9781135038908. RetrievedNovember 14, 2024.The rural-urban fringe, or what is increasingly referred to as exurbia, has attracted interest in recent years due to the relatively rapid population growth and land-use change occurring there.
^Fra Paleo, Urbano (2004). "Exurbia". In Caves, R. W. (ed.).Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 254.
^Shirgaokar, M (2014). "Employment centers and travel behavior: exploring the work commute of Mumbai's rapidly motorizing middle class".Journal of Transport Geography.41:249–258.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.10.003. "Here the term exurb is taken from the North American planning literature, and is used to designate agglomerations of housing and jobs outside the municipal boundaries of a primary city. Such exurbs may have independent municipal governance."
^Spectorsky, Auguste C. (1955).The Exurbanites. Lippincott, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co.OCLC476943.
^abZhang, Ying; Chen, Zuzhan; Sun, Hongkai; Zhang, Shili; Liu, Haoqian (December 1, 2019). "Study on the Utilization of Vacant Houses in Rural Exurbs Under the Background of Rural Revitalization Strategy by Taking Shenjia Village in Hunan Province as an Example".Earth and Environmental Science. IOP conference series.371 (2): 22055.
^abRen, Y., Wei, X., Wei, X., Pan, J., Xie, P., Song, X., Peng, D., & Zhao, J. (2011). "Relationship between vegetation carbon storage and urbanization: A case study of Xiamen, China".Forest Ecology and Management.261 (7):1214–1223.doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.12.038.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Vinzant, Carol (December 17, 2007). "Dog vs. bear: release the hounds! A new weapon in the battle to keep New Jersey exurbs bear-free".New York.40 (45): 2.
^abcBerube, Alan; Singer, Audrey; Wilson, Jill H.; Frey, William H. (October 2006)."Finding Exurbia: America's Fast-Growing Communities at the Metropolitan Fringe".Living Cities Census Series. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. RetrievedAugust 3, 2020.We first identify exurbs using census tracts—small areas with an average of 4,000 people—and then aggregate these areas to the county level for further analysis.
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